Carrollite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Carrollite
Seal of Carroll County, Maryland, USA
Formula:
CuCo2S4
More specifically Cu1.2+(Co2.4+)2(S1.5-)4 (Pattrick et al., 2008).
Colour:
Bright silver color
Lustre:
Metallic
Hardness:
4½ - 5½
Specific Gravity:
4.5 - 4.8
Crystal System:
Isometric
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1852 by William Leonard Faber after the type locality in Carroll County, Maryland, USA.
Type Locality:
Isostructural with:
Thiospinel Group. Copper in carrollite was recently shown to be monovalent (Pattrick et al., 2008), confirming an earlier study (Nakai et al., 1978).
Natural samples commonly contain Ni; in samples from the Siegerand ore province, a solid solution exists between CuCo2S4 and Cu(Ni,Co)2S4 in which Ni can replace 50% of the Co (Wagner & Cook 1999).
Natural samples commonly contain Ni; in samples from the Siegerand ore province, a solid solution exists between CuCo2S4 and Cu(Ni,Co)2S4 in which Ni can replace 50% of the Co (Wagner & Cook 1999).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
911
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:911:3
IMA Classification of Carrollite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
First published:
1852
Classification of Carrollite
2.DA.05
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
D : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 3 :4 and 2:3
A : M:S = 3:4
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
D : Metal Sulfides, M: S = 3 :4 and 2:3
A : M:S = 3:4
2.10.1.2
2 : SULFIDES
10 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 3:4
2 : SULFIDES
10 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 3:4
3.10.18
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
10 : Sulphides etc. of Co
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
10 : Sulphides etc. of Co
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Cli | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Car | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Carrollite
Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Comment:
Very bright
Colour:
Bright silver color
Comment:
Rarely tarnishes to copper red or violet gray
Streak:
Gray black
Hardness:
4½ - 5½ on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN100=507 - 586 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Tenacity:
Very brittle
Cleavage:
None Observed
Parting:
poor on {001}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Conchoidal, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
4.5 - 4.8 g/cm3 (Measured) 4.83 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Carrollite
Reflectivity:
| Wavelength | R1 (%) |
|---|---|
| 400nm | 41.4% |
| 420nm | 41.5% |
| 440nm | 41.6% |
| 460nm | 41.8% |
| 480nm | 42.0% |
| 500nm | 42.3% |
| 520nm | 42.6% |
| 540nm | 42.9% |
| 560nm | 43.1% |
| 580nm | 43.3% |
| 600nm | 43.5% |
| 620nm | 43.9% |
| 640nm | 44.3% |
| 660nm | 44.7% |
| 680nm | 45.0% |
| 700nm | 45.3% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 45.3%.
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic
Chemistry of Carrollite
Mindat Formula:
CuCo2S4
More specifically Cu1.2+(Co2.4+)2(S1.5-)4 (Pattrick et al., 2008).
More specifically Cu1.2+(Co2.4+)2(S1.5-)4 (Pattrick et al., 2008).
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Ni
Crystallography of Carrollite
Crystal System:
Isometric
Class (H-M):
m3m (4/m 3 2/m) - Hexoctahedral
Space Group:
Fd3m
Setting:
Fd3m
Cell Parameters:
a = 9.458 Å
Unit Cell V:
846.05 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
8
Morphology:
Octahedral and cubic crystals, massive, granular, compact
Twinning:
{111} polysynthetic
Comment:
JCPDS 98-003-1107
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0017667 | Carrollite | de Jong W, Hoog A (1928) Carrollit (Sychnodymit). _cod_database_code 1010946 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 66 168-171 | 1928 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0013181 | Carrollite | Williamson D P, Grimes N W (1974) An X-ray diffraction investigation of sulphide spinels Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 7 1-6 | 1974 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0014234 | Carrollite | Riedel E, Horvath E (1973) Kationen-anionen-abstande in kupfer- und chrom-thiospinellen Materials Research Bulletin 8 973-982 | 1973 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0014235 | Carrollite | Riedel E, Horvath E (1973) Kationen-anionen-abstande in kupfer- und chrom-thiospinellen Materials Research Bulletin 8 973-982 | 1973 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2.86 Å | (100) |
| 1.674 Å | (80) |
| 1.825 Å | (60) |
| 2.37 Å | (50) |
| 0.994 Å | (50) |
| 3.35 Å | (40) |
| 1.234 Å | (30) |
Comments:
Craig, J.R., and Higgins, J. B. (1973) The Carrollite-Linnaeite Series, Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, p. 586.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 37 : Layered igneous intrusions and related PGE minerals |
Geological Setting:
In hydrothermal vein deposits
Type Occurrence of Carrollite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Crystalline, homogenous material, but no distinct crystals.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
n.d.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
In veins of chalcopyrite in schist.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Carrollite
Other Language Names for Carrollite
Relationship of Carrollite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Carrollite Subgroup:
| Berndlehmannite | Cu(CrV)S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| Cuproiridsite | (Cu,Fe)Ir2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| Cuprokalininite | CuCr2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| Ezochiite | Cu+(Rh3+Pt4+)S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| Fletcherite | CuNi2S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| Florensovite | (Cu,Zn)Cr1.5Sb0.5S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) |
| Malanite | Cu1+(Ir3+Pt4+)S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) |
| Rhodostannite | Cu1+(Fe2+0.5Sn4+1.5)S4 | Tet. 4/m : I41/a |
| Shiranuiite | Cu+(Rh3+Rh4+)S4 | Iso. m3m (4/m 3 2/m) : Fd3m |
| Toyohaite | Ag1+(Fe2+0.5Sn4+1.5)S4 | Tet. 4/m : I41/a |
| Unnamed (Fe3+-analogue of Fletcherite) | Cu(Fe3+,Ni,Co)2S4 |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 225 photos of Carrollite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 119 photos of Carrollite associated with Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| 42 photos of Carrollite associated with Bornite | Cu5FeS4 |
| 25 photos of Carrollite associated with Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| 14 photos of Carrollite associated with Chalcocite | Cu2S |
| 12 photos of Carrollite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 12 photos of Carrollite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 12 photos of Carrollite associated with Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 11 photos of Carrollite associated with Djurleite | Cu31S16 |
| 6 photos of Carrollite associated with Spherocobaltite | CoCO3 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 2.DA. | Ferrodimolybdenite | FeMo2S4 |
| 2.DA. | Zaykovite | Rh3Se4 |
| 2.DA. | Ezochiite | Cu+(Rh3+Pt4+)S4 |
| 2.DA. | Grimmite | NiCo2S4 |
| 2.DA. | Zolenskyite | FeCr2S4 |
| 2.DA.05 | Shiranuiite | Cu+(Rh3+Rh4+)S4 |
| 2.DA.05 | Fletcherite | CuNi2S4 |
| 2.DA.05 | Florensovite | (Cu,Zn)Cr1.5Sb0.5S4 |
| 2.DA.05 | Siegenite | CoNi2S4 |
| 2.DA.05 | Cadmoindite | CdIn2S4 |
| 2.DA.05 | Kalininite | ZnCr2S4 |
| 2.DA.05 | Violarite | Fe2+Ni3+2S4 |
| 2.DA.05 | Nickeltyrrellite | CuNi2Se4 |
| 2.DA.05 | Linnaeite | Co2+Co3+2S4 |
| 2.DA.05 | Cuproiridsite | (Cu,Fe)Ir2S4 |
| 2.DA.05 | Cuprorhodsite | (Cu1+0.5Fe3+0.5)Rh3+2S4 |
| 2.DA.05 | Berndlehmannite | Cu(CrV)S4 |
| 2.DA.05 | Polydymite | Ni2+Ni3+2S4 |
| 2.DA.05 | Trüstedtite | Ni3Se4 |
| 2.DA.05 | Daubréelite | Fe2+Cr3+2S4 |
| 2.DA.05 | Cuprokalininite | CuCr2S4 |
| 2.DA.05 | Greigite | Fe2+Fe3+2S4 |
| 2.DA.05 | Joegoldsteinite | MnCr2S4 |
| 2.DA.05 | Bornhardtite | Co2+Co3+2Se4 |
| 2.DA.05 | Tyrrellite | Cu(Co,Ni)2Se4 |
| 2.DA.05 | Indite | FeIn2S4 |
| 2.DA.05 | Xingzhongite | Pb2+Ir3+2S4 |
| 2.DA.05 | Malanite | Cu1+(Ir3+Pt4+)S4 |
| 2.DA.10 | Rhodostannite | Cu1+(Fe2+0.5Sn4+1.5)S4 |
| 2.DA.10 | Toyohaite | Ag1+(Fe2+0.5Sn4+1.5)S4 |
| 2.DA.15 | Brezinaite | Cr3S4 |
| 2.DA.15 | Heideite | (Fe,Cr)1.15(Ti,Fe)2S4 |
| 2.DA.20 | Konderite | Cu3Pb(Rh,Pt,Ir)8S16 |
| 2.DA.20 | Inaglyite | Cu3Pb(Ir,Pt)8S16 |
| 2.DA.25 | Kingstonite | Rh3S4 |
Fluorescence of Carrollite
Not fluorescent
Other Information
Notes:
May have exsolution lamellae with slightly higher Fe composition than the matrix. Riley, J.F. (1980) Ferroan carrollites, cobaltian violarites, and other members of the Linnaeite group: (Co,Ni,Fe,Cu)3S4. Mineralogical Magazine, 43:733-739.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
Cobalt ore
Carrollite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
Internet Links for Carrollite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-911.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
References for Carrollite
Reference List:
Ramdohr, Paul (1969) The Ore Minerals and their Intergrowths. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 1174pp. doi:10.1016/c2013-0-10027-x
Nakai, I., Sugitani, Y., Nagashima, K., Niwa, Y. (1978) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic study of copper minerals. Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry, 40 (5) 789-791 doi:10.1016/0022-1902(78)80152-3
Craig, J. R., Vaughan, D. J., Higgins, J. B. (1979) Phase relations in the Cu-Co-S system and mineral associations of the carrollite (CuCo2S4)-linnaeite (Co3S4) series. Economic Geology, 74 (3). 657-671 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.74.3.657
Riley, John F. (1980) Ferroan carrollites, cobaltian violarites, and other members of the linnaeite group: (Co,Ni, Fe,Cu)3S4. Mineralogical Magazine, 43 (330) 733-739 doi:10.1180/minmag.1980.043.330.06
Pattrick, R. A.D., Coker, V. S., Pearce, C. I., Telling, N. D., van der Laan, G. (2008) The Oxidation State of Copper and Cobalt in Carrollite, CuCo2S4. The Canadian Mineralogist, 46 (5). 1317-1322 doi:10.3749/canmin.46.5.1317
Buckley, Alan N., Skinner, William M., Harmer, Sarah L., Pring, Allan, Fan, Liang-Jen (2009) Electronic environments in carrollite, CuCo2S4, determined by soft X-ray photoelectron and absorption spectroscopy. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 73 (15) 4452-4467 doi:10.1016/j.gca.2009.05.030
Von Der Heyden, Bjorn P., Dick, Jeffrey, Rosenfels, Ryan C., Carlton, Luke, Lilova, Kristina, Navrotsky, Alexandra, Subramani, Tamilarasan, Woodfield, Brian F., Gibson, Alexis (2024) Growth and Stability of Stratiform Carrollite (CuCo2S4) in the Tenke-Fungurume Ore District, Central African Copperbelt. The Canadian Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology, 62 (1). 77-93 doi:10.3749/2300028
Localities for Carrollite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| Waizy et al. (2021) |
Atlantic Ocean | |
| Firstova et al. (2016) |
Australia | |
| D.A.Berkman (1968) |
| Morales Ruano et al. (2002) |
| Morales Ruano et al. (2002) | |
| Davidson (2007) |
| Noble et al. (1983) +1 other reference |
| USGS Open File Report 81-1666 +1 other reference |
| Habibi et al. (2025) |
| Hartley 1990 | |
| Annells (1986) +1 other reference |
| Hartley 1990 | |
| Anthony et al. (2016) |
| Ostwald (1978) |
Austria | |
| A.Pichler (2003) |
| Taucher (1998) | |
| Girtler et al. (2015) +1 other reference |
Azerbaijan | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Brazil | |
| NetunoVillas et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| deMelo et al. (2016) |
Bulgaria | |
| Strashimirov et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Dragov et al. (1998) +2 other references |
Cameroon | |
| Dzemua et al. (2012) |
Canada | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Normandeau et al. (2024) |
| Thorpe et al. (1976) +2 other references |
| Can Mineral 1984 22: 13-21 |
| Tenney et al. (1967-1980) |
Chile | |
| Schira et al. (1990) |
| Anthony et al. (2016) |
| Clark (1974) |
| Clark (1974) | |
China | |
| Li et al. (1999) |
| Zhang et al. (2024) |
| Yi Li and Youbin Liang (1993) |
| Binghui Chen et al. (1994) |
| Jinjie Yu et al. (2013) |
| Qijia Zang (1984) |
| Yu Zuxiang et al. (1974) |
| Yu et al. (2009) | |
| Yu Zuxiang (1997) |
| Bilun Luo (1979) |
| Yaowu Ren and Qianwen Cao (1993) |
| Yu Zuxiang (1981) |
| Wu et al. (2024) |
| Song et al. (2025) |
| Zongyao et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Kuanglin Yan (1978) |
| Guilin Metallurgical Institute of Geology (1976) +1 other reference |
| Zhang Dequan et al. (2002) |
| Li et al. (2024) |
| Yongrui Zhao and Yunqing Zhen (2006) |
| Yongrui Zhao and Yunqing Zhen (2006) | |
| pubs.usgs.gov (2006) | |
| Fan et al. (1999) |
| Xu et al. (2024) |
| Wang et al. (2022) +2 other references |
| Liu et al. (2022) |
| Liu et al. (2022) | |
| Kezhang Qin et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Yongbei Zhang et al. (2003) |
Czech Republic | |
| Sejkora et al. (2024) |
| Scharm +7 other references |
DR Congo | |
| Deliens (1996) +1 other reference |
| Gauthier +1 other reference | |
| Gauthier | |
| |
| King (2005) | |
| Gauthier | |
| Lhoest (1992) |
| edit.africamuseum.be (n.d.) +2 other references | |
| Saleem et al. (2016) |
| Chabu (1995) +1 other reference |
| Gauthier +1 other reference |
| Mambwe et al. (Ruashi Cu-Co Deposit) |
| DEJONGTE (1994) |
| Gauthier |
| Mambwe et al. (2019) | |
| Xiangqian Li et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Sośnicka et al. (2019) |
| |
| Betts (n.d.) | |
| Gauthier | |
| Anthony et al. (2016) |
| Lhoest (1992) +2 other references | |
| Cox et al. (2003) | |
| |
| www.tenke.com (2003) | |
| Cox et al. (2003) | |
| Rosenfels et al. (2022) | |
| Rosenfels et al. (2022) | |
| Fay et al. (2012) | |
| Fay et al. (2012) | |
| Cox et al. (2003) | |
Finland | |
| Mutanen |
| Piirainen |
France | |
| Fiche BSS BRGM n° 11183X4002/GT |
| A. Sinojmeri et al. (Hautes Alpes) |
Germany | |
| Cabral et al. (2018) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Mills et al. (2020) | |
| Dana 6: 1049 & Dana 7:I:264. |
| Laspeyres (1893) +2 other references | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Helsper et al. (1991) +2 other references |
| Blaß et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Gerhard Müller: Bergbau-PSL-Mineralogie et al. (Saarbrücken 1996) |
Indonesia | |
| doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.13179.41767 +1 other reference |
| Hakim (2017) | |
Iran | |
| Goudarzi et al. (2024) |
Italy | |
| Piccoli et al. (2021) |
| Giovanni Scapin Collection +1 other reference |
| Karup-Møller (1977) |
Japan | |
| TATSUMI et al. (1975) +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.: 22:223. |
| Anthony et al. (2016) |
Morocco | |
| S. Weiß: Lapis 31 (7/8) |
| Asladay et al. (2012) |
| El Basbas et al. (2011) |
Namibia | |
| [MinRec 8:Tsumeb 21] |
North Korea | |
| Resource Geology |
Norway | |
| Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse |
| Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse. ... |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Nordrum (2011) |
| Vokes (1957) |
| |
Oman | |
| Hannington et al. (1998) |
Poland | |
| Paulo A. 1970: Minerały niklu i bizmutu w żyłach kruszcowych okolicy Chełmca (Góry Kaczawskie, Dolny Śląsk) |
| Mochnacka et al. (2012) | |
| Chmielewski et al. (2016) | |
| Piestrzyński et al. (2012) | |
| Kucha H. 2007: Mineralogia kruszcowa i ... |
| |
| Wojtulek et al. (2016) |
| Karwowski et al. (2012) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Portugal | |
| Pinto et al. (1994) +2 other references |
Romania | |
| Cook et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Cook et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| Cook et al. (2001) |
| Cook et al. (2002) | |
Russia | |
| Melekestseva +2 other references |
| Подлипский et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
| Grant et al. (2001) |
| - (2014) |
| [World of Stones 12:49] | |
| A.Ya. Kochetkov (2006) |
| Kochetkov A.Ya. (2006) | |
| Stepanov et al. (2023) |
| Murzin et al. (1999) |
| Murzin et al. (1999) | |
| Shadchin et al. (2024) |
| Kovalev et al. (2019) |
| Gongalsky et al. (2019) |
| Gongalsky et al. (2019) |
Slovakia | |
| Ferenc et al. (2001) |
| Ozdín et al. (1999) |
| Ozdín et al. (1999) | |
Spain | |
| BERTRAN-OLLER et al. (2012) |
Sweden | |
| M.Särkinen: ... |
| Canadian Mineralogist 18 +1 other reference |
| Dobbe (1991) |
| Dobbe (1991) | |
| Dobbe (1991) | |
| Burke et al. (1983) |
| |
| Andersson et al. (2024) |
| Öhman et al. (2005) |
| Andersson et al. (2024) | |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Turkey | |
| GÜNER (1980) |
| Musa Güner (1980) | |
| GÜNER (1980) | |
Ukraine | |
| Nechaev S & Pastukhov V (2001) |
USA | |
| Kim et al. (2023) |
| - (2008) +2 other references |
| USGS |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| Dana 7:I:264 +2 other references |
| Heyl et al. (1965) | |
| Mines of the Washington D.C Area |
| Dana 6:1071. |
| Dana 6: 1071 +2 other references | |
| Rocks & Min. Mar. 1998 |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) |
| gsa.confex.com (n.d.) | |
| - (n.d.) |
| Burke (1983) +3 other references |
| wgnhs.uwex.edu (n.d.) |
| 5th International Platinum Symposium ... |
Zambia | |
| Hendrickson (2013) |
| Econ Geol (1986) +2 other references |
| Cox et al. (2003) |
| Cox et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
| https://www.mindat.org/mesg-667796.html | |
| Cox et al. (2003) | |
| Clemmey (1974) +1 other reference |
| Kamona et al. (1999) | |
| Brems et al. (2009) | |
| Kamona et al. (1999) |
| Cox et al. (2003) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Clutten et al. (1981) |
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Kamoya South II Mine, Kamoya, Kambove, Kambove Territory, Haut-Katanga, DR Congo