North Kordofan (Arabic: شمال كردفان, romanized: Šamāl Kurdufān) is one of the 18 wilayat or states of Sudan. It has an area of 185,302 km2 and an estimated population of 3,174,029 people (2018 est). El-Obeid is the capital of the state. It borders Northern to the north, Khartoum and White Nile to the east, South Kordofan and West Kordofan to the south, and North Darfur to the west.
North Kordofan
شمال كردفان Šamāl Kurdufān | |
|---|---|
 El-Obeid (2006) | |
 Seal | |
.svg) Location in Sudan. | |
| Coordinates: 14°22′N 29°32′E / 14.367°N 29.533°E | |
| Country |  Sudan |
| Region | Kordofan |
| Capital | El-Obeid |
| Government | |
| • Governor | Khaled Mustafa Adam Othman[1] |
| Area | |
• Total | 185,302 km2 (71,546 sq mi) |
| Population (2018) | |
• Total | 3,174,029[2] |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (CAT) |
| HDI (2017) | 0.463[3] low |
North Kordofan's climate is arid to semi-arid.[4]
History
editA graffiti of a Makurian king was discovered in Abu Negila[5] For centuries, North Kordofan was inhabited by nomads and pastoralists, mainly the Dar Hamid, Dar Hamar, Guamaa, Kababish, Bideriya, Shwehat and including the Yazeed tribes.[citation needed] The area has had almost continuous drought since the mid-1960s. Deforestation led to the destruction of the natural vegetation. NGOs working in the villages of Sudan tried to rectify the damage. They set up women's centres. These centres allowed many women gain an income. Training was introduced and a solar energy system set up. NGOs recognise that a need exists for longer projects requiring the kind of support that only can come from governments and large agencies.[citation needed]
Sudanese civil war
editAt the beginning of the Sudanese civil war in April 2023 the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) captured the El Obeid Airport from the Sudanese Army contingent. Throughout April and May, the Sudanese Army repelled several RSF assaults on the state capital. By May 30, the RSF fully surrounded the city and laid siege to it. The siege was lifted in February 2025, but resumed later that year. Amid warnings that a massacre like the one in El-Fasher could be repeated, the UN Security Council adopted a statement on June 20 of 2026 expressing concern over the “imminent risk of mass atrocities” and demanding that the RSF immediately halt their attack on El-Obeid.[6][7] On June 23, seven European countries also called on the RSF in a joint statement to immediately halt their attack on the city. There were reportedly "credible signs of an imminent offensive."[8]
According to the UNHCR, people along the routes through Kordofan have been subjected to a documented pattern of executions, abductions, torture and abuse, sexual violence, and robbery.[9]
Due to the ensuing refugee crisis the state housed as of March 2026 around 231,000 internally displaced persons (IDPs) according to the International Organization for Migration (IOM) Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM).[10]
| Locality | May 2023 | May 2024 | May 2025 | May 2026 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ar Rahad | 5.457 | 42.763 | 42.338 | 43.997 |
| Bara | 1.501 | 32.225 | 36.734 | 14.723 |
| Gebrat Al Sheikh | 869 | 7.283 | 8.403 | 8.553 |
| Gharb Bara | 3.845 | 8.036 | 9.200 | 11.132 |
| Sheikan | 4.357 | 43.277 | 49.408 | 105.722 |
| Soudari | 1.959 | 3.968 | 3.968 | 3.968 |
| Um Dam Haj Ahmed | 1.840 | 15.156 | 15.156 | 12.289 |
| Um Rawaba | 3.695 | 41.916 | 38.209 | 33.982 |
Geography
editClimate
editNorth Kordofan's climate is arid in the north and semi-arid in the south. The northern parts of the state receive 100 millimetres (3.9 in) of rain per year on average, while the southern parts receive up to 350 millimetres (14 in). The rainy season lasts from June to September. Rainfall is variable year to year, with no permanent rivers existing in the state. North Kordofan has been in state of drought almost continuously since the 1960s.[4]
| Climate data for El-Obeid (El Obeid Airport) (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1961–2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 40.5 (104.9) |
43 (109) |
44.5 (112.1) |
45.8 (114.4) |
45 (113) |
43.7 (110.7) |
41 (106) |
40 (104) |
40 (104) |
42.3 (108.1) |
40 (104) |
38 (100) |
45.8 (114.4) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 30.0 (86.0) |
32.7 (90.9) |
36.1 (97.0) |
39.1 (102.4) |
39.3 (102.7) |
37.7 (99.9) |
34.1 (93.4) |
32.3 (90.1) |
34.7 (94.5) |
36.8 (98.2) |
34.0 (93.2) |
30.9 (87.6) |
34.8 (94.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 21.8 (71.2) |
24.4 (75.9) |
27.8 (82.0) |
31.0 (87.8) |
32.0 (89.6) |
31.1 (88.0) |
28.6 (83.5) |
27.4 (81.3) |
28.5 (83.3) |
29.7 (85.5) |
26.4 (79.5) |
22.9 (73.2) |
27.6 (81.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 13.7 (56.7) |
16.1 (61.0) |
19.6 (67.3) |
22.9 (73.2) |
24.7 (76.5) |
24.5 (76.1) |
23.0 (73.4) |
22.5 (72.5) |
22.3 (72.1) |
22.6 (72.7) |
18.7 (65.7) |
14.9 (58.8) |
20.4 (68.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 4 (39) |
5 (41) |
9.7 (49.5) |
12.7 (54.9) |
16 (61) |
16 (61) |
11.5 (52.7) |
13.7 (56.7) |
14.9 (58.8) |
12.5 (54.5) |
8 (46) |
4.7 (40.5) |
4 (39) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 0.2 (0.01) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.1 (0.00) |
4.8 (0.19) |
17.2 (0.68) |
39.0 (1.54) |
122.2 (4.81) |
139.9 (5.51) |
59.9 (2.36) |
17.7 (0.70) |
0.2 (0.01) |
0.0 (0.0) |
401.2 (15.80) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 1.9 | 3.2 | 8.3 | 9.9 | 5.8 | 2.4 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 32 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 24 | 19 | 15 | 17 | 28 | 44 | 61 | 70 | 62 | 40 | 25 | 27 | 36 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 300.7 | 266.0 | 272.8 | 264.0 | 241.8 | 228.0 | 195.3 | 192.2 | 225.0 | 272.8 | 303.0 | 310.0 | 3,071.6 |
| Source: NOAA[12] | |||||||||||||
Mountains, hydrology and wildlife
editNorth Kordofan is located in the southeastern Sahara. To the north in the Northern State near the border with North Kordofan lies the Gebel al-Ain mountain plateau, which stretches from southwest to northeast. Running south of this plateau, also in a southwest-to-northeast direction, runs the Wadi al-Malik, which flows into the Nile near Al Dabbah, outside North Kordofan. Um Badr lake is situated within the wadi's catchment area, with the town Umm Badr located on its western shore. The lake and its surroundings are designated as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International; species found there include the Nubian bustard (classified as vulnerable by the IUCN) and the Arabian bustard (classified as near-threatened).[13] Another wadi is Wadi Muqaddam, located in the northeast of the state. Soil samples suggest that the White Nile in earlier times flowed through it. The Kordofan region has four main aquifers. The groundwater lies at depths ranging from 241 to 310 meters and is used primarily for human consumption and watering livestock.[14]
In the far southeast of the state, south of the road from Er Rahad via Umm Ruwaba to the White Nile near Kosti, lies the Khor Abu Habil Inner Delta, an internationally important wetland designated under the Ramsar Convention on April 10, 2022. During the rainy season between July and October, hundreds of temporary pools (known as "mayas") form amidst the dunes. This area, largely untouched by agriculture, also includes some remnants of forest and is an important habitat for waterbirds. Several endangered bird species, such as the critically endangered Sociable lapwing and the Rüppell's vulture, have also been seen here.[15]
Administrative divisions
editCurrent Localities
edit
The state is divided into eight localities:[16]
| English | Arabic | area [km²] | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 16.1 | Ar Rahad | الرهد | 5,674.8 |
| 16.2 | Bara | بارا | 11,563.6 |
| 16.3 | Gebrat Al Sheikh | جبرة الشيخ | 50,968.2 |
| 16.4 | Gharb Bara | غرب بارا | 11,280.2 |
| 16.5 | Sheikan | شيكان | 8,407.6 |
| 16.6 | Soudari | سودري | 81,591.2 |
| 16.7 | Um Dam Haj Ahmed | أم دم حاج أحمد | 4,992.3 |
| 16.8 | Um Rawaba | أم روابة | 11,671.3 |
Former Districts
edit
Cities and towns
editEconomy
edit
The most productive agricultural lands are found in the east of the state, while livestock is raised in the semi-desert areas of the west. Due to long dry seasons, lower-income households typically engage in agriculture and wage labor from April to December. Outside this period, they pursue various non-agricultural activities to secure their livelihoods, such as odd jobs in urban centers or gold mining in more remote areas. Higher-income individuals generally derive their income from livestock farming and retail trade.[4] Traditionally, native gum arabic trees (Senegalia senegal) are also tapped for gum arabic production during the winter months from October to April. However, the northern limit of the trees and consequently the production zone has shifted southward from 15° N to 13° 45' N as of 2003 since the 1950s. Since these trees serve as a natural fertilizer in the region, this shift also impacts agriculture in the northern areas of the state.[17][18]
The state capital El-Obeid is an important trading center through wich trade between eastern and western Sudan flows.[4] The city is also home to an oil refinery that, at full capacity, processes 15,000 barrels per day, primarily into heating oil.[19] According to Radio Dabanga, the refinery's office was looted by RSF militias in June 2023.[20]
Culture
editThe singer Hawa Al-Tagtaga was from the region.[21]
See also
edit- 2007 Sudan floods
- Kordofan — overall region.
References
edit- ↑ "Sudanese governor condemns killings in El-Obeid 'massacre'". Africanews. 30 July 2019.
- ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-03-12. Retrieved 2023-06-09.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ↑ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
- 1 2 3 4 "State Profile — North Kordofan" (PDF). UNICEF Sudan. September 2021. Retrieved September 14, 2025.
- ↑ Ochała, Grzegorz (January 2011). "A King of Makuria in Kordofan". A. Łajtar, J. van der Vliet (eds.), Nubian Voices. Studies in Christian Nubian Culture [= JJP Supplement Series 15], Warsaw.
- ↑ "UN warns of an 'imminent risk of mass atrocities' in Sudan's Kordofan". Radio France Internationale. 2026-06-22. Retrieved 2026-07-08.
- ↑ "Security Council Press Statement on Sudan". press.un.org. 2026-07-20. Retrieved 2026-07-08.
- ↑ "Seven European countries urge 'immediate halt' to Sudan violence". Radio France Internationale. 2026-06-24. Retrieved 2026-07-08.
- ↑ Daniel Johnson (2026-07-03). "Sudan's people subject to 'relentless' drone strikes in El Obeid". news.un.org. Retrieved 2026-07-09.
- ↑ "Protection cluster note- North Kordofan, Sudan" (PDF; 467 KB). globalprotectioncluster.org. 2026-05-08. Retrieved 2026-07-09.
- ↑ "Displacement Tracking Matrix | DTM Sudan". International Organization for Migration. Retrieved 2026-07-09.
- ↑ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — El-Obeid". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 21, 2024.
- ↑ "Site factsheet: Um Badr lake". datazone.birdlife.org. BirdLife International. 2026. Retrieved 2026-07-09.
- ↑ "Sudan's First National Communications – Volume II, Section 4: Water Resources" (PDF; 5,98 MB). unfccc.int. Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources, Ministry of Environment & Physical Development, Republic of the Sudan. February 2003. p. 113. Retrieved 2026-06-27.
- ↑ "Khor Abu Habil Inner Delta". Ramsar Sites Information Service rsis.ramsar.org. Retrieved 2026-07-09.
- ↑ "Sudan - Subnational Administrative Boundaries". data.humdata.org. OCHA. Retrieved 2026-07-09.
- ↑ Mustafa M. Khogali (1991), "Famine, Desertification and Vulnerable Populations: The Case of Umm Ruwaba District, Kordofan Region, Sudan", Ambio, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 204–06, JSTOR 4313823
- ↑ "Sudan's First National Communications – Volume II, Section 4: Water Resources" (PDF; 5,98 MB). unfccc.int. Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources, Ministry of Environment & Physical Development, Republic of the Sudan. February 2003. p. 70. Retrieved 2026-06-27.
- ↑ Timothy Liptrot (May 2024). "Keeping the Oil Flowing: Sudan's Oil Sector During the 2023–24 War" (PDF). Small Arms Survey. Retrieved 2026-07-09.
- ↑ "South Kordofan reports of raids, rapes, and robberies". Radio Dabanga. 2023-06-20. Retrieved 2026-07-09.
- ↑ "1st January Sudan National Day: Women Role In Independence Movement| Sudanow Magazine". sudanow-magazine.net. Retrieved 2020-01-14.
External links
edit
- "Sudan: North Kordofan State Reference Map (January 2025)". unocha.org. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Retrieved 2026-07-17.
- "State Profile — North Kordofan" (PDF). UNICEF Sudan. September 2021. Retrieved 2026-07-09.