Portal:Hungary

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Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning much of the Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia and Slovenia to the southwest, and Austria to the west. Hungary lies within the Danube River's drainage basin and is dominated by great lowland plains. It has a population of over 9.5 million, consisting mostly of ethnic Hungarians (Magyars) and a significant Romani minority. Hungarian is the official language and among the few in Europe outside the Indo-European family. Budapest is the country's capital, largest city, and cultural and economic center.

Before the establishment of the Hungarian state, the territory was settled by various groups, including Celts, Romans, Huns, Germanic peoples, Avars, and Slavs. Statehood began in the late ninth century with the Principality of Hungary, which became a medieval Christian kingdom under King Stephen I in 1000. After it was defeated by the Ottoman Empire at the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the kingdom was split into three regions for over 150 years until its reunion under Habsburg rule before the turn of the 18th century. Several uprisings against the Habsburgs precipitated the formation of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in the Compromise of 1867; Austria-Hungary remained a European great power until World War I. Hungary's modern borders were then established by the 1920 Treaty of Trianon, which resulted in severe losses for the country, including 71% of its historical territory and the majority of its economy and population; a third of ethnic Hungarians were left outside the new borders.

Hungary endured turmoil in the early interwar period, culminating in the national-conservative regime of regent Miklós Horthy. Hungary joined the Axis powers in World War II, suffering significant damage and casualties. After a brief Soviet occupation, the Hungarian People's Republic was established in 1949 as a satellite state inside the Warsaw Pact. Subsequent political repression and economic stagnation led to the unsuccessful Hungarian Revolution of 1956, though communist rule softened in the following decades. During the Revolutions of 1989, Hungary peacefully transitioned into a democratic parliamentary republic. It joined the European Union (EU) in 2004 and the Schengen Area in 2007. Under the leadership of Viktor Orbán and Fidesz from 2010 to 2026, the country experienced democratic backsliding.

Hungary is a high-income economy with universal health care and tuition-free tertiary education. It has a long history of significant contributions to arts, music, literature, sports, and science and technology. As a popular tourist destination in Europe, Hungary had 24.5 million international visitors in 2019. Hungary is a member of numerous international organizations, including the Council of Europe, EU, NATO, United Nations, World Health Organization, World Trade Organization, World Bank, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, and the Visegrád Group. (Full article...)

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Teller in 1958

Edward Teller (Hungarian: Teller Ede; 15 January 1908 – 9 September 2003) was a Hungarian-American theoretical physicist and chemical engineer who is known colloquially as "the father of the hydrogen bomb" and one of the creators of the Teller–Ulam design inspired by Stanisław Ulam.

Born in Austria-Hungary in 1908, Teller emigrated to the US in the 1930s, one of the many so-called "Martians", a group of Hungarian scientist émigrés. He made numerous contributions to nuclear and molecular physics, spectroscopy, and surface physics. His extension of Enrico Fermi's theory of beta decay, in the form of Gamow–Teller transitions, provided an important stepping stone in its application, while the Jahn–Teller effect and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) theory have retained their original formulation and are mainstays in physics and chemistry. (Full article...)

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Béla Kun in 1919

Béla Kun (Hungarian: Kun Béla, born Béla Kohn; 20 February 1886 – 29 August 1938) was a Hungarian communist revolutionary and politician who in 1919 governed the Hungarian Soviet Republic.

After attending Franz Joseph University at Kolozsvár (today Cluj-Napoca, Romania), Kun had worked as a journalist until World War I. He served in the Austro-Hungarian Army, was captured by the Imperial Russian Army in 1916, and was sent to a prisoner-of-war camp in the Ural Mountains. In Russia, Kun embraced communist ideas, and in 1918 in Moscow he co-founded a Hungarian arm of the Russian Communist Party. He befriended Vladimir Lenin and fought for the Bolsheviks in the Russian Civil War. (Full article...)

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Musicians

Béla Bartók – János Bihari – Ernő Dohnányi – Béni Egressy – Ferenc Erkel – Zoltán Kocsis – Zoltán Kodály – Franz Liszt - Eugene Ormandy - George Szell - András Schiff

Painters

Gyula Benczúr – Tivadar Csontváry Kosztka – Béla Czóbel – Árpád Feszty – Károly Lotz – Viktor Madarász – Mihály Munkácsy – József Rippl-Rónai – Pál Szinyei Merse – István Szőnyi – Victor Vasarely

Photographers

Brassaï – Cornell Capa – Robert Capa – Lucien Hervé – André Kertész – László Moholy-Nagy – Martin Munkácsi

Scientists

Béla H. Bánáthy – Zoltán Bay – Georg von Békésy – Farkas Bolyai – János Bolyai – Károly Bund – József Eötvös – Loránd Eötvös – Dennis Gabor – John Charles Harsanyi – George de Hevesy – Alexander Csoma de Kőrös – László Lovász – John von Neumann – George Andrew Olah – Ernő Rubik – Hans Selye – Ignaz Semmelweis – Charles Simonyi – János Szentágothai – Albert Szent-Györgyi – Leó Szilárd – Edward Teller – Eugene Wigner

Writers and poets

Endre Ady – János Arany – József Eötvös – György Faludy – Béla Hamvas – Mór Jókai – Attila József – Ferenc Kazinczy – Imre Kertész – János Kodolányi – Ferenc Kölcsey – Imre Madách – Sándor Márai – Ferenc Molnár – Sándor Petőfi – Miklós Radnóti – Magda Szabó – Antal Szerb – Miklós Vámos – Mihály Vörösmarty

Statesmen, Politicians and Military

Gyula Andrássy – Lajos Batthyány – Gabriel Bethlen – Stephen Bocskay – Matthias Corvinus – Ferenc Deák – Miklós Horthy – Lajos Kossuth – Ferenc Nagy – Imre Nagy – Bertalan Szemere – István Széchenyi – Miklós Wesselényi – Vilmos Nagy of Nagybaczon

Sportspeople

József Bozsik – Krisztina Egerszegi – Zoltán Gera – Dezső Gyarmati – Ágnes Keleti – Péter Lékó – Csaba Mérő – Tibor Nyilasi – László Papp – Judit Polgár – Zsuzsa Polgár – Ferenc Puskás

Film & Stage

Nimród Antal – Michael Curtiz – John Garfield – Miklós Jancsó – Sir Alexander Korda – Peter Lorre – Béla Lugosi – Emeric Pressburger – Miklós Rózsa – Andy G. Vajna – Gábor Zsazsa

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Géza depicted on the lower part, or Corona Graeca, of the Holy Crown of Hungary with the Greek inscription ΓΕΩΒΙΤΖΑϹ ΠΙΣΤΟϹ ΚΡΑΛΗϹ ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑϹ ("Géza, faithful king of the land of the Turks").

Géza I (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈɡeːzɒ]; Hungarian: I. Géza; c. 1040 – 25 April 1077) was King of Hungary from 1074 until his death. He was the eldest son of King Béla I. His baptismal name was Magnus. With German assistance, Géza's cousin Solomon acquired the crown when his father died in 1063, forcing Géza to leave Hungary. Géza returned with Polish reinforcements and signed a treaty with Solomon in early 1064. In the treaty, Géza and his brother Ladislaus acknowledged the rule of Solomon, who granted them their father's former duchy, which encompassed one-third of the Kingdom of Hungary.

Géza closely cooperated with Solomon, but their relationship became tense from 1071. The king invaded the duchy in February 1074 and defeated Géza in a battle. However, Géza was victorious at the decisive battle of Mogyoród on 14 March 1074. He soon acquired the throne, although Solomon maintained his rule in the regions of Moson and Pressburg (present-day Bratislava, Slovakia) for years. Géza initiated peace negotiations with his dethroned cousin in the last months of his life. Géza's sons were children when he died and he was succeeded by his brother Ladislaus. (Full article...)

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Image 1The heroism of Titusz Dugovics grabbing the Ottoman standard-bearer while both of them plunge to their deaths, during the Siege of Belgrade (1456). Painting is titled Titusz Dugovics Sacrifices Himself, by Alexander von Wagner, 1859.
Image 2A view of Lake Neusiedl, which straddles the Austrian–Hungarian border
Image 3Heroes' Square is one of the major squares in Budapest, Hungary, noted for its iconic statue complex featuring the Seven chieftains of the Magyars and other important Hungarian national leaders
Image 4A view of downtown Nyíregyháza
Image 5Hungarian Air Force JAS 39 Gripen multirole combat aircraft, 2007
Image 6An image depicting the Hungarian population in Hungary according to the census from 1890
Image 7The Hungarian Romani folk music group Kalyi Jag performing in Warzaw, Poland in 2010
Image 8The Hungarian Parliament Building in Budapest, 2015
Image 9A view of Miskolc
Image 10Siemens Desiro on the Hungarian State Railways network, which is one of the densest in the world
Image 11Grand Prince Árpád crossing the Carpathians. A detail of the Arrival of the Hungarians, Árpád Feszty's and his assistants' vast (1800 m²) cycloramic canvas, painted to celebrate the 1000th anniversary of the Magyar conquest of Hungary, now displayed at the Ópusztaszer National Heritage Park in Hungary.

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The following are images from various Hungary-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 1Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin depicted in the Chronicon Pictum (from History of Hungary)
Image 2King Stephen I of Hungary, patron saint of Kings (Chronicon Pictum) (from History of Hungary)
Image 3Avar Khaganate in the first half of the 7th century (from History of Hungary)
Image 4The Kingdom of Hungary in the 1090s. (from History of Hungary)
Image 5Kingdom of Hungary in the second half of the 13th century (from History of Hungary)
Image 6Selection of traditional handpainted ceramics in J&A Kerámia shop, Gyenesdiás (from Culture of Hungary)
Image 7Magyars in the Kingdom of Hungary in 1890. (from History of Hungary)
Image 8Hungarian Arrow Cross army/militia and a German Tiger II tank in Budapest, October 1944. (from History of Hungary)
Image 9Western conquests of Matthias Corvinus. (from History of Hungary)
Image 10A slice from the Dobos Cake (from Culture of Hungary)
Image 11Scythian golden deer shield ornaments from the Iron Age 6th century BC found in Hungary. Above, the Golden Deer of Zöldhalompuszta is 37 cm, making it the largest Scythian golden deer known. Below, the Golden Deer of Tapiószentmárton. (from History of Hungary)
Image 12Ancient peoples in Pannonia, 2nd century BC (from History of Hungary)
Image 13Franz Liszt, Hungarian composer and pianist (1811–1886) (from Culture of Hungary)
Image 14A vőfély in traditional costume, c. 1885 (from Culture of Hungary)
Image 15A map of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1941. (from History of Hungary)
Image 16Miklós Horthy de Nagybánya, Regent of Hungary. (from History of Hungary)
Image 17Carpathian Basin in the 2nd century AD: provinces of the Roman Empire and the Barbaricum (from History of Hungary)
Image 18Viktor Orbán, the Prime Minister of Hungary (1998–2002, 2010–2026) (from History of Hungary)
Image 19Ernö Gömbös, (r.) aide-de-camp to Ferenc Szálasi and Gyula Gömbös's son, along with a Honved officer and a member of the Arrow Cross Party, in front of the Ministry of Defense, 1944. (from History of Hungary)
Image 20Erika Szeles, a 15-year-old martyr of the revolution. Her photograph, used as a cover image, spread across Western countries during the October Revolution and grew into a true symbol: "a symbol of courage and hope". (from History of Hungary)
Image 21The Siege of Eger (1552), in which 2,000 Hungarians fought against close to 35,000–40,000 Turk warriors. The battle finished with Hungarian victory. (from History of Hungary)
Image 22A cold bottle of Unicum (from Culture of Hungary)
Image 23Lake Hévíz (from Culture of Hungary)
Image 24Lake Balaton in the 1930s just before the Second World War. (from History of Hungary)
Image 25This weapon was esteemed in the Hungarian royal court as the Sword of Attila. A Hungarian sabre from the first half of the 10th. (from History of Hungary)
Image 26John Hunyadi – one of the greatest generals and a later regent of Hungary. (Chronica Hungarorum, 1488) (from History of Hungary)
Image 27Carpathian Basin after the fall of the Hunnic and Western Roman empires (from History of Hungary)
Image 28Ferenc Gyurcsány in 2006 (from History of Hungary)
Image 29Hungarian and the Little Entente forces in strength of the 1920s. (from History of Hungary)
Image 30An image portraying the Flag of Hungary (from Culture of Hungary)
Image 31Hungarian leader Miklós Horthy and German leader Adolf Hitler in 1938. (from History of Hungary)
Image 32Map of the counties in Hungary around 1880. (from History of Hungary)
Image 33Hortobágyi palacsinta, served in Sopron (from Culture of Hungary)
Image 34Anti-Ottoman Campaigns of John Hunyadi, 1440–1456 (from History of Hungary)
Image 35A map of the lands ruled by Louis the Great in Pallas's Great Encyclopedia (from History of Hungary)
Image 36Dacian Influence over Pannonia (from History of Hungary)
Image 37Francis II Rákóczi (from History of Hungary)
Image 38Cutaway drawing of Millennium Underground in Budapest (1894–1896) which was the first underground in continental Europe. (from History of Hungary)
Image 39King Attila (Chronicon Pictum) (from History of Hungary)
Image 40Europeans from various countries relaxing in the wave pool in Budapest in 1939. (from History of Hungary)
Image 41Romani folk music band Kalyi Jag (from Culture of Hungary)
Image 42The Kingdom of Hungary, Principality of Upper Hungary and Principality of Transylvania in the 17th century. (from History of Hungary)
Image 43Hungarian folk music band Héttorony Hangászok (from Culture of Hungary)
Image 44The Treaty of Trianon: Hungary lost 72% of its land, and sea ports in Croatia, 3,425,000 Magyars found themselves separated from their motherland. The country lost five of its ten biggest Hungarian cities. (from History of Hungary)
Image 45King Charles's last battle against the oligarchy, Rozgony (1312). (from History of Hungary)
Image 46Csárdás (from Culture of Hungary)
Image 47The seal of the Golden Bull of King Andrew II of Hungary from 1222 (from History of Hungary)
Image 48Artist Mihály Zichy's rendition of Sándor Petőfi reciting the Nemzeti dal (national anthem) to a crowd on 15 March 1848. (from History of Hungary)
Image 49Béla Bartók, Hungarian composer (1881–1945) (from Culture of Hungary)
Image 50Budapest University of Technology and Economics, the oldest University of Technology in the world, founded in 1782. (from History of Hungary)

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