Scope 3 covers the emissions a company causes but doesn't control — usually the largest share of its footprint and always the hardest to measure. Here's how the categories work, which disclosure mandates are already binding worldwide, and where the honest difficulties live.

PFAS contamination is now a regulated, litigated, and expensive problem for water systems, wastewater utilities, landfills, manufacturers, and property owners alike. Here’s what makes these chemicals different, where liability comes from, what drives remediation cost, and which treatment technologies work — and which claims deserve skepticism.

Building electrification replaces fossil-fueled heating, hot water, cooking, and some process loads with high-efficiency electric systems. Here’s how the U.S. economics, financing options, grid constraints, and building performance mandates are reshaping capital planning — and what owners should check before committing to a retrofit.

A power purchase agreement (PPA) lets companies buy renewable energy directly from a generator at a fixed price. Here's how they work, who they're right for, and what to watch out for.