Wiktionary

ruga

See also: Ruga, rugá, rugă, rugą, ruĝa, rú ga, and rũga

English

edit

Etymology

edit
Etymology tree
Latin rūgabor.
English ruga

    Borrowed from Latin rūga (“a crease in the face, wrinkle”).

    Pronunciation

    edit
    • IPA(key): /ˈɹuː.ɡə/
      • Audio (US):(file)
    • Rhymes: -uːɡə

    Noun

    edit

    ruga (plural rugae)

    1. (anatomy, zootomy, botany, usually in the plural) A fold, crease or wrinkle.
      • 1980, Joseph Kenneth Jonathan, The Isotima-complex (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), page 83:
        Female: Face subpolished, weakly rugose, rugae somewhat diverging, at sides sparsely and shallowly punctate; […]
      • 1997, Thomas Pynchon, Mason & Dixon:
        the deadly water-snakes coil’d together like the Rugæ of a single great Brain, the gray and even illumination from the Sky

    Derived terms

    edit

    Translations

    edit

    References

    edit

    Anagrams

    edit

    Afar

    edit
     
    Ruga (1).

    Pronunciation 1

    edit
    • IPA(key): /ˈruɡa/ [ˈɾʊɡʌ]
    • Hyphenation: ru‧ga

    Noun

    edit

    rúga m (plural rugaagí f)

    1. male calf
    Declension
    edit
            Declension of rúga      
    absolutive rúga
    predicative rúga
    subjective rugí
    genitive rugí
      Postpositioned forms
    l-case rúgal
    k-case rúgak
    t-case rúgat
    h-case rúgah
    Derived terms
    edit

    Pronunciation 2

    edit
    • IPA(key): /ruˈɡa/ [ɾʊˈɡʌ]
    • Hyphenation: ru‧ga

    Noun

    edit

    rugá f (plural rugaagí f)

    1. female calf
    Declension
    edit
            Declension of rugá      
    absolutive rugá
    predicative rugá
    subjective rugá
    genitive rugá
      Postpositioned forms
    l-case rugál
    k-case rugák
    t-case rugát
    h-case rugáh

    References

    edit
    • E. M. Parker; R. J. Hayward (1985), An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN, page 183
    • Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015), L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎[2], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)

    Catalan

    edit

    Pronunciation

    edit

    Noun

    edit

    ruga f (plural rugues)

    1. alternative form of arruga (“wrinkle”)

    Italian

    edit

    Etymology

    edit

    Inherited from Latin ruga, from Proto-Indo-European *krewp- (“to become encrusted”), extension of *krew- (“scab”).

    Pronunciation

    edit
    • IPA(key): /ˈru.ɡa/
    • Rhymes: -uɡa
    • Hyphenation: rù‧ga

    Noun

    edit

    ruga f (plural rughe)

    1. wrinkle, line

    Derived terms

    edit

    Anagrams

    edit

    Kikuyu

    edit

    Pronunciation

    edit

    Verb

    edit

    ruga (infinitive kũruga)

    1. to cook

    Derived terms

    edit

    (Nouns)

    (Verbs)

    (Proverbs)

    References

    edit
    • Armstrong, Lilias E. (1940). The Phonetic and Tonal Structure of Kikuyu, p. 363. Rep. 1967. (Also in 2018 by Routledge).

    Latin

    edit

    Etymology

    edit

    From Proto-Italic *rougā, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁roug-h₂- (“wrinkle”), related to *h₁rewg- (“to roar, belch”), where the sense development would be "to belch" → "to undulate"[1] → "to be rugged" → "crease, wrinkle".[2] Compare ructō (“to belch, bring up noisily”). For the development to “street”, compare also rupta via (literally “path made by force”).

    Pronunciation

    edit

    Noun

    edit

    rūga f (genitive rūgae); first declension

    1. (usually in the plural) a crease in the face, wrinkle
    2. (transferred sense) a crease, fold, plait, wrinkle, corrugation of any kind
      1. a female screw (nut (that fits on a bolt)) (Can we verify(+) this sense?)
    3. (Early Medieval Latin) a street[3]
      This entry needs quotations to illustrate usage. If you come across any interesting, durably archived quotes, then please add them!

    Inflection

    edit

    First-declension noun.

    singular plural
    nominative rūga rūgae
    genitive rūgae rūgārum
    dative rūgae rūgīs
    accusative rūgam rūgās
    ablative rūgā rūgīs
    vocative rūga rūgae

    Derived terms

    edit

    Descendants

    edit
    Descendants
    • Insular Romance:
      • Sardinian: ruga
    • Balkano-Romance:
    • Italo-Dalmatian:
    • Gallo-Italic:
    • Gallo-Romance:
    • Ibero-Romance:
    • ⇒ Vulgar Latin: rūgidus
    • Borrowings:

    References

    edit
    1. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (November 2000), “Reconsidering Dutch rups, German Raupe 'caterpillar'”, in Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik, volume 54, number 1, Brill Publishers, page 160:
      The connection between 'to belch' and 'caterpillar' may be the way in which a caterpillar moves forward, viz. by slowly pushing itself foward (sic), first with its hind legs, thus raising the central part of its body to a curve, which is lowered again when the front legs move forward. This movement may easily call into mind the lowering and raising of the Adam's apple when people belch, or retching movements of the throat when vomiting.
    2. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “ruga”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 528-29
    3. ^ Coromines, Joan; Pascual, José Antonio (1984), “arruga”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critical Castilian and Hispanic etymological dictionary]‎[1] (in Spanish), volume I (A–Ca), Madrid: Gredos, →ISBN, page 360

    Further reading

    edit
    • “ruga”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
    • “ruga”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
    • "ruga", in Charles du Fresne du Cange, Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
    • “ruga”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper’s Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers

    Polish

    edit

    Pronunciation

    edit
    • IPA(key): /ˈru.ɡa/
    • Rhymes: -uɡa
    • Syllabification: ru‧ga

    Etymology 1

    edit
    Etymology tree
    Polish rugaćdeverb.
    Polish ruga

      Deverbal from rugać.

      Noun

      edit

      ruga f

      1. (colloquial) scolding, slating (criticism)
        Synonym: reprymenda
      Declension
      edit
      Declension of ruga
      singular plural
      nominative ruga rugi
      genitive rugi rug
      dative rudze rugom
      accusative rugę rugi
      instrumental rugą rugami
      locative rudze rugach
      vocative rugo rugi
      edit
      verbs

      Etymology 2

      edit

      See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

      Verb

      edit

      ruga

      1. third-person singular present of rugać

      Further reading

      edit
      • “ruga”, in Polish dictionaries at PWN‎[3] (in Polish)

      Portuguese

      edit

      Etymology 1

      edit

      From Latin ruga. Doublet of rua (“street”).

      Pronunciation

      edit
       

      • Hyphenation: ru‧ga

      Noun

      edit

      ruga f (plural rugas)

      1. wrinkle
      2. crease
      edit

      Etymology 2

      edit

      Verb

      edit

      ruga

      1. inflection of rugar:
        1. third-person singular present indicative
        2. second-person singular imperative

      Further reading

      edit

      Romanian

      edit

      Etymology

      edit

      Inherited from Latin rogāre, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃roǵ-, ablaut of *h₃reǵ-.

      Pronunciation

      edit

      Verb

      edit

      a ruga (third-person singular present roagă, past participle rugat, third-person subjunctive roage) 1st conjugation

      1. (transitive or (obsolete) reflexive) to ask politely, to say please
        Rugăm pasagerii să își pună centurile de siguranță.
        We ask the passengers to fasten their seatbelts.
      2. (reflexive) to pray [with dative or la ‘to’]
      3. (reflexive, informal) to insistently, repeatedly or demeaningly ask, beg [with de ‘of’]
        Se roagă de colegi să îi dea tema.
        He is begging his classmates to give him the homework.
        Nu pot să îmi achit datoria acum; va trebui să mă rog de creditori să mă amâne.
        I cannot pay off my debt now; I will have to beg the creditors to grant me an extension.

      Usage notes

      edit

      The request is expressed with a secondary clause and never with a direct or indirect object.

      Conjugation

      edit
          conjugation of ruga (first conjugation, no infix)
      infinitive a ruga
      gerund rugând
      past participle rugat
      number singular plural
      person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
      indicative eu tu el/ea noi voi ei/ele
      present rog rogi roagă rugăm rugați roagă
      imperfect rugam rugai ruga rugam rugați rugau
      simple perfect rugai rugași rugă rugarăm rugarăți rugară
      pluperfect rugasem rugaseși rugase rugaserăm rugaserăți rugaseră
      subjunctive eu tu el/ea noi voi ei/ele
      present să rog să rogi să roage să rugăm să rugați să roage
      imperative — tu — — voi —
      affirmative roagă rugați
      negative nu ruga nu rugați

      Derived terms

      edit
      edit

      See also

      edit

      References

      edit

      Sardinian

      edit

      Alternative forms

      edit

      Etymology 1

      edit

      From Latin rūga.

      Noun

      edit

      ruga f (plural rugas)

      1. street
      Alternative forms
      edit

      Etymology 2

      edit

      From Latin eruca.

      Noun

      edit

      ruga f (plural rugas)

      1. caterpillar

      See also

      edit

      Spanish

      edit

      Verb

      edit

      ruga

      1. inflection of rugar:
        1. third-person singular present indicative
        2. second-person singular imperative

      Veps

      edit

      Etymology

      edit

      From Proto-Finnic *ruka

      Noun

      edit

      ruga

      1. resin

      Inflection

      edit
      Inflection of ruga (inflection type 6/kuva)
      nominative sing. ruga
      genitive sing. rugan
      partitive sing. rugad
      partitive plur. rugid
      singular plural
      nominative ruga rugad
      accusative rugan rugad
      genitive rugan rugiden
      partitive rugad rugid
      essive-instructive rugan rugin
      translative rugaks rugikš
      inessive rugas rugiš
      elative rugaspäi rugišpäi
      illative rugaha rugihe
      adessive rugal rugil
      ablative rugalpäi rugilpäi
      allative rugale rugile
      abessive rugata rugita
      comitative ruganke rugidenke
      prolative rugadme rugidme
      approximative I ruganno rugidenno
      approximative II rugannoks rugidennoks
      egressive rugannopäi rugidennopäi
      terminative I rugahasai rugihesai
      terminative II rugalesai rugilesai
      terminative III rugassai —
      additive I rugahapäi rugihepäi
      additive II rugalepäi rugilepäi

      References

      edit
      • Zajceva, N. G.; Mullonen, M. I. (2007), “смола”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary]‎[4], Petrozavodsk: Periodika
      Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=ruga&oldid=90584502"