Weddellite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Weddellite
The Weddell Sea
Formula:
Ca(C2O4) · (2.5-x)H2O
0 ≤ x ≤ 0.25
Previously reported as CaC2O4·2H2O and CaC2O4·(2+x)H2O
Previously reported as CaC2O4·2H2O and CaC2O4·(2+x)H2O
Colour:
Colourless, white, yellowish brown to brown; colourless in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Vitreous, Silky, Dull
Hardness:
4
Specific Gravity:
1.94
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Name:
Named after its discovery locality, the Weddell Sea, Antarctica. The first natural and non-biologically produced material was described by Bannister and Hey (1936), but they did not name it. Frondel and Prien (1942) used the name weddellite for the first time but gave no data.
Type Locality:
Authigenic in bottom sediments and peat; in calcareous lacustrine sediments; also formed by reaction of calcite with oxalic acid derived from lichens; also from solutions derived from bat guano. Known as component of human urinary stones. May also be produced by fungi (e.g., Burford et al., 2003; compare 'Unnamed (Pb Oxalate Dihydrate)'); as such is found in soils and leaf litter; also formed by lichens liivng on basalts, serpentinites, Cu-bearing rocks, gabbroes, dolerites, andesites, volcanic clasts; examples of organisms producing it are numerous, with Acarospora rugulosa, Geastrum spp. and Lecidea lactea, to mention some.
NOTE: Cleaning of any specimens with oxalic acid will lead to crystallisation of whewellite or weddellite if Ca-bearing soluble species are present on the specimen.
Contains zeolitic water. May occur in coral reefs. These observations, as well as confirmation of an additional water site, and the current formula, are taken from Mills & Christy (2016).
NOTE: Cleaning of any specimens with oxalic acid will lead to crystallisation of whewellite or weddellite if Ca-bearing soluble species are present on the specimen.
Contains zeolitic water. May occur in coral reefs. These observations, as well as confirmation of an additional water site, and the current formula, are taken from Mills & Christy (2016).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
4254
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:4254:9
IMA Classification of Weddellite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Ca(C2O4) · 2H2O
First published:
1936
Classification of Weddellite
10.AB.40
10 : ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
A : Salts of organic acids
B : Oxalates
10 : ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
A : Salts of organic acids
B : Oxalates
50.1.2.1
50 : ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
1 : Oxalates
50 : ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
1 : Oxalates
31.1.6
31 : Oxalates, Citrates, Mellitates and Acetates
1 : Oxalates
31 : Oxalates, Citrates, Mellitates and Acetates
1 : Oxalates
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Wed | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Pronunciation of Weddellite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Weddellite
Vitreous, Silky, Dull
Transparency:
Transparent
Colour:
Colourless, white, yellowish brown to brown; colourless in transmitted light.
Streak:
White
Hardness:
4 on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
None Observed
Mandarino and Witt (1983) report a good {010} cleavage, unlike other descriptions.
Mandarino and Witt (1983) report a good {010} cleavage, unlike other descriptions.
Fracture:
Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
1.94 g/cm3 (Measured) 1.962 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Weddellite
Type:
Uniaxial (+)
RI values:
nω = 1.523 nε = 1.544
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.021
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Chemistry of Weddellite
Mindat Formula:
Ca(C2O4) · (2.5-x)H2O
0 ≤ x ≤ 0.25
Previously reported as CaC2O4·2H2O and CaC2O4·(2+x)H2O
0 ≤ x ≤ 0.25
Previously reported as CaC2O4·2H2O and CaC2O4·(2+x)H2O
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
ORG
Crystallography of Weddellite
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Class (H-M):
4/m - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
I4/m
Cell Parameters:
a = 12.371 Å, c = 7.357 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 0.595
Unit Cell V:
1,125.93 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
8
Morphology:
Crystals commonly isolated, with {011}, elongated [010], terminated by {001}; commonly corroded.
Twinning:
Single or multiple twins possibly noted.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0000777 | Weddellite | Tazzoli V, Domeneghetti M C (1980) The crystal structures of whewellite and weddellite: re-examination and comparison American Mineralogist 65 327-334 |  | 1980 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0020071 | Weddellite | Izatulina A, Gurzhiy V, Frank-Kamenetskaya O (2014) Weddellite from renal stones: Structure refinement and dependence of crystal chemical features on H2O content. American Mineralogist 99 2-7 | 2014 | oxalic renal stones of St. Petersburg citizens aged 24-65 years | 0 | 293 | |
| 0020072 | Weddellite | Izatulina A, Gurzhiy V, Frank-Kamenetskaya O (2014) Weddellite from renal stones: Structure refinement and dependence of crystal chemical features on H2O content. American Mineralogist 99 2-7 | 2014 | oxalic renal stones of St. Petersburg citizens aged 24-65 years | 0 | 293 | |
| 0020073 | Weddellite | Izatulina A, Gurzhiy V, Frank-Kamenetskaya O (2014) Weddellite from renal stones: Structure refinement and dependence of crystal chemical features on H2O content. American Mineralogist 99 2-7 | 2014 | oxalic renal stones of St. Petersburg citizens aged 24-65 years | 0 | 293 | |
| 0020074 | Weddellite | Izatulina A, Gurzhiy V, Frank-Kamenetskaya O (2014) Weddellite from renal stones: Structure refinement and dependence of crystal chemical features on H2O content. American Mineralogist 99 2-7 | 2014 | oxalic renal stones of St. Petersburg citizens aged 24-65 years | 0 | 293 | |
| 0020075 | Weddellite | Izatulina A, Gurzhiy V, Frank-Kamenetskaya O (2014) Weddellite from renal stones: Structure refinement and dependence of crystal chemical features on H2O content. American Mineralogist 99 2-7 | 2014 | oxalic renal stones of St. Petersburg citizens aged 24-65 years | 0 | 293 | |
| 0020076 | Weddellite | Izatulina A, Gurzhiy V, Frank-Kamenetskaya O (2014) Weddellite from renal stones: Structure refinement and dependence of crystal chemical features on H2O content. American Mineralogist 99 2-7 | 2014 | oxalic renal stones of St. Petersburg citizens aged 24-65 years | 0 | 293 | |
| 0020077 | Weddellite | Izatulina A, Gurzhiy V, Frank-Kamenetskaya O (2014) Weddellite from renal stones: Structure refinement and dependence of crystal chemical features on H2O content. American Mineralogist 99 2-7 | 2014 | oxalic renal stones of St. Petersburg citizens aged 24-65 years | 0 | 293 | |
| 0020078 | Weddellite | Izatulina A, Gurzhiy V, Frank-Kamenetskaya O (2014) Weddellite from renal stones: Structure refinement and dependence of crystal chemical features on H2O content. American Mineralogist 99 2-7 | 2014 | oxalic renal stones of St. Petersburg citizens aged 24-65 years | 0 | 293 | |
| 0020079 | Weddellite | Izatulina A, Gurzhiy V, Frank-Kamenetskaya O (2014) Weddellite from renal stones: Structure refinement and dependence of crystal chemical features on H2O content. American Mineralogist 99 2-7 | 2014 | oxalic renal stones of St. Petersburg citizens aged 24-65 years | 0 | 293 | |
| 0020080 | Weddellite | Izatulina A, Gurzhiy V, Frank-Kamenetskaya O (2014) Weddellite from renal stones: Structure refinement and dependence of crystal chemical features on H2O content. American Mineralogist 99 2-7 | 2014 | oxalic renal stones of St. Petersburg citizens aged 24-65 years | 0 | 293 | |
| 0020081 | Weddellite | Izatulina A, Gurzhiy V, Frank-Kamenetskaya O (2014) Weddellite from renal stones: Structure refinement and dependence of crystal chemical features on H2O content. American Mineralogist 99 2-7 | 2014 | oxalic renal stones of St. Petersburg citizens aged 24-65 years | 0 | 293 | |
| 0020082 | Weddellite | Izatulina A, Gurzhiy V, Frank-Kamenetskaya O (2014) Weddellite from renal stones: Structure refinement and dependence of crystal chemical features on H2O content. American Mineralogist 99 2-7 | 2014 | oxalic renal stones of St. Petersburg citizens aged 24-65 years | 0 | 293 | |
| 0020083 | Weddellite | Izatulina A, Gurzhiy V, Frank-Kamenetskaya O (2014) Weddellite from renal stones: Structure refinement and dependence of crystal chemical features on H2O content. American Mineralogist 99 2-7 | 2014 | oxalic renal stones of St. Petersburg citizens aged 24-65 years | 0 | 293 | |
| 0020084 | Weddellite | Izatulina A, Gurzhiy V, Frank-Kamenetskaya O (2014) Weddellite from renal stones: Structure refinement and dependence of crystal chemical features on H2O content. American Mineralogist 99 2-7 | 2014 | oxalic renal stones of St. Petersburg citizens aged 24-65 years | 0 | 293 | |
| 0020085 | Weddellite | Izatulina A, Gurzhiy V, Frank-Kamenetskaya O (2014) Weddellite from renal stones: Structure refinement and dependence of crystal chemical features on H2O content. American Mineralogist 99 2-7 | 2014 | oxalic renal stones of St. Petersburg citizens aged 24-65 years | 0 | 293 | |
| 0020086 | Weddellite | Izatulina A, Gurzhiy V, Frank-Kamenetskaya O (2014) Weddellite from renal stones: Structure refinement and dependence of crystal chemical features on H2O content. American Mineralogist 99 2-7 | 2014 | oxalic renal stones of St. Petersburg citizens aged 24-65 years | 0 | 293 | |
| 0020087 | Weddellite | Izatulina A, Gurzhiy V, Frank-Kamenetskaya O (2014) Weddellite from renal stones: Structure refinement and dependence of crystal chemical features on H2O content. American Mineralogist 99 2-7 | 2014 | oxalic renal stones of St. Petersburg citizens aged 24-65 years | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2.744 Å | (100) |
| 6.19 Å | (72) |
| 3.35 Å | (66) |
| 2.231 Å | (63) |
| 1.892 Å | (49) |
| 4.43 Å | (40) |
| 2.792 Å | (38) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 24 : Authigenic minerals in terrestrial sediments (see also #17) | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 48 : Soil leaching zone minerals | <0.6 |
| 49 : Oxic cellular biomineralization (see also #44) | <0.54 |
| 52 : Guano- and urine-derived minerals | <0.4 |
| 53 : Other minerals with taphonomic origins | <0.4 |
Geological Setting:
Authigenic in bottom sediments and peat; in calcareous lacustrine sediments; also formed by reaction of calcite with oxalic acid derived from lichens; also from solutions derived from bat guano.
Type Occurrence of Weddellite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Tiny isolated crystals
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
The Natural History Museum, London, England: #1936,975 to 1936,977.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Bottom muds of an Antarctic sea.
Synonyms of Weddellite
Other Language Names for Weddellite
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 2 photos of Weddellite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 2 photos of Weddellite associated with Ettringite | Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12 · 26H2O |
| 2 photos of Weddellite associated with Kidney Stone | |
| 1 photo of Weddellite associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
| 1 photo of Weddellite associated with Whewellite | Ca(C2O4) · H2O |
| 1 photo of Weddellite associated with Löllingite | FeAs2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 10.AB. | Deveroite-(Ce) | Ce2(C2O4)3 · 10H2O |
| 10.AB. | Edwindavisite | Cu(C2O4)(NH3) |
| 10.AB.X | Falottaite | MnC2O4 · 3H2O |
| 10.AB. | Uroxite | [(UO2)2(C2O4)(OH)2(H2O)2] · H2O |
| 10.AB.05 | Katsarosite | Zn(C2O4) · 2H2O |
| 10.AB.05 | Andreybulakhite | Ni(C2O4) · 2H2O |
| 10.AB.05 | Humboldtine | Fe2+(C2O4) · 2H2O |
| 10.AB.05 | Lindbergite | Mn2+(C2O4) · 2H2O |
| 10.AB.10 | Glushinskite | Mg(C2O4) · 2H2O |
| 10.AB.15 | Moolooite | Cu(C2O4) · nH2O |
| 10.AB.20 | Stepanovite | NaMgFe3+(C2O4)3 · 8-9H2O |
| 10.AB.25 | Minguzzite | K3Fe3+(C2O4)3 · 3H2O |
| 10.AB.30 | Wheatleyite | Na2Cu(C2O4)2 · 2H2O |
| 10.AB.35 | Zhemchuzhnikovite | NaMgAl(C2O4)3 · 8H2O |
| 10.AB.45 | Whewellite | Ca(C2O4) · H2O |
| 10.AB.47 | Fiemmeite | Cu2(C2O4)(OH)2 · 2H2O |
| 10.AB.50 | Caoxite | Ca(C2O4) · 3H2O |
| 10.AB.50 | Middlebackite | Cu2C2O4(OH)2 |
| 10.AB.52 | Metauroxite | (UO2)2(C2O4)(OH)2(H2O)2 |
| 10.AB.55 | Oxammite | (NH4)2(C2O4) · H2O |
| 10.AB.60 | Natroxalate | Na2(C2O4) |
| 10.AB.60 | Phoxite | (NH4)2Mg2(C2O4)(PO3OH)2(H2O)4 |
| 10.AB.60 | Carboferriphoxite | [(NH4)K(H2CO3)][Fe3+(HPO4)(H2PO4)(C2O4)] |
| 10.AB.60 | Ferriphoxite | [(NH4)2K(H2O)][Fe3+(HPO4)2(C2O4)] |
| 10.AB.65 | Coskrenite-(Ce) | Ce2(SO4)2(C2O4) · 8H2O |
| 10.AB.70 | Levinsonite-(Y) | (Y,Nd,La)Al(C2O4)(SO4)2 · 12H2O |
| 10.AB.75 | Zugshunstite-(Ce) | (Ce,Nd,La)Al(C2O4)(SO4)2 · 12H2O |
| 10.AB.80 | Novgorodovaite | Ca2(C2O4)Cl2 · 2H2O |
Fluorescence of Weddellite
Can fluoresce yellow under long-wave UV.
Other Information
Notes:
Dehydrates to Whewellite upon exposure to air. Insoluble in water.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Weddellite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-4254.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
References for Weddellite
Reference List:
Bannister, F.A., Hey, M.H. (1936) Report on some crystalline components of the Weddell Sea deposits. Discovery Reports, 13. 60-69
Sterling, C. (1965) Crystal structure analysis of weddellite, CaC2O4.(2+x)H2O. Acta Crystallographica, 18 (5) 917-921 doi:10.1107/s0365110x65002219
Hutton, C. Osborne, Taft, William H. (1965) Weddellite in modern sediments, Florida. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 34 (268). 256-265 doi:10.1180/minmag.1965.034.268.21
Tazzoli, Vittorio, Domeneghetti, Chiara (1980) The crystal structures of whewellite and weddellite: re-examination and comparison. American Mineralogist, 65 (3-4) 327-334
Mandarino, J. A. (1983) Weddellite from Lutterworth Township, Haliburton County, Ontario. The Canadian Mineralogist, 21 (3) 509-511
Van de Vijver, B., Vochten, R., Geys, J., Verbruggen, C., Beyens, L. (1997) Mineralogical observations of weddellite from South Georgia, Subantarctica. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Monatshefte, 1997 (5) 193-202 doi:10.1127/njmm/1997/1997/193
Frost, Ray L., Weier, Matt L. (2003) Raman spectroscopy of natural oxalates at 298 and 77 K. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 34 (10). 776-785 doi:10.1002/jrs.1052
Frost, Ray L., Weier, Matt L. (2003) Thermal treatment of weddellite—a Raman and infrared emission spectroscopic study. Thermochimica Acta, 406. 221-232 doi:10.1016/s0040-6031(03)00259-4
BURFORD, EUAN P., KIERANS, MARTIN, GADD, GEOFFREY M. (2003) Geomycology: fungi in mineral substrata. Mycologist, 17 (3). 98-107 doi:10.1017/s0269915x03003112
Frost, R.L (2004) Raman spectroscopy of natural oxalates. Analytica Chimica Acta, 517 (1). 207-214 doi:10.1016/j.aca.2004.04.036
Echigo, T., Kimata, M. (2010) Crystal Chemistry and Genesis of Organic Minerals: a Review of Oxalate and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Minerals. The Canadian Mineralogist, 48 (6) 1329-1357 doi:10.3749/canmin.48.5.1329
Izatulina, A., Gurzhiy, V., Frank-Kamenetskaya, O. (2014) Weddellite from renal stones: Structure refinement and dependence of crystal chemical features on H2O content. American Mineralogist, 99 (1) 2-7 doi:10.2138/am.2014.4536
Conti, Claudia, Casati, Marco, Colombo, Chiara, Possenti, Elena, Realini, Marco, Gatta, G. Diego, Merlini, Marco, Brambilla, Luigi, Zerbi, Giuseppe (2015) Synthesis of calcium oxalate trihydrate: New data by vibrational spectroscopy and synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 150. 721-730 doi:10.1016/j.saa.2015.06.009
Sturm (née Rosseeva), Elena V., Frank-Kamenetskaya, Olga, Vlasov, Dmitry, Zelenskaya, Marina, Sazanova, Katerina, Rusakov, Alexey, Kniep, Rüdiger (2015) Crystallization of calcium oxalate hydrates by interaction of calcite marble with fungusAspergillus niger. American Mineralogist, 100 (11) 2559-2565 doi:10.2138/am-2015-5104
Mills, Stuart J., Christy, Andrew G. (2016) The Great Barrier Reef Expedition 1928–29: The crystal structure and occurrence of weddellite, ideally CaC2O4·2.5H2O, from the Low Isles, Queensland. Mineralogical Magazine, 80 (2) 399-406 doi:10.1180/minmag.2016.080.014
Curetti, Nadia, Pastero, Linda, Bernasconi, Davide, Cotellucci, Andrea, Corazzari, Ingrid, Archetti, Maurizio, Pavese, Alessandro (2021) Thermal Stability of Calcium Oxalates from CO2 Sequestration for Storage Purposes: An In-Situ HT-XRPD and TGA Combined Study. Minerals, 12 (1) 53 doi:10.3390/min12010053
Localities for Weddellite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica (TL) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Australia | |
| Bridge (1977) |
| Bridge (1973) |
| Bridge et al. (1978) |
Austria | |
| Kolitsch (2015) |
Botswana | |
| Anthony et al. (2016) |
Bulgaria | |
| Mincheva-Stefanova et al. (1994) |
Canada | |
| Gault (1986) |
| Mandarino (1983) |
| Mandarino (1983) | |
Chile | |
| Cheng +9 other references |
China | |
| Qi Zhang et al. (2008) |
Ethiopia | |
| Tribolo et al. (2017) |
Germany | |
| Walenta (2003) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Hanneberg et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
Israel | |
| Cowgill (1989) |
Italy | |
| Tirelli (1976-77) +1 other reference |
| Tirelli (1976-77) +1 other reference |
| Tirelli (1976-77) +2 other references | |
| Del Magro et al. (2000) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2008) | |
| del Magro (2009) |
| Batoni et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Del Monte et al. (1983) |
Japan | |
| Masayuki Ohnishi et al. (2011) |
Namibia | |
| Mineralogical Society of America - ... |
| Martini et al. (1999) |
Norway | |
| Johansen (2024) |
Russia | |
| Artemenko et al. (2023) |
| Ivan Novikov analytical data |
| Grant et al. (2001) |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Pekov (1998) | |
Spain | |
| Iriarte et al. (2013) |
| Joan Rosell-Riba - Jordi Ibáñez-Insa (2025) |
| Benavente +2 other references |
UK | |
| King et al. (1990) |
| Rust S.A. (1983) +2 other references | |
USA | |
| Garvie (2003) |
| Miklancic collection | |
| Kampf et al. (2019) |
| Kampf et al. (2019) +1 other reference | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| G. M. Griffin (1984) |
| G. M. Griffin (1984) | |
| J. A. Mandarino & N. V. Witt (1983) |
| Kearns et al. (2004) |
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Milltown Quarry, Milltown, Ashover, North East Derbyshire District, Derbyshire, England, UK