Wiktionary

代

See also: 付 and 伐
代 U+4EE3, 代
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EE3
← 仢
[U+4EE2] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 令 →
[U+4EE4]

㈹ U+3239, ㈹
PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH REPRESENT
← ㈸
[U+3238] 		Enclosed CJK Letters and Months ㈺ →
[U+323A]

Translingual

edit
Stroke order
 

Han character

edit

代 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+3, 5 strokes, Cangjie input 人戈心 (OIP), four-corner 23240, composition ⿰亻弋)

Derived characters

edit
Additional Derived Characters

References

edit
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 93, character 11
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 386
  • Dae Jaweon: page 197, character 7
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 113, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+4EE3

Chinese

edit
simp. and trad.
 代
 
Wikipedia has articles on:
  • 代 (Chinese)
  • 代 (Cantonese)
  • 代 (Classical Chinese)

Glyph origin

edit
Historical forms of the character 代
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
   
 
s05796
Transcribed ancient scripts
 
L36109
 
L36110
 
L36111
 
L36112
 
L36113
 
L20896
 
L20897
 
L20898
 
L20899
 
L20900
References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (弋) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
戴 *ʔl'ɯːɡs
襶 *tɯːɡs
貸 *l̥ʰɯːɡs
代 *l'ɯːɡs
袋 *l'ɯːɡs
岱 *l'ɯːɡs
黛 *l'ɯːɡs
玳 *l'ɯːɡs
帒 *l'ɯːɡs
甙 *l'ɯːɡs
酨 *l'ɯːs, *zlɯːs
試 *hljɯɡs
弒 *hljɯɡs
忒 *l̥ʰɯːɡ
貣 *l̥ʰɯːɡ, *l'ɯːɡ
鴏 *l'ɯːɡ
栻 *l̥ʰɯɡ, *hljɯɡ
侙 *l̥ʰɯɡ
恜 *l̥ʰɯɡ
式 *hljɯɡ
軾 *hljɯɡ
拭 *hljɯɡ
鉽 *hljɯɡ
烒 *hljɯɡ
弋 *lɯɡ
芅 *lɯɡ
黓 *lɯɡ
隿 *lɯɡ
杙 *lɯɡ
釴 *lɯɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *l'ɯːɡs): semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 弋 (OC *lɯɡ)

Etymology 1

edit
state's name → toponym
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Is 代 (OC *lˤək-s) related to 狄 (OC *lˤek, “northern barbarians”), the Spring and Autumn state's founders?”)

Most of the people with this surname in Mainland China were originally with the surname 戴 (Dài) and was a result of second-round simplification of Chinese characters.

Pronunciation

edit
Note:
  • Sixian:
  • Hailu:
  • Meixian:
Note:
  • dô̤i - vernacular;
  • dâi - literary.
Note:
  • tē/tēr - vernacular;
  • tāi - literary;
  • tài - literary (limited, e.g. 交代).
Note:
  • do7 - vernacular ("generation / dynasty / period");
  • dai3 - literary (in 交代);
  • toi3 - semantic ("to act for/as").
Note:
  • dai5 - literary;
  • dai4 - colloquial.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 代
Mandarin Beijing /tai⁵¹/
Harbin /tai⁵³/
Tianjin /tai⁵³/
Jinan /tɛ²¹/
Qingdao /tɛ⁴²/
Zhengzhou /tai³¹²/
Xi'an /tai⁴⁴/
Xining /tɛ²¹³/
Yinchuan /tɛ¹³/
Lanzhou /tɛ¹³/
Ürümqi /tai²¹³/
Wuhan /tai³⁵/
Chengdu /tai¹³/
Guiyang /tai²¹³/
Kunming /tæ²¹²/
Nanjing /tae⁴⁴/
Hefei /te̞⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /tai⁴⁵/
Pingyao /tæ³⁵/
Hohhot /tɛ⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /de²³/
Suzhou /de̞³¹/
Hangzhou /de̞¹³/
Wenzhou /de²²/
Hui Shexian /tʰɛ²²/
Tunxi /tə¹¹/
/ta⁴²/
Xiang Changsha /tai⁵⁵/
/tai¹¹/
Xiangtan /tai⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /tʰai²¹/
Hakka Meixian /tʰoi⁵³/
Taoyuan /tʰoi⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /tɔi²²/
Nanning /tɔi²²/
Hong Kong /tɔi²²/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /tai²²/
/te²²/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /tɔy²⁴²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /to⁴⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /tʰoi²¹³/
/to³¹/
Haikou (Hainanese) /ʔdai³⁵/
/ʔdai³³/
/ʔde²³/
Rime
Character 代
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 定 (7)
Final (韻) 咍 (41)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 徒耐切
Baxter dojH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/dʌiH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/dəiH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/dɒiH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/dəjH/
Li
Rong 		/dᴀiH/
Wang
Li 		/dɒiH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/dʱɑ̆iH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		dài
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		doi6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 代
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		dài
Middle
Chinese 		‹ dojH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*lˁək-s/
English replace

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 代
Reading # 1/1
No. 14963
Phonetic
component 		弋
Rime
group 		代
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		代
Old
Chinese 		/*l'ɯːɡs/

Definitions

edit

代

  1. to replace; to take the place of
  2. (formal) to act for; to do something on behalf of
  3. (Jianghuai Mandarin) for; in place of
    你代我寫封信。 [Yangzhou Mandarin, trad.]
    你代我写封信。 [Yangzhou Mandarin, simp.]
    Write a letter for me.
  4. to act as; to be the acting (president etc.)
  5. generation; age group
  6. historical period; era
  7. date; age
  8. dynasty; line of rulers
  9. (geology) era (geochronologic unit)
  10. (grammar) short for 代名詞／代名词 (dàimíngcí); short for 代詞／代词 (dàicí, “pronoun”)
  11. (historical geography) short for 代國／代国 (Dàiguó, “state of Dai”)
  12. a surname
Synonyms
edit
  • (generation): 世 (shì)
  • (for):
Dialectal synonyms of 替 (“for”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 替, 為
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 給, 替
Taiwan 給, 替
Singapore 替
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 給, 替
Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 替, 給
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 幫, 給, 跟
Wuhan 跟, 幫
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 代, 替
Hefei 代, 幫
Cantonese Guangzhou 同, 幫
Hong Kong 同, 幫
Yangjiang 替, 幐
Gan Nanchang 跟, 幫
Hakka Meixian 同, 代
Jin Taiyuan 替, 給
Northern Min Jian'ou 替, 幫
Eastern Min Fuzhou 替, 共
Southern Min Xiamen 替, 共
Quanzhou 共
Zhangzhou 共
Tainan 替, 共
Singapore (Hokkien) 替, 共
Chaozhou 代, 個
Jieyang 個
Wu Shanghai 幫, 搭
Suzhou 替, 搭
Wenzhou 代
Xiang Changsha 幫, 跟, 代
Shuangfeng 幫

Compounds

edit

Descendants

edit
Sino-Xenic (代):
  • → Japanese: 代(だい) (dai)
  • → Korean: 대(代) (dae)
  • → Vietnamese: đại (代)

Others:

Etymology 2

edit

From 事 (OC *zrɯs).

Pronunciation

edit

Definitions

edit

代

  1. (Southern Min) affair; matter

Compounds

edit

Etymology 3

edit
For pronunciation and definitions of 代 – see 戴 (“to wear something on the head; to carry on the head; etc.”).
(This character is the second-round simplified form of 戴).
Notes:

References

edit

Japanese

edit
Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja

Kanji

edit
代

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

edit

Compounds

edit
Derived terms

Etymology 1

edit
Kanji in this term
代
しろ
Grade: 3
kun'yomi

Pronunciation

edit

Noun

edit

代(しろ) • (shiro) 

  1. (archaic) substitution
  2. (archaic) price, cost, charge
  3. (historical) shiro, a unit of land

Etymology 2

edit
Kanji in this term
代
よ
Grade: 3
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 代 – see the following entry.
【世よ】3
[noun] world, society
[noun] this world, this life
[noun] (archaic) generation, age, era
[noun] lifetime
[noun] lifespan
[noun] time of year, season
[noun] relationship between a man and a woman (Can we verify(+) this sense?)
[noun] period of a person leading as a patriarch (Can we verify(+) this sense?)
(This term, 代, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 3

edit
Kanji in this term
代
だい
Grade: 3
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 代 (MC dojH).

Pronunciation

edit

Noun

edit

代(だい) • (dai) 

  1. price
  2. generation of a family
  3. reign of a royal
  4. decade
  5. era

Counter

edit

代(だい) • (-dai) 

  1. generation of a royal family
  2. era, age, decade

Suffix

edit

代(だい) • (-dai) 

  1. charge, fare, rate, fee, price, rent
    服(ふく)代(だい)
    fuku-dai
    money spent on clothes; clothes money
    お菓子(かし)代(だい)
    o-kashi-dai
    snack money; snack fee
  2. (indicating years spanning a specific period) -ies, -hundreds
Alternative forms
edit
  • (period of time): 台

References

edit
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

edit

Etymology

edit

From Middle Chinese 代 (MC dojH).

Historical readings

Pronunciation

edit
  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [tɛ(ː)] ~ [te̞(ː)]
  • Phonetic hangul: [대(ː)/데(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

edit
Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

代 (eumhun 대신할 대 (daesinhal dae))
代 (eumhun 세대 대 (sedae dae))

  1. hanja form? of 대 (“to replace”) [prefix; affix]
  2. hanja form? of 대 (“generation”) [noun; suffix; affix]

Compounds

edit

References

edit
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

Vietnamese

edit

Han character

edit

代: Hán Việt readings: đại (度(đạc)耐(nại)切(thiết))[1][2][3]
代: Nôm readings: đời[1][2][3][4][5], đãi[1][2][3], đại[1][2][5], dạy[1][2], dậy[1][2], rượi[3][4], đười[1], đợi[1]

  1. chữ Hán form of đại (“representative”)
  2. chữ Nôm form of đời (“life; world; generation; era”)

Compounds

edit

References

edit
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hồ (1976).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=代&oldid=89412914"