croith

Irish

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Old Irish crothaid.^[2] Probably not related to crith (“to shake, tremble”), which generally refers to unintentional shaking (for example, with cold or fear, or of an inanimate object like a tree or the earth).

Pronunciation

(Munster) IPA^(key): /kɾˠoh/ (corresponding to the form croth)
(Connacht)
- (Galway) IPA^(key): /kɾˠa/^[3], (Cois Fharraige) [kɾˠaː]^[4] (corresponding to the forms craith and crath)
- (Mayo) IPA^(key): /kɾˠaç/^[5] (corresponding to the form craith)
(Ulster) IPA^(key): /kɾˠai(h)/^[6], /kɾˠaiç/ (corresponding to the form craith)^[7]; /kɾˠɛh/, [kɾˠeihʔ]^[8]

Verb

croith (present analytic croitheann, future analytic croithfidh, verbal noun croitheadh, past participle croite)

(ambitransitive) to shake
(transitive) to scatter, sprinkle (seeds, powder etc.)
(ambitransitive) to wave (move back and forth; also of waving the hand in greeting or farewell)

Conjugation

Conjugation of *croith* (first conjugation – A)
indicative	singular			plural			direct relative	autonomous
indicative	first	second	third	first	second	third	direct relative	autonomous
present	croithim	croitheann tú; croithir^†	croitheann sé, sí	croithimid; croitheann muid	croitheann sibh	croitheann siad; croithid^†	a chroitheann; a chroitheas	croitear
past	chroith mé; chroitheas	chroith tú; chroithis	chroith sé, sí	chroitheamar; chroith muid	chroith sibh; chroitheabhair	chroith siad; chroitheadar	a chroith	croitheadh
past habitual	chroithinn / croithinn^‡	chroiteá / croiteá^‡	chroitheadh sé, sí / croitheadh sé, sí^‡	chroithimis; chroitheadh muid / croithimis^‡; croitheadh muid^‡	chroitheadh sibh / croitheadh sibh^‡	chroithidís; chroitheadh siad / croithidís^‡; croitheadh siad^‡	a chroitheadh	chroití / croití^‡

	singular			plural			direct relative	autonomous
	first	second	third	first	second	third	direct relative	autonomous
future	croithfidh mé; croithfead	croithfidh tú; croithfir^†	croithfidh sé, sí	croithfimid; croithfidh muid	croithfidh sibh	croithfidh siad; croithfid^†	a chroithfidh; a chroithfeas	croithfear
conditional	chroithfinn / croithfinn^‡	chroithfeá / croithfeá^‡	chroithfeadh sé, sí / croithfeadh sé, sí^‡	chroithfimis; chroithfeadh muid / croithfimis^‡; croithfeadh muid^‡	chroithfeadh sibh / croithfeadh sibh^‡	chroithfidís; chroithfeadh siad / croithfidís^‡; croithfeadh siad^‡	a chroithfeadh	chroithfí / croithfí^‡

subjunctive	singular			plural			direct relative	autonomous
subjunctive	first	second	third	first	second	third	direct relative	autonomous
present	go gcroithe mé; go gcroithead^†	go gcroithe tú; go gcroithir^†	go gcroithe sé, sí	go gcroithimid; go gcroithe muid	go gcroithe sibh	go gcroithe siad; go gcroithid^†	—	go gcroitear
past	dá gcroithinn	dá gcroiteá	dá gcroitheadh sé, sí	dá gcroithimis; dá gcroitheadh muid	dá gcroitheadh sibh	dá gcroithidís; dá gcroitheadh siad	—	dá gcroití

imperative	singular			plural			direct relative	autonomous
imperative	first	second	third	first	second	third	direct relative	autonomous
—	croithim	croith	croitheadh sé, sí	croithimis	croithigí; croithidh^†	croithidís	—	croitear

past participle	croite

verbal noun	croitheadh

^† archaic or dialect form
^‡ dependent form

Mutation

Mutated forms of *croith*
radical	lenition	eclipsis
croith	chroith	gcroith

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

^ “croith”, in Historical Irish Corpus, 1600–1926, Royal Irish Academy
^ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “crothaid”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
^ Ó Máille, T. S. (1974), Liosta Focal as Ros Muc [Word list from Rosmuck] (in Irish), Baile Átha Cliath [Dublin]: Irish University Press, →ISBN, page 56
^ de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1977), Gaeilge Chois Fhairrge: An Deilbhíocht [The Irish of Cois Fharraige: Accidence] (in Irish), 2nd edition, Institiúid Ard-Léinn Bhaile Átha Cliath [Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies], section 181, page 78
^ Stockman, Gerard (1974), The Irish of Achill, Co. Mayo (Studies in Irish Language and Literature, Department of Celtic, Q.U.B.; vol. 2), Institute of Irish Studies, The Queen’s University of Belfast, section 824, page 85
^ Hamilton, John Noel (1974), A Phonetic Study of the Irish of Tory Island, Co. Donegal (Studies in Irish Language and Literature, Department of Celtic, Q.U.B.; vol. 3), Institute of Irish Studies, The Queen’s University Belfast, page 261
^ Ó Searcaigh, Séamus (1925), Foghraidheacht Ghaedhilge an Tuaiscirt [Pronunciation of Northern Irish]‎^[1] (in Irish), Béal Feirste [Belfast]: Brún agus Ó Nualláin [Browne and Nolan], section 112, page 49
^ Wagner, Heinrich (1959), Gaeilge Theilinn: Foghraidheacht, Gramadach, Téacsanna [The Irish of Teelin: Phonetics, Grammar, Texts] (in Irish), Institiúid Ard-Léinn Bhaile Átha Cliath [Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies], section 320, page 116; reprinted 1979