Zippeite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Zippeite
Franz Xaver Maximilian Zippe
Formula:
K3(UO2)4(SO4)2O3(OH) · 3H2O
Colour:
Golden yellow, light yellow, orange-yellow
Lustre:
Silky, Dull
Hardness:
2
Specific Gravity:
4.88
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named by William Haidinger in 1845 in honour of František (Franz) Xaver Maximilian Zippe (15 January 1791, Kytlice, Austrian Empire - 22 February 1863, Vienna, Austria), mineralogist.
After attending secondary school in Dresden, Zippe studied philosophy at the Prague University from 1807 to 1809. While still a student, he attended lectures of the chemist Karl August Neumann (1771-1866) and Josef Johann Steinmann (1779-1833), a professor of general chemistry at the Polytechnic Academy in Prague. Zippe developed a close relationship with Dr. Steinmann. Starting in 1819 Zippe taught mineralogy, first as an adjunct, and beginning in 1822 as an assistant professor at the Polytechnic. In 1835, he became a full professor.
Zippe was a close associate of Count Kaspar Maria von Sternberg (after whom sternbergite was named), the founder of the Prague Museum of the Bohemian Kingdom (predecessor of the National Museum in Prague). Zippe, who was known during his youth for his passion for collecting, was one of the first conservators of the Institute. Beginning in March 1819 he described and catalogued the collection and added to it his own self-made crystal models.
In November 1824, Zippe was placed in charge of the mineralogical department of the museum, which position he held until 1842. During this period, he enriched the museum with numerous mineral specimens from his frequent collecting trips which included mining sites in the Giant Mountains, Isergebirge (Jizera) and Altvatergebirge (Hrubý Jeseníky). Beginning in 1833 he worked with Johann Gottfried Sommer on the 16-volume Topography of Bohemia.
In 1846, Zippe became a corresponding member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. In 1847, he became one of the first members of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Vienna. From 31 August 1849 until 1 October 1850, he served as the Director of the Mining Academy at Příbram. Beginning in the Fall of 1850, he taught mineralogy at the University of Vienna.
After attending secondary school in Dresden, Zippe studied philosophy at the Prague University from 1807 to 1809. While still a student, he attended lectures of the chemist Karl August Neumann (1771-1866) and Josef Johann Steinmann (1779-1833), a professor of general chemistry at the Polytechnic Academy in Prague. Zippe developed a close relationship with Dr. Steinmann. Starting in 1819 Zippe taught mineralogy, first as an adjunct, and beginning in 1822 as an assistant professor at the Polytechnic. In 1835, he became a full professor.
Zippe was a close associate of Count Kaspar Maria von Sternberg (after whom sternbergite was named), the founder of the Prague Museum of the Bohemian Kingdom (predecessor of the National Museum in Prague). Zippe, who was known during his youth for his passion for collecting, was one of the first conservators of the Institute. Beginning in March 1819 he described and catalogued the collection and added to it his own self-made crystal models.
In November 1824, Zippe was placed in charge of the mineralogical department of the museum, which position he held until 1842. During this period, he enriched the museum with numerous mineral specimens from his frequent collecting trips which included mining sites in the Giant Mountains, Isergebirge (Jizera) and Altvatergebirge (Hrubý Jeseníky). Beginning in 1833 he worked with Johann Gottfried Sommer on the 16-volume Topography of Bohemia.
In 1846, Zippe became a corresponding member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. In 1847, he became one of the first members of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Vienna. From 31 August 1849 until 1 October 1850, he served as the Director of the Mining Academy at Příbram. Beginning in the Fall of 1850, he taught mineralogy at the University of Vienna.
Note: Many of the specimens that are labeled "zippeite" are actually natrozippeite (the sodium-dominant member of the group), especially those from sedimentary deposits.
Structurally related to redcanyonite.
Structurally related to redcanyonite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
4420
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:4420:8
IMA Classification of Zippeite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
K2[(UO2)4(SO4)2O2(OH)2](H2O)4
Type description reference:
Classification of Zippeite
7.EC.05
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
E : Uranyl sulfates
C : With medium-sized and large cations
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
E : Uranyl sulfates
C : With medium-sized and large cations
31.10.4.1
31 : HYDRATED SULFATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
10 : Miscellaneous
31 : HYDRATED SULFATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
10 : Miscellaneous
25.8.11
25 : Sulphates
8 : Sulphates of Sb, V, Cr and U
25 : Sulphates
8 : Sulphates of Sb, V, Cr and U
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Zip | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Zippeite
Silky, Dull
Transparency:
Translucent
Comment:
Aggregates dull to silky.
Colour:
Golden yellow, light yellow, orange-yellow
Streak:
White, yellow
Hardness:
2 on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Perfect
On {010} probable, perfect.
On {010} probable, perfect.
Density:
4.88 g/cm3 (Measured) 4.794 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Zippeite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.55 - 1.655 nβ = 1.717 nγ = 1.765
2V:
Calculated: 59°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.110 - 0.215
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
strong
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
X = Nearly colourless
Y = Light yellow to orange-yellow
Z = Deep yellow to orange-yellow
Y = Light yellow to orange-yellow
Z = Deep yellow to orange-yellow
Chemistry of Zippeite
Mindat Formula:
K3(UO2)4(SO4)2O3(OH) · 3H2O
Element Weights:
Crystallography of Zippeite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2 - Sphenoidal
Space Group:
B2
Setting:
C2
Cell Parameters:
a = 8.7524(4) Å, b = 13.9197(7) Å, c = 17.6972(8) Å
β = 104.178(1)°
β = 104.178(1)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.629 : 1 : 1.271
Unit Cell V:
2,090.39 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Crystals flattened {010}. Commonly spindle- or lens-shaped; rhomboidal or lath-like at times. Occurs as delicate crusts, reniform or spheroidal aggregates comprised of microscopic crystals; powdery to earthy.
Twinning:
Probable, observed in synthetic material.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0005465 | Zippeite | Vochten R, Van Haverbeke L, Van Springel K, Blaton N, Peeters O M (1995) The structure and physicochemical characteristics of synthetic zippeite The Canadian Mineralogist 33 1091-1101 |  | 1995 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0005847 | Zippeite | Burns P C, Deely K M, Hayden L A (2003) The crystal chemistry of the zippeite group The Canadian Mineralogist 41 687-706 | | 2003 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0005849 | Zippeite | Burns P C, Deely K M, Hayden L A (2003) The crystal chemistry of the zippeite group The Canadian Mineralogist 41 687-706 | | 2003 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0005850 | Zippeite | Burns P C, Deely K M, Hayden L A (2003) The crystal chemistry of the zippeite group The Canadian Mineralogist 41 687-706 | | 2003 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0018658 | Zippeite | Plasil J, Mills S J, Fejfarova K, Dusek M, Novak M, Skoda R, Cejka J, Sejkora J (2011) The crystal structure of natural zippeite, K1.85H+0.15[(UO2)4O2(SO4)2(OH)2](H2O)4, from Jachymov, Czech Republic The Canadian Mineralogist 49 1089-1103 | 2011 | Jachymov, Czech Republic | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 7.06 Å | (10) |
| 3.50 Å | (9) |
| 3.12 Å | (8) |
| 2.87 Å | (4) |
| 2.65 Å | (4) |
| 2.22 Å | (4) |
| 5.45 Å | (3) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47b : [Sulfates and sulfites] | |
| 47f : [Uranyl (U⁶⁺) minerals] |
Type Occurrence of Zippeite
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Reference:
Synonyms of Zippeite
Other Language Names for Zippeite
Varieties of Zippeite
| Cuprozippeite | A doubtful variety. |
Relationship of Zippeite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Zippeite Group:
| Ammoniozippeite | (NH4)2[(UO2)2(SO4)O2] · H2O | Orth. mmm (2/m 2/m 2/m) : Cmca |
| Cobaltzippeite | Co(UO2)2(SO4)O2 · 3.5H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Magnesiozippeite | Mg(UO2)2(SO4)O2 · 3.5H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Natrozippeite | Na5(UO2)8(SO4)4O5(OH)3 · 12H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| Nickelzippeite | Ni2(UO2)6(SO4)3(OH)10 · 16H2O | Mon. |
| Plavnoite | K0.8Mn0.6[(UO2)2O2(SO4)] · 3.5H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Pseudojohannite | Cu3(UO2)4(SO4)2O4(OH)2 · 12H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Sejkoraite-(Y) | Y2(UO2)8(SO4)4O6(OH)2 · 26H2O | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Zinczippeite | Zn(UO2)2(SO4)O2 · 3.5H2O | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 28 photos of Zippeite associated with Uraninite | UO2 |
| 28 photos of Zippeite associated with Johannite | Cu(UO2)2(SO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O |
| 24 photos of Zippeite associated with Gypsum | CaSO4 · 2H2O |
| 16 photos of Zippeite associated with Andersonite | Na2Ca(UO2)(CO3)3 · 6H2O |
| 15 photos of Zippeite associated with Sandstone | |
| 14 photos of Zippeite associated with Chalcanthite | CuSO4 · 5H2O |
| 12 photos of Zippeite associated with Uranopilite | (UO2)6(SO4)O2(OH)6 · 14H2O |
| 11 photos of Zippeite associated with Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| 8 photos of Zippeite associated with Boltwoodite | (K,Na)(UO2)(SiO3OH) · 1.5H2O |
| 7 photos of Zippeite associated with Carnotite | K2(UO2)2(VO4)2 · 3H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 7.EC. | Nitscheite | (NH4)2[(UO2)2(SO4)3(H2O)2] · 3H2O |
| 7.EC. | Beshtauite | (NH4)2(UO2)(SO4)2 · 2H2O |
| 7.EC. | Oldsite-(K) | K2Fe2+[(UO2)(SO4)2]2(H2O)8 |
| 7.EC. | Adolfpateraite | K(UO2)(SO4)(OH)(H2O) |
| 7.EC. | Libbyite | (NH4)2(Na2◻)[(UO2)2(SO4)3(H2O)]2 · 7H2O |
| 7.EC. | Seaborgite | LiK2Na6(UO2)(SO4)5(SO3OH)(H2O) |
| 7.EC.05 | Zinczippeite | Zn(UO2)2(SO4)O2 · 3.5H2O |
| 7.EC.05 | Cobaltzippeite | Co(UO2)2(SO4)O2 · 3.5H2O |
| 7.EC.05 | Nickelzippeite | Ni2(UO2)6(SO4)3(OH)10 · 16H2O |
| 7.EC.05 | Redcanyonite | (NH4)2Mn[(UO2)4O4(SO4)2](H2O)4 |
| 7.EC.05 | Natrozippeite | Na5(UO2)8(SO4)4O5(OH)3 · 12H2O |
| 7.EC.05 | Magnesiozippeite | Mg(UO2)2(SO4)O2 · 3.5H2O |
| 7.EC.05 | Ammoniozippeite | (NH4)2[(UO2)2(SO4)O2] · H2O |
| 7.EC.05 | Plavnoite | K0.8Mn0.6[(UO2)2O2(SO4)] · 3.5H2O |
| 7.EC.10 | Rabejacite | Ca(UO2)4(SO4)2(OH)6 · 6H2O |
| 7.EC.10 | Svornostite-(NH4) | (NH4)2Mg(UO2)2(SO4)4(H2O)8 |
| 7.EC.10 | Svornostite-(K) | K2Mg[(UO2)(SO4)2]2(H2O)8 |
| 7.EC.15 | Sejkoraite-(Y) | Y2(UO2)8(SO4)4O6(OH)2 · 26H2O |
| 7.EC.15 | Marécottite | Mg3(UO2)8(SO4)4O6(OH)2 · 28H2O |
| 7.EC.15 | Hubbardite | Mg(H2O)6[(UO2)2O(OH)(SO4)]2 · 8H2O |
| 7.EC.20 | Pseudojohannite | Cu3(UO2)4(SO4)2O4(OH)2 · 12H2O |
| 7.EC.40 | Bluelizardite | Na7(UO2)(SO4)4Cl(H2O)2 |
| 7.EC.45 | Meisserite | Na5(UO2)(SO4)3(SO3OH)(H2O) |
| 7.EC.45 | Fermiite | Na4(UO2)(SO4)3 · 3H2O |
| 7.EC.45 | Oppenheimerite | Na2(UO2)(SO4)2 · 3H2O |
| 7.EC.50 | Feynmanite | Na(UO2)(SO4)(OH) · 3.5H2O |
| 7.EC.50 | Plášilite | Na(UO2)(SO4)(OH) · 2H2O |
| 7.EC.55 | Geschieberite | K2(UO2)(SO4)2 · 2H2O |
| 7.EC.60 | Ottohahnite | Na6(UO2)2(SO4)5(H2O)7 · 1.5H2O |
| 7.EC.65 | Péligotite | Na6(UO2)(SO4)4 · 4H2O |
| 7.EC.70 | Klaprothite | Na6(UO2)(SO4)4 · 4H2O |
| 7.EC.75 | Lussierite | Na10[(UO2)(SO4)4](SO4)2 · 3(H2O) |
| 7.EC.80 | Navrotskyite | K2Na10(UO2)3(SO4)9 · 2H2O |
| 7.EC.85 | Pseudomeisserite-(NH4) | (NH4)2Na4[(UO2)2(SO4)5] · 4H2O |
| 7.EC.90 | Wetherillite | Na2Mg(UO2)2(SO4)4 · 18H2O |
Radioactivity
Radioactivity:
| Element | % Content | Activity (Bq/kg) | Radiation Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uranium (U) | 63.1133% | 15,778,325 | α, β, γ |
| Thorium (Th) | 0.0000% | 0 | α, β, γ |
| Potassium (K) | 7.7752% | 2,410 | β, γ |
For comparison:
- Banana: ~15 Bq per fruit
- Granite: 1,000–3,000 Bq/kg
- EU exemption limit: 10,000 Bq/kg
Note: Risk is shown relative to daily recommended maximum exposure to non-background radiation of 1000 µSv/year. Note that natural background radiation averages around 2400 µSv/year so in reality these risks are probably extremely overstated! With infrequent handling and safe storage natural radioactive minerals do not usually pose much risk.
Interactive Simulator:
Note: The mass selector refers to the mass of radioactive mineral present, not the full specimen, also be aware that the matrix may also be radioactive, possibly more radioactive than this mineral!
Activity: –
| Distance | Dose rate | Risk |
|---|---|---|
| 1 cm | ||
| 10 cm | ||
| 1 m |
The external dose rate (D) from a radioactive mineral is estimated by summing the gamma radiation contributions from its Uranium, Thorium, and Potassium content, disregarding daughter-product which may have a significant effect in some cases (eg 'pitchblende'). This involves multiplying the activity (A, in Bq) of each element by its specific gamma ray constant (Γ), which accounts for its unique gamma emissions. The total unshielded dose at 1 cm is then scaled by the square of the distance (r, in cm) and multiplied by a shielding factor (μshield). This calculation provides a 'worst-case' or 'maximum risk' estimate because it assumes the sample is a point source and entirely neglects any self-shielding where radiation is absorbed within the mineral itself, meaning actual doses will typically be lower. The resulting dose rate (D) is expressed in microsieverts per hour (μSv/h).
D = ((AU × ΓU) + (ATh × ΓTh) + (AK × ΓK)) / r2 × μshield
Fluorescence of Zippeite
Green (UV).
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Zippeite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-4420.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
References for Zippeite
Reference List:
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.159
Burns, P. C., Deely, K. M., Hayden, L. A. (2003) The crystal chemistry of the zippeite group. The Canadian Mineralogist, 41 (3). 687-706 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.41.3.687
Burns, Peter C. (2005) U6+ minerals and inorganic compounds: insights into an expanded structural hierarchy of crystal structures. The Canadian Mineralogist, 43 (6) 1839-1894 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.43.6.1839
Localities for Zippeite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Brodtkorb et al. (3) |
Australia | |
| D.A.Berkman (1968) |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Weißensteiner (1979) |
| Exel (1993) |
Brazil | |
| Jhonatan Gomes collection |
Canada | |
| Tyson (1989) |
| Chatterjee (1977) |
| Can Min 14:429-436 |
| Rich et al. (1977) |
China | |
| Dahlkamp (2009) |
| National Geological Archives of China ... |
| Zhang Jianguo et al. (2004) |
| Yongrui Zhao and Yunqing Zhen (2006) |
| Yongrui Zhao and Yunqing Zhen (2006) | |
Czech Republic | |
| Ondruš et al. (1989) +1 other reference |
| McCollam (2002) |
| Lapis 2002 (7/8) +2 other references |
| Plášil et al. (2011) |
| Plášil et al. (2012) | |
| Plášil et al. (2014) |
| Kratochvil (1963) |
| Scharm +7 other references |
| McCollam (2002) |
| Sejkora (1994) |
| Marek Patus |
| Pauliš P. et al. (Kutna Hora, issue 1) |
| Petr Pauliš |
DR Congo | |
| 304 [288]. +2 other references |
Egypt | |
| El-Naby (2009) |
| Yehia H. Dawood (2011) |
| Hussein et al. (1988) | |
| Kamar et al. (2022, August) |
| Bisher (2012) |
France | |
| P.G. Pélisson (pelisson@inist.fr) |
| Hohl (1994) |
| - (1998) |
| - (1998) |
| - (1998) | |
| Caubel (1997) |
| Henriot et al. (1998) |
| - (1998) | |
| Favreau et al. (2024) |
| Valerie GALEA-CLOLUS collection +2 other references | |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| 54 (in German) +1 other reference |
| 54 (in German) +1 other reference | |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Hanneberg et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Dill et al. (2010) | |
| Nickel et al. (1985) |
| Hofmann (1992) |
| Gerstenberg et al. (01/2021) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Massanek et al. (2005) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| |
| Witzke et al. (1998) |
Hungary | |
| Niels van Velzen collection Mindat ... |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| ACTA MIN. PETR. Suppl. Tomus XXXVIII. |
Italy | |
| Ravagnani (1974) +1 other reference |
| Ravagnani (1974) +1 other reference |
| Ravagnani (1974) +1 other reference | |
| Ravagnani (1974) +1 other reference |
| Ravagnani (1974) |
| Campostrini et al. (2005) |
Japan | |
| |
| K. Watanabe (1976) |
Poland | |
| Syczewski et al. (2023) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
Portugal | |
| Luis Canavarro |
Romania | |
| Szakáll:Minerals of Carpathians |
| Hîrtopanu P. et al. (2004) |
Slovakia | |
| Koděra (1986) |
Slovenia | |
| Dolenec et al. (1979) +1 other reference |
Spain | |
| www.foro-minerales.com (2020) |
| Joan Abella i Creus (Joanabellacreus@gmail.com) |
Sweden | |
| The Swedish Museum of Natural History (Naturhistoriska riksmuseet) +2 other references |
| Welin (1965) |
| Welin (1965) |
Switzerland | |
| Brugger et al. (2003) |
Tajikistan | |
| Chernikov et al. (1997) |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Lapis 11 (2) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Collins (1871) |
| Collins (1871) | |
| Collins (1871) |
| Collins (1871) +1 other reference |
| Reid et al. (1907) | |
| Collins (1871) | |
| Dines (1956) +1 other reference |
| Braitwaite |
USA | |
| Scarborough (1981) |
| Grant et al. (2005) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Bollin et al. (1958) | |
| Bollin & Kerr (1958) +1 other reference | |
| Hinkley (1955) +1 other reference | |
| Hinkley (1955) +1 other reference |
| Scarborough (1981) | |
| Hinkley (1955) +1 other reference | |
| Scarborough (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Hinkley (1955) +1 other reference | |
| Holland et al. (1958) +2 other references | |
| Holland et al. (1958) +2 other references | |
| Hinkley (1955) +1 other reference | |
| 118 +3 other references | |
| Bollin & Kerr (1958) +1 other reference | |
| 118 +3 other references | |
| Scarborough (1981) | |
| Phoenix (1963) +1 other reference |
| Peirce et al. (1970) | |
| Scarborough (1981) | |
| Petersen et al. (1959) +2 other references | |
| MRDS file #10027310. +1 other reference |
| Witkind (1961) +2 other references |
| Witkind (1961) +2 other references | |
| Moore (1955) |
| USGS PP538 +1 other reference | |
| Galbraith (1959) +1 other reference | |
| Frondel et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| USGS OFR 66-87 (Moench,1966) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Sims (1963) +2 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Korbel et al. (1999) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Sims (1963) +1 other reference | |
| Dana 6: 1089-1090. |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Travis Olds collection +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Twenty-seventh Annual New Mexico Mineral +1 other reference | |
| Caldwell (2018) | |
| NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology ... +4 other references | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) +1 other reference | |
| NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology ... |
| NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology ... |
| NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology ... | |
| NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology ... | |
| NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology ... | |
| NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology ... |
| NMBMMR Memoir 38 Geology and Technology ... | |
| McCollam (2002) | |
| NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology ... | |
| NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology ... | |
| Leonard S.Wiener and Sigrid Ballew | |
| Genth et al. (1881) |
| Genth (1891) +1 other reference |
| Smith (1991) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| - (2005) | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| - (2005) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Thompson et al. (1955) | |
| Page et al. (1956) +4 other references | |
| Page et al. (1956) +3 other references | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Gordon c De'Young collection |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Thomspon et al. (1956) |
| Richard Dale Collection |
| - (2005) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Finnell et al. (1963) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Finnell et al. (1963) +1 other reference | |
| Patrick E. Haynes |
| Bullock (1981) |
| USGS: Geological Survey Circular 217 |
| USGS: Geological Survey Circular 217 | |
| Joe Marty (2015) |
| USGS: Geological Survey Circular 217 | |
| John Wemesfelder Collection | |
| Kampf et al. (2018) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| USGS: Geological Survey Circular 217 | |
| USGS: Geological Survey Circular 217 | |
| USGS: Geological Survey Circular 217 |
| USGS: Geological Survey Circular 217 | |
| USGS TEI #514 +6 other references | |
| USGS: Geological Survey Circular 217 | |
| USGS: Geological Survey Circular 217 |
| USGS: Geological Survey Circular 217 | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Cannon (1975) |
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Ambrosia Lake Mining Sub-district, McKinley County, New Mexico, USA