Hydrozincite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Hydrozincite
Formula:
Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6
Colour:
White to grey, stained pale pink, or pale yellow or brown; colourless in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Silky, Pearly, Dull, Earthy
Hardness:
2 - 2½
Specific Gravity:
3.5 - 4
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Name:
Named in 1853 by Gustav Adolph Kenngott in allusion to its composition, containing water of hydration and zinc.
Type Locality:
Typically found as massive, earthy, porous to compact, powdery aggregates and encrustations of very small to microscopic crystals. The colour is white to grey, but it may be stained a wide variety of hues by impurities, with yellowish and brownish to pinkish hues predominating. An alteration product generally of sphalerite, also of hemimorphite, and smithsonite.
May be confused with the visually similar zinc carbonate-sulphate brianyoungite and with the very rare zinc carbonate sclarite.
Chemically related to parádsasvárite.
May be confused with the visually similar zinc carbonate-sulphate brianyoungite and with the very rare zinc carbonate sclarite.
Chemically related to parádsasvárite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1993
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1993:0
IMA Classification of Hydrozincite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
Classification of Hydrozincite
5.BA.15
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
B : Carbonates with additional anions, without H2O
A : With Cu, Co, Ni, Zn, Mg, Mn
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
B : Carbonates with additional anions, without H2O
A : With Cu, Co, Ni, Zn, Mg, Mn
Dana 7th ed.:
16.4.1.1
16a.4.1.1
16a : ANHYDROUS CARBONATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
4 : (AB)5(XO3)2Zq
16a : ANHYDROUS CARBONATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
4 : (AB)5(XO3)2Zq
11.6.2
11 : Carbonates
6 : Carbonates of Zn and Cd
11 : Carbonates
6 : Carbonates of Zn and Cd
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Hznc | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Pronunciation of Hydrozincite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Hydrozincite
Silky, Pearly, Dull, Earthy
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
White to grey, stained pale pink, or pale yellow or brown; colourless in transmitted light.
Streak:
White
Hardness:
2 - 2½ on Mohs scale
Hardness Data:
Measured
Tenacity:
Very brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
On {100}.
On {100}.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
3.5 - 4 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.97 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Hydrozincite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.63 nβ = 1.642 nγ = 1.75
2V:
Measured: 40° , Calculated: 40°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.120
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
relatively strong
Chemistry of Hydrozincite
Mindat Formula:
Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Fe,Cu
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
| 1 | |
|---|---|
| CO2 | 16.90 % |
| ZnO | 71.42 % |
| Fe2O3 | 0.42 % |
| PbO | 0.36 % |
| PbCl2 | 0.51 % |
| H2O | 11.31 % |
| Total: | 100.92 % |
Crystallography of Hydrozincite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
B2/m
Setting:
C1 2/m 1
Cell Parameters:
a = 13.58 Å, b = 6.28 Å, c = 5.41 Å
β = 95.51°
β = 95.51°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 2.162 : 1 : 0.861
Unit Cell V:
459.25 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Morphology:
Crystals usually very small to microscopic, lath-like or bladed, flattened on {100} and elongated [001], often tapering to a sharp point. Typically found as massive aggregates of either powdery material, earthy and porous, to compact material, with fibrous radial structure, may be reniform. Dense agate-like masses, stalactic, and pisolitic.
Twinning:
Intimate twinning has been observed, but the morphology has not been reported.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0009288 | Hydrozincite | Ghose S (1964) The crystal structure of hydrozincite, Zn5(OH)6(CO3)2 Acta Crystallographica 17 1051-1057 |  | 1964 | Goodsprings, Nevada, USA | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 6.77 Å | (100) |
| 5.71 Å | (5) |
| 5.37 Å | (10) |
| 3.99 Å | (20) |
| 3.81 Å | (5) |
| 3.66 Å | (40) |
| 3.37 Å | (5) |
| 3.14 Å | (50) |
| 2.92 Å | (20) |
| 2.85 Å | (30) |
| 2.74 Å | (10) |
| 2.72 Å | (60) |
| 2.69 Å | (20) |
| 2.58 Å | (10) |
| 2.48 Å | (70) |
| 2.394 Å | (5) |
| 2.336 Å | (10) |
| 2.301 Å | (20) |
| 2.253 Å | (5) |
| 2.213 Å | (10) |
| 2.177 Å | (5) |
| 2.086 Å | (5) |
| 2.064 Å | (10) |
| 2.041 Å | (5) |
| 2.006 Å | (5) |
| 1.944 Å | (5) |
| 1.915 Å | (30) |
| 1.902 Å | (30) |
| 1.842 Å | (10) |
| 1.814 Å | (10) |
| 1.774 Å | (20) |
| 1.745 Å | (5) |
| 1.688 Å | (40) |
| 1.657 Å | (10) |
| 1.646 Å | (5) |
| 1.609 Å | (5) |
| 1.573 Å | (20) |
| 1.559 Å | (10) |
| 1.547 Å | (5) |
| 1.521 Å | (5) |
| 1.498 Å | (5) |
| 1.466 Å | (20) |
| 1.451 Å | (5) |
| 1.401 Å | (10) |
| 1.368 Å | (10) |
| 1.359 Å | (5) |
| 1.345 Å | (10) |
Comments:
ICDD 19-1458 natural material, Goodsprings, Nevada
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 45b : [Other oxidized fumarolic minerals] | |
| 47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates] | |
| 47h : [Near-surface oxidized, dehydrated minerals] | |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 55 : Anthropogenic mine minerals |
Geological Setting:
Oxidized zones of zinc mineral deposits, particularly those with sphalerite.
Type Occurrence of Hydrozincite
Synonyms of Hydrozincite
Other Language Names for Hydrozincite
Dutch:Hydrozinkiet
French:Zinconise
Italian:Idrozincite
Polish:Hydrocynkit
Russian:Гидроцинкит
Simplified Chinese:水锌矿
Spanish:Hidrocincita
Hidrozincita
Hidrozincita
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 267 photos of Hydrozincite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 204 photos of Hydrozincite associated with Hemimorphite | Zn4Si2O7(OH)2 · H2O |
| 188 photos of Hydrozincite associated with Smithsonite | ZnCO3 |
| 148 photos of Hydrozincite associated with Sphalerite | ZnS |
| 88 photos of Hydrozincite associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
| 84 photos of Hydrozincite associated with Willemite | Zn2SiO4 |
| 84 photos of Hydrozincite associated with Aurichalcite | (Zn,Cu)5(CO3)2(OH)6 |
| 62 photos of Hydrozincite associated with Cerussite | PbCO3 |
| 57 photos of Hydrozincite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 57 photos of Hydrozincite associated with Galena | PbS |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 5.BA.05 | Azurite | Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| 5.BA.10 | Mcguinnessite | (Mg,Cu)2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 5.BA.10 | Zincrosasite | (Zn,Cu)2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 5.BA.10 | Parádsasvárite | Zn2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 5.BA.10 | Rosasite | (Cu,Zn)2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 5.BA.10 | Nullaginite | Ni2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 5.BA.10 | Georgeite | [Cu(OH)2-x(H2O)x][CO3]x/2 |
| 5.BA.10 | Glaukosphaerite | (Cu,Ni)2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 5.BA.10 | Pokrovskite | Mg2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 5.BA.10 | Kolwezite | CuCo(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 5.BA.10 | Chukanovite | Fe2+2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 5.BA.10 | Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 5.BA.10 | Perchiazziite | Co2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 5.BA.15 | Aurichalcite | (Zn,Cu)5(CO3)2(OH)6 |
| 5.BA.20 | Holdawayite | Mn6(CO3)2(OH)7(Cl,OH) |
| 5.BA.25 | UM1977-03-COSiO:CaClH | Ca10-11(CO3)7(SiO4)Cl1-2(OH)1-2 |
| 5.BA.25 | Defernite | Ca6(CO3)1.58(Si2O7)0.21(OH)7[Cl0.50(OH)0.08(H2O)0.42] |
| 5.BA.30 | Sclarite | Zn7(CO3)2(OH)10 |
| 5.BA.30 | Loseyite | (Mn2+,Zn,Mg)4Zn3(CO3)2(OH)10 |
Fluorescence of Hydrozincite
Light blue (SW UV). May fluoresce weak gray, white, or pale yellow in mid-wave and long wave. Probably does not phosphorece except due to mixture with other species.
blue shortwave-excited luminescence excited by SW UV caused by titanate groups (TiO6)
blue shortwave-excited luminescence excited by SW UV caused by titanate groups (TiO6)
Other Information
Electrical:
Readily soluble in acids.
Observed as pseudomorphs after Dolomite.
Observed as pseudomorphs after Dolomite.
Thermal Behaviour:
H2O and CO2 are lost starting at about 230°, leaving ZnO.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
A minor ore of zinc.
Internet Links for Hydrozincite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1993.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
References for Hydrozincite
Reference List:
Beudant, F. S. (1832) Traité élémentaire de minéralogie (2nd ed.) Vol. 2. Chez Verdière. p.357 - as Zincosine
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.90
Prider, Rex T. (1941) Hydrozincite from Narlarla, West Kimberley district, Western Australia. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 26 (173) 60-65 doi:10.1180/minmag.1941.026.173.04
Ghose, S. (1964) The crystal structure of hydrozincite, Zn5(OH)6(CO3)2. Acta Crystallographica, 17 (8) 1051-1057 doi:10.1107/s0365110x64002651
Jambor, J. L. (1964) Studies of basic copper and zinc carbonates: I - synthetic zinc carbonates and their relationship to hydrozincite. The Canadian Mineralogist, 8 (1) 92-108
Jambor, J. L., Pouliot, G. (1965) X-ray crystallography of aurichalcite and hydrozincite. The Canadian Mineralogist, 8 (3) 385-389
Alwan, Alwan K., Williams, Peter A. (1979) Mineral formation from aqueous solution. Part I. The deposition of hydrozincite, Zn5(OH)6(CO3)2, from natural waters. Transition Metal Chemistry, 4 (2). 128-132 doi:10.1007/bf00618840
Alwan, A. K., Williams, P. A. (1979) Nickeloan hydrozincite: a new variety. Mineralogical Magazine, 43 (327) 397-398 doi:10.1180/minmag.1979.043.327.12
Mercy, M. A., Rock, Peter A., Casey, William H., Mokarram, Mehdi M. (1998) Gibbs energies of formation for hydrocerussite [Pb(OH)2.(PbCO3)2(s)] and hydrozincite [Zn(OH)2]3.(ZnCO3)2(s)] at 298 K and 1 bar from electrochemical cell measurements. American Mineralogist, 83 (7). 739-745 doi:10.2138/am-1998-7-806
Stoilova, D, Koleva, V, Vassileva, V (2002) Infrared study of some synthetic phases of malachite (Cu2(OH)2CO3)–hydrozincite (Zn5(OH)6(CO3)2) series. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 58 (9) 2051-2059 doi:10.1016/s1386-1425(01)00677-1
Frost, Ray L., Hales, Matt C., Wain, Daria L. (2008) Raman spectroscopy of smithsonite. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 39 (1). 108-114 doi:10.1002/jrs.1835
Hales, M. C., Frost, R. L. (2008) Thermal analysis of smithsonite and hydrozincite. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 91 (3) 855-860 doi:10.1007/s10973-007-8571-0
Localities for Hydrozincite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Algeria | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Singer et al. (2009) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Louha +5 other references |
Argentina | |
| N. Pezzutti y M. K. de Brodtkorb (1975) |
| Brodtkorb et al. (1999) | |
Australia | |
| McQueen +2 other references |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| Birch et al. (1997) |
| Vaasjoki et al. (1986) |
| Tony Parker collection |
| Stuart Mills | |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Kolitsch et al. (1999) |
| |
| Vivian et al. (1987) | |
| Francis (2010) |
| Noble et al. (1983) +1 other reference |
| Bottrill (2018) |
| Nickel et al. (1993) |
| Nickel et al. (1993) | |
| Grice et al. (1991) | |
| Dept of Mines (1990) |
| Ferguson (1999) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +2 other references | |
| Hancock et al. (2007) |
| Hancock et al. (2007) | |
| Hancock et al. (2007) | |
| Australian Journal of Mineralogy +3 other references | |
| Hancock et al. (2007) | |
| Secondar Minerals from the Braeside ... +4 other references | |
| Hancock et al. (2007) | |
| Australian Journal of Mineralogy +3 other references | |
| Australian Journal of Mineralogy +3 other references | |
| Ferguson (1999) |
| Butt et al. (1980) |
| Downes et al. (2017) |
| Downes et al. (2017) | |
| Ferguson (1999) |
| Ferguson (1999) | |
| Ferguson (1999) |
Austria | |
| Hiden (1997) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Walter (2020) |
| Hiden (1997) +1 other reference |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| C.Auer (2013) |
| Niedermayr (1993) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Hiden (1997) |
| A.Pichler (2012) |
| Gröbner (1998) |
| Blass et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
| A.Pichler (2012) |
| C.Auer (2017) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Kolitsch (2016) |
| Blass (2000) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr (1987) +1 other reference |
| Puttner (1994) | |
| A.Pichler (2003) |
| A.Pichler (2003) | |
| www.indra-g.at (2016) | |
| Pichler (2003) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Pichler (2009) | |
| Pichler (2009) | |
| C.Auer (2024) |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Pichler (2009) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Pichler (2009) | |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Pichler (2009) | |
| G.Indra (2012) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +2 other references |
| C.Auer (2025) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Martin Rich collection | |
| Gerhard Niedermayr (EMSER HEFTE-GALERIE) | |
| Steir.Mineralog 25/2011 |
| Puttner (1996) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Hiden (1997) |
| Hiden (1997) | |
| Pichler (2009) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Hiden (1993) |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Hiden (1997) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Hiden (1997) |
| Hiden (1997) |
| G. Niedermayr: Carinthia II 191./111.:97-102 (2001) |
| Meixner (1980) |
| G. Niedermayr: Der Hochobir (Klagenfurt) +1 other reference | |
| G. Niedermayr: Der Hochobir (1999) | |
| G. Niedermayr: Der Hochobir (Klagenfurt) |
| G. Niedermayr: Der Hochobir (Klagenfurt) |
| G. Niedermayr: Der Hochobir (Klagenfurt) | |
| G. Niedermayr: Der Hochobir (Klagenfurt) +1 other reference | |
| |
| |
| G. Niedermayr: Der Hochobir (Klagenfurt) |
| G. Niedermayr: Carinthia II 191./111.:97-102 (2001) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Chris Auer | |
| Chris Auer | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) | |
| Meixner (1976) +1 other reference |
| Auer (1998) |
| Auer (1994) |
| C.Auer (2013) | |
| Huber et al. (1977) +1 other reference |
| C (2014) | |
| C.Auer (2013) | |
| Kolitsch et al. (2008) |
| Hagenguth et al. (1982) |
| MEFOS 20 |
| Thiele (1986) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| H.Meixner (1974) |
| Schachinger et al. (2014) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (2000) |
| Schachinger et al. (2015) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Schachinger et al. (2014) |
| Pichler (2009) |
| Strasser (1989) +1 other reference |
| Neschen (n.d.) | |
| Lewandowski et al. (2006) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Niedermayr et al. (2009) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) | |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| C.Auer (1986) |
| Schachinger et al. (2013) |
| Tufar (1963) +1 other reference |
| C.Auer (2019) |
| Auer (2020) | |
| Mitteilungen der Abteilung für Mineralogie am Landesmuseum Joanneum (1983) +1 other reference |
| Carinthia II (1986) |
| C.Auer (2014) |
| "Die Eisenblüte" 3/1981 |
| Auer (2023) |
| Chris Auer |
| Auer (2024) |
| Schebesta (1992) |
| Postl (2001) |
| Schachinger et al. (2014) |
| Haditsch (1967) |
| C.Auer (2012) |
| Jakely (2008) |
| Jakely (2008) |
| Christian Steck collection +2 other references |
| 50. (in German) +1 other reference |
| GeoSphere Austria (2024) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Steck (2022) |
| C.Auer (2013) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2002) |
| Poeverlein et al. (2007) |
| Der Aufschluß (2006) | |
| Lapis 2007 | |
| 58. +1 other reference |
| IRIS database ID 42 |
| Bauer (1997) |
| Exel (1993) |
| P.Arthofer et al. (1998) |
| Peter Arthofer |
| Arthofer (2004) | |
| Brandstetter et al. (2020) |
| Kappelmüller (2000) |
| Kappelmüller (2000) |
| Kolitsch (2014) |
| Exel (1982) +1 other reference |
| Kolitsch (2014) |
| Kolitsch (2012) |
| Kolitsch (2014) |
| Kolitsch (2009) |
Belgium | |
| Ottenburgs et al. (1998) |
| Yannick Verbelen |
| Mélon et al. (1976) +1 other reference | |
| De Bondt (n.d.) |
| Michel BLONDIEAU et al. (2018) |
| Rocks & Minerals (xxxx) +3 other references |
| van Tassel (1979) +1 other reference | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Michel Blondieau collection |
| van Tassel (1979) |
| Van Troyen et al. (2018) | |
| Blondieau (1997) +1 other reference |
Bolivia | |
| F. Ahlfeld & J. Munoz-Reyes (1955) |
| Alfredo Petrov and Jaroslav Hyrsl ... |
| Wilson (2001) +1 other reference |
Brazil | |
| |
Bulgaria | |
| Lips (2006) |
Canada | |
| Belik (1973) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Paradis et al. (2015) |
| Paradis et al. (2015) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| - (n.d.) |
| Sabina +1 other reference |
| |
| Jambor (1964) |
| Badham (1975) |
| Stavinga et al. (2017) |
| Rich et al. (1977) |
| gis3.natr.gov.ns.ca (n.d.) |
| Sabina |
| Sabina (1983) |
| Mielke (n.d.) |
| Estrie and Gaspesie +2 other references |
| Grice (1989) +1 other reference |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
Chile | |
| Maurizio Dini - analysed material by ... |
| Wet Chemical by Gerhard Möhn |
China | |
| Liangming Fan and Wenjun Liu (1982) |
| Andrew Haighton Collection |
| Guoxiang Chi (1992) |
| www.smartminerals.com (n.d.) |
| Changqing Zhang et al. (2005) |
| Changqing Zhang et al. (2005) | |
| Changqing Zhang et al. (2005) | |
| Zhongguo Jin and Zhilong Huang (2009) | |
| Changqing Zhang et al. (2005) | |
| Zhongguo Jin and Zhilong Huang (2009) +1 other reference | |
| Changqing Zhang et al. (2005) +2 other references | |
| Keyong Deng et al. (2007) | |
| Changqing Zhang et al. (2005) | |
| Zhongguo Jin and Zhilong Huang (2009) | |
| Changqing Zhang et al. (2005) | |
| Changqing Zhang et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Cyrille Daoud Collection | |
| Shaoyin Huang (1975) |
| Yilu Yang and Xianjun Bao (2007) |
| Juemin Bao et al. (2003) |
| Shengyun Fu et al. (2006) | |
| Minzhi Yang (2003) |
| Huaping Zhu and Dequan Zhang (2002) +1 other reference |
| Huaping Zhu and Dequan Zhang (2004) | |
| Zhang Xingbing (1999) |
| Xiaohu Wang et al. (2008) |
| Yongjun Wang et al. (2012) |
| Zaw et al. (2007) |
| Zejiang Wang (1981) +4 other references | |
| Zejiang Wang (1981) +1 other reference |
| Guibing Dan et al. (2007) |
| Yingchao Liu et al. (2013) |
| Jiang et al. (2021) |
| Chuandong Xue et al. (2008) |
| minfans +1 other reference | |
| Xian Yang et al. (2013) |
| Jianguo Gao et al. (2005) |
| Xinpei Jiang (1994) |
| Shen (n.d.) |
| Shen (n.d.) | |
| Jiajun Liu et al. (2010) |
| Jiafeng Bai et al. (1985) +4 other references | |
| |
| Zhu et al. (2018) +1 other reference |
| Yunman Zhou (2003) +1 other reference |
| Chen (2002) |
| Changqing Zhang et al. (2005) |
| - (documented by various photos) | |
Czech Republic | |
| Pauliš P. Mineralogické lokality ... |
| RÜSENBERG et al. (1996) |
| |
| C.Auer 1992 |
| Lapis 2002 (7/8) |
| Fojt |
| Kruťa (1958) |
| Kuttna +1 other reference |
| Pauliš P. Nejzajímavější ... |
| Zbynek Burival collection |
| Vrtiskova et al. (2024) | |
| Slavíček |
| Sejkora et al. (2008) |
| Houzar S.: Zinkem a baryem bohaté minerální asociace (sfalerit - Zn-spinel - hyalofán - Ba-flogopit) |
| Roman Štancl Collected |
DR Congo | |
| Deliens (1996) +1 other reference |
Egypt | |
| Richard de Nul collection |
Europe | |
| ATANASSOVA +1 other reference | |
France | |
| Gol D. (2009) |
| Blondieau et al. (2025) |
| • Martin et al. (2004) |
| Gol (2010) |
| Médard P. et al. (2006) |
| Pélisson (1989) |
| Designolle J-L. (1993) |
| Chollet Pascal Collection |
| Coueille (1988) |
| Paul Poulain | |
| Favreau G. et al. (1996) |
| Pascal Chollet collection |
| De Ascencao Guedes R. (2001) |
| in BRGM archives |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| OLLIC Pascal Collection |
| Germain C. (1995) |
| Pillard F. et al. (1985) |
| Bari (1982) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Wittern et al. (1997) |
| Cédrick Gineste 22.12.2012. |
| Pascale & Daniel Journet |
| Belot (1978) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Gol (2014) |
| Gol (2013) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Les Anciennes mines de Padern - Montgaillard ( Aude ) |
| www.zampano.com (n.d.) |
| C. Gineste |
| Boisson et al. (2014) | |
| |
| Gol (2014) |
| Pecorini (1995) +1 other reference |
| Gol et al. (2010) |
| Gol et al. (2010) | |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| Patrice Queneau Collection |
| Georges FAVREAU collection and EDX ... |
| Kreipl (1974) | |
| Boisson et al. (2014) |
| Lebocey (2009) |
| A.LANDEL ET AL. (1970) |
| A.LANDEL ET AL. (1970) | |
| A.LANDEL ET AL. (1970) | |
| Belot (1978) |
| Lips (2006) | |
| Gol (2009) |
| Queneau (n.d.) |
| BERBAIN et al. (2010) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Berbain et al. (2007) |
| Dubru. M (1986) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) |
| Berbain et al. (2005) | |
| Collection and EDX analysis Georges ... |
| R. Pierrot |
| ... |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot | |
| R. Pierrot |
| Analysed by the french BRGM (National Office for Geological and Mining Research) +1 other reference |
| Pierrot et al. (1972) +1 other reference |
| Pierrot et al. (1972) |
| R. Pierrot | |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot |
| self collected S. MAURY 2018 | |
| R. Pierrot | |
| R. Pierrot | |
| R. Pierrot | |
| R. Pierrot |
| R. Pierrot | |
| R. Pierrot | |
Germany | |
| Boisson et al. (2014) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1989) +1 other reference |
| Walenta (1992) | |
| Gruber (2000) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2020) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) +1 other reference |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Poeverlein (1984) |
| Hanneberg et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Obermüller (2003) |
| ex.coll. Kastning |
| Blessing et al. (1991) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1991) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern et al. (1986) |
| 70. +1 other reference |
| Steinkamm et al. (1988) |
| |
| Neschen (n.d.) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Erik Vercammen collection | |
| |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Gröbner (2001) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Gröbner (2007) | |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.) |
| Blaß et al. (2021) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) +1 other reference |
| Bender et al. (1994) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Henrich (2008) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Rolf Golze +3 other references |
| Reinhardt et al. (2016) | |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1987) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2025) |
| Rolf Golze +3 other references | |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Graf et al. (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Aufschluss 90 (2) |
| Aufschluss 90 (2) | |
| Aufschluss 90 (2) | |
| International Association of Collectors of Slag Minerals (3) +1 other reference | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Blaß et al. (1995) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Lapis 1988 (1) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) |
| Heckmann et al. (2006) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Vetter (1991) |
| Weiß (1990) +1 other reference |
| Schnorrer et al. (2000) | |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) | |
| Henrich (2007) | |
| www.mineralienfreunde-der-pfalz.de (2015) |
| Collection Hartmute Hensel |
| Blaß et al. (1993) |
| [Blass +1 other reference | |
| Blaß et al. (1993) |
| Blaß et al. (1993) |
| Graf (1991) |
| Markl et al. (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Der Aufschluss Vol.55 +1 other reference |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Thomas Luehr collection |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Thomas Lühr |
| Thomas Lühr Collection | |
| Gerhard Möhn Collection Analyzed by ... |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Gerhard Möhn Collection Analyzed by ... |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Gröbner et al. (2011) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Stolze et al. (09/2020) |
| U. Ludwig |
| Schlegel (1991) |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
Greece | |
| Giester et al. (2014) |
| Fritz Schreiber collection | |
| Fritz Schreiber collection |
| Hanke (1998) |
| Rieck (n.d.) |
| |
| Frenzel (1895) | |
| |
| Lapis et al. (1999) | |
| |
| Rieck (n.d.) |
| Lapis et al. (1999) | |
| Lapis et al. (1999) |
Greenland | |
| Rehnström (2014) |
| |
Guatemala | |
| - (2005) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll et al. (2013) |
| 100 mineral localities of Hungary: ... +3 other references |
| Szakáll & Gatter: Hun. Min. Spec. +1 other reference | |
| Sándor et al. (2005) | |
India | |
| Willies (1987) |
Iran | |
| Hosseini-Dinani et al. (2016) |
| Wilke (1977) |
| Jörg Reichert | |
| Bariand |
| Wilke (1977) |
| Bariand (1963) | |
| Ghasemi et al. (2008) +2 other references |
| Mondillo et al. (2017) | |
| Rajabi et al. (2022) |
| Rezaeian et al. (2014) +2 other references |
| Javanshir. A. 2007. Mineralogy et al. (Mo) |
| M Nazari collection |
| USGS database +1 other reference |
Ireland | |
| Dr Stephen Moreton |
| Balassone et al. (2008) |
| Moreton et al. (2007) |
| Moreton et al. (2007) | |
| Flannery (n.d.) |
| |
| S. MORETON et al. (1999) | |
| Balassone et al. (2008) |
Isle of Man | |
| Day (1999) |
Italy | |
| Russo et al. (2004) |
| [Lapis 1994:5 p.13-23 | |
| Locality description | |
| Bartoli et al. (2008) |
| Bartoli et al. (2008) | |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2018) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Analyses of Anthony Kampf of Natural ... |
| M.E. Ciriotti Probed 2005 |
| Bertolini A. Rivista Mineralogica ... |
| Gramaccioli et al. (1992) |
| G.M.Gramaccioli |
| Gramaccioli | |
| Mondillo et al. (2020) |
| Maida (2002) |
| Del Caldo et al. (1973) +1 other reference |
| Maida et al. (2012) |
| Vergani et al. (2021) |
| Vergani et al. (2020) | |
| Itinerari Mineralogici della Lombardia ... |
| Boscardin et al. (1970) | |
| - (n.d.) | |
| Luigi Possenti Collection |
| Luigi Possenti Collection |
| Vergani et al. (2020) | |
| Vergani et al. (2021) |
| |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Ciriotti et al. (2019) |
| Ciriotti et al. (2019) | |
| Giovanni Scapin Collection |
| ALBERTINI C. (2014) |
| Preite et al. (1995) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Mattioli (1979) +1 other reference | |
| Albertini C. (2014) |
| Albertini C. (2014) | |
| Ciriotti et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Fiori et al. (1995) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Ara D. et al. (2013) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| P.Stara | |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| P.Stara | |
| Stara | |
| Stara P. (1996) | |
| Stara | |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Brizzi G. et al. (1989) | |
| Pflügel (1982) | |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) | |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) | |
| |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Preite et al. (2007) |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Antonio Gamboni collection +1 other reference | |
| De Michele (1974) +1 other reference |
| Stara | |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| De Michele (1974) | |
| Del Caldo et al. (1973) |
| Del Caldo et al. (1973) | |
| Stara et al. (1996) | |
| Lovisato (1908) |
| www.associazionemineralogicasarda.it (n.d.) | |
| Rivista Mineralogica Italiana 4/1992-"I minerali del giacimento di Monte Tamara (Nuxis) |
| Stara et al. (1993) |
| Ciriotti M.E. and Blass.G. (2010) |
| Stara et al. (1993) | |
| Stara et al. (1993) | |
| Exel (1987) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Exel (1987) |
| De Michele (1974) |
| |
| Exel (1987) | |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Bortolozzi et al. (2022) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Canal et al. (2012) |
| Rocchetti I. (2012) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) | |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) | |
| Vecchi et al. (2013) |
| |
| De Michele (1974) |
| Gasparetto et al. (2014) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) | |
| Marinai |
| Bazzoni C. et al. (2011) |
| Bazzoni C. et al. (2011) | |
| Sabelli C. et al. (1996) | |
| Bazzoni et al. (2007) | |
| Batacchi et al. (2011) |
| Bazzoni et al. (2001) | |
| - (n.d.) |
| Rögner et al. (2000) |
| Biagioni et al. (2008) |
| Orlandi et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Orlandi et al. (1980) +2 other references |
| Merlino et al. (2001) +2 other references |
| Franzini et al. (1982) +1 other reference |
| Ciuffardi (2005) | |
| Armando del Taglia find & collection +1 other reference | |
| Orlandi et al. (1980) +1 other reference | |
| Orlandi (2004) +1 other reference |
| Orlandi et al. (2009) | |
| Orlandi et al. (2000) |
| Biagioni et al. (2014) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Catullo (1827) +8 other references | |
| Dondi M. et al. (1995) | |
| Giordano (2014) |
| Sergio Pegoraro et al. (2022) +2 other references |
| Pegoraro S. et al. (2009) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) | |
| Pegoraro S. (2014) | |
| Saccardo D. et al. (Torrebelvicino, Vicenza) |
| Maini et al. (2000) |
Japan | |
| John Rakovan |
| Minato +1 other reference |
| Ohnishi et al. (2001) |
| Ohe Rikosha specimens |
| Introduction to Japanese Minerals (Geological Survey of Japan, 1970) |
Kazakhstan | |
| - (2005) |
Luxembourg | |
| Heinen (1996) +1 other reference |
Madagascar | |
| Behier (1963) |
Mexico | |
| Wilson (1980) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Panczner (1987) +1 other reference |
| Querol +1 other reference |
| Vargas et al. (1993) |
| Megaw (2023) |
| Megaw (2023) |
| C. Lemanski collection (7039CL) |
| Hoffmann (1968) +3 other references |
| Moore (2008) | |
Morocco | |
| Choulet et al. (2014) |
| Zhao et al. (2024) | |
| Favreau (n.d.) |
| Choulet et al. (2014) +1 other reference |
| Choulet et al. (2014) |
Myanmar | |
| Barber et al. (2017) |
Namibia | |
| Kleser et al. (2008) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| www.metalin.com (2002) +2 other references |
Norway | |
| Eldjarn (1977) |
| Raade (1995) | |
| Raade (1995) | |
| Raade (1995) | |
| Goldschmidt (1911) +1 other reference |
| - (1995) | |
| Berg (1994) |
| Frigstad (1970) +2 other references |
| Knut Edvard Larsen (2023) | |
| Neumann (1985) | |
| Bancroft et al. (2001) | |
| |
| Raade (1997) |
| Husdal (2023) |
| Vokes (1963) +1 other reference |
| Frigstad (1970) +1 other reference |
| Raade (1993) +1 other reference |
| Bryhni (1993) |
| Burvald (2018) |
| Burvald (2018) | |
| Nordrum (2007) +1 other reference |
| Frigstad (1970) +1 other reference |
| Peter Andresen |
| |
| Andersen et al. (1996) |
Peru | |
| Arfè et al. (2017) +2 other references |
| Arfè et al. (2017) +1 other reference | |
| Boni et al. (2009) +2 other references |
| Amstutz +2 other references |
Poland | |
| Górny A. (2007) |
| Coppola et al. (2009) |
| Coppola et al. (2009) |
| Siuda et al. (2003) |
| Nowinska (2020) |
Portugal | |
| Marques de Sá et al. (2010) |
| |
| Pimentel et al. (2007) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Identified in Rebentão Mine |
| Luis Martins collection |
Republic of the Congo | |
| Alejandro Félix collection. |
Romania | |
| Szakáll (2002) |
Russia | |
| Rakhimov et al. (2023) |
| Grant et al. (2001) |
Saudi Arabia | |
| Luce et al. (1976) |
Slovakia | |
| Bancík T. (2014) |
| Števko M. (2014) |
| Martin Števko-unpublished |
| Koděra (1986) |
| Koděra (1986) |
Slovenia | |
| Recnik et al. (2014) |
| Scopolia - Journal of the Slovenian ... |
| Bancroft et al. (1991) +1 other reference | |
| Terzić (1972) +1 other reference | |
| Žorž et al. (2002) |
South Africa | |
| Gutzmer (2006) |
Spain | |
| Georges FAVREAU collection & EDX ... |
| Calvo Rebollar (2012) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2012) |
| Arana (1973) |
| CALDERON (191O) +1 other reference |
| Romero Silva (2003) |
| Calvo (2008) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2012) |
| Recent Discoveries. 5ª Ed. Londres +1 other reference |
| ... | |
| Dana 6: 299. |
| Calvo Rebollar (2012) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2012) |
| Echevarría (2000) |
| Echevarría (2000) | |
| Bocamina nº 0 | |
| Covaciella (Pedro García) |
| Revista de minerales (Mars) |
| Echevarría (2000) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2012) | |
| Echevarría (2000) | |
| Echevarría (2000) |
| Echevarría (2000) | |
| Echevarría (2000) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2012) |
| Castro et al. (2001) |
| García +3 other references |
| García +4 other references |
| Calvo Rebollar (2012) |
| Dana et al. (1892) +1 other reference | |
| Fabre (n.d.) | |
| Calvo (2018) | |
| Navarro-Ciurana et al. (2016) |
| Calvo et al. (2002) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2018) |
| FMF Forum |
| Joan Rosell | |
| Joaquim Mollfulleda |
| Mineralogistes de Catalunya (2/3) |
| Joan Rosell |
| Mata i Perelló (1990) |
| |
| Joan Abella i Creus (2008) |
| Mata i Perelló (1990) +1 other reference |
| |
| Calvo.M. (2012) |
| Joan Rosell |
| Calvo.M. (2012) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2012) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2012) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2012) |
| Juan Miguel Casanova |
| Bernat Hernandez Collection | |
Sweden | |
| Johansson (2016) |
| Öhman et al. (2000) |
| Wilke (1976) |
| Gatedal (n.d.) |
Switzerland | |
| Gröbner (2014) |
| Gröbner J. (2017) |
| Schenk et al. (2008) |
| Jahn et al. (2010) |
| |
| Schmutz et al. (1986) |
| Le Cristallier Suisse (7) | |
| Vanini F. et al. (1998) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Ansermet S. (1996) |
| |
| Kolitsch et al. (1996) | |
| |
| 50. (in German) +1 other reference | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Philippe Roth's collection | |
| Philippe Roth's collection | |
| |
| Stalder et al. (1998) | |
| Meisser (2012) |
| Ansermet (2012) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| 86. (in German) +2 other references | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) +1 other reference | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) +1 other reference | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Tajikistan | |
| Badalov et al. (1975) |
Thailand | |
| Reynolds et al. (2003) |
Tunisia | |
| Jemmali et al. (2011) |
| Garnit et al. (2018) |
| Garnit et al. (2018) |
| Garnit et al. (2018) |
| P Haas collection (ex J Chervet specimen) |
| G Brandstetter collection +1 other reference |
Turkey | |
| CSA Global (2019) |
| Kines (1969) |
| Santoro (2015) +1 other reference |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM-1641 +1 other reference |
| Arik (2012) |
| Çağatay et al. (1989) |
UK | |
| S. Rust collection. |
| G.Curtis collection. |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| P Haas (collected 2008) |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| |
| |
| - (2006) +1 other reference |
| Young (1987) +2 other references | |
| Kingsbury (MS1) +1 other reference |
| Green et al. (2008) |
| Bridges et al. (2008) | |
| Bridges et al. (2011) | |
| Day (1999) |
| Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| Norman Wilson collection |
| |
| Green et al. (2000) |
| |
| Day (1999) |
| Day (1999) |
| Ford et al. (1993) |
| Ford et al. (1965) +1 other reference |
| Ford et al. (1993) | |
| Ford et al. (1993) | |
| Ford et al. (1993) |
| Day (1999) | |
| Jones (1982) |
| Day (1999) |
| Ford et al. (1993) +1 other reference | |
| Collection Richard De Nul |
| Collection Richard De Nul |
| Collection Richard De Nul | |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Paul Nicholson Collection |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Day (1999) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| |
| Rust (1995) |
| Day (1999) | |
| |
| Livingstone et al. (1976) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| S Rust collection |
| S Rust collection |
| S. Rust collection | |
| S Rust collection |
| S.Rust Collection |
| |
| Observation by Dr Stephen Moreton. |
| Plant et al. (1996) |
| National Museum of Wales database |
| Day (1999) | |
| Rust et al. (1988) | |
| Day (1999) |
| |
| S Rust collection |
| |
| |
| S. Rust collection | |
| Jones (1987) | |
| |
| Green et al. (1996) +2 other references |
| National Museum of Wales database | |
| Bevins et al. (1982) |
| Day (1999) | |
| Day (1999) |
| Alwan et al. (1979) |
| |
| S. Rust collection |
| S. Rust collection | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Day (1999) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) | |
| Rust et al. (1987) | |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Render (n.d.) |
| Garfield et al. (2008) +1 other reference |
| |
| Day (1999) |
| Day (1999) | |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) |
| - (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Cooper (1957) +2 other references |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Mr. Roy Parsons |
| Rolf Luetcke |
| Butler et al. (1938b) +2 other references |
| Ronald C. Render | |
| Galbraith. F.W. & D.J. Brennan (1959) |
| Keith (1972) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| MinRec 19 (3) |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| C. Lemanski |
| Galbraith (1959) |
| Short et al. (1943) +4 other references | |
| MRDS database Dep. ID file #10103551 |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| MRDS database Dep. ID file #10046339 |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Ronald Render-field collected at Alto ... |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| Wilson (1933) +1 other reference |
| Keith (1978) | |
| MRDS database Dep. ID file #10037078 | |
| Luetcke (n.d.) |
| MRDS database Dep. ID file #10037073 | |
| Wilson (1933) +3 other references |
| Ransom (1974) |
| Smith (1988) |
| Rocks & Min.: 64 (4) | |
| Howard (1989) | |
| Rocks & Minerals | |
| - (2005) |
| Dana 6: 1083. | |
| Ransom (1974) | |
| Ransom (1974) | |
| Howard (1987) +1 other reference | |
| Hall (1963) +3 other references |
| Murdoch (1966) | |
| |
| Hall (1958) +4 other references | |
| Hall (1958) +4 other references |
| Stolburg (1984) |
| Murdoch et al. (1942) +2 other references |
| Hall (1958) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 23:504-507. | |
| |
| Calif. Div. of Mines & Geology Bull. #189 et al. (1966) +1 other reference |
| Rogers (1912b) +5 other references |
| Merriam (1963) +1 other reference | |
| Ron Gibbs Specimen. | |
| Slaughter (2023) |
| Kampf et al. (2016) |
| Robert M. Housley (2005) |
| Robert M. Housley (2005) | |
| McAllister (1955) +3 other references |
| Hall (1963) +1 other reference |
| Kelley (1937) +3 other references |
| Tucker et al. (1943) +1 other reference |
| Tucker (1921) +2 other references |
| Collected by and in the collection of ... |
| U.S. Geological Survey Professional ... +2 other references |
| Rocks & Minerals 81:356-361 | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Carl (Bob) |
| - (2005) |
| USGS PP 1017 (Lovering,1978) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| USGS Bull 1434 |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Januzzi (1994) |
| David Busha collection |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| Januzzi et al. (1976) |
| Ream (2004) |
| Goldstein (1997) |
| |
| Goldstein (1997) |
| Mike Dennis |
| Goldstein (2006) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:359. +3 other references | |
| |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Heyl et al. (1965) |
| Heyl et al. (1965) |
| Kevin Czaja Collection |
| P. Cristofono collection |
| Carlson et al. (2007) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Dana 6:1084. |
| Sherwood et al. (1998) | |
| Dana Slaughter Minerals specimen. |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Longwell et al. (1965) +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| USGS PP 162] +1 other reference | |
| USGS PP 162] +1 other reference | |
| Longwell et al. (1965) +1 other reference | |
| Longwell et al. (1965) | |
| Longwell et al. (1965) +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Longwell et al. (1965) +1 other reference | |
| Longwell et al. (1965) +1 other reference | |
| Longwell et al. (1965) +1 other reference | |
| Longwell et al. (1965) +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| MRDS Identification Number M242239 +2 other references | |
| Longwell et al. (1965) |
| Longwell et al. (1965) | |
| Collected in recent years by D. Kim ... +1 other reference | |
| USGS Bul 540 | |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Longwell et al. (1965) +1 other reference | |
| Longwell et al. (1965) +2 other references | |
| - (2005) | |
| Longwell et al. (1965) +1 other reference | |
| Hewett (1931) | |
| Longwell et al. (1965) +1 other reference | |
| Longwell et al. (1965) +1 other reference | |
| Longwell et al. (1965) | |
| Longwell et al. (1965) +1 other reference | |
| USGS Bul 540 +2 other references | |
| Longwell et al. (1965) | |
| Longwell et al. (1965) +1 other reference | |
| Longwell et al. (1965) | |
| USGS PP 162] +1 other reference | |
| Longwell et al. (1965) +2 other references | |
| Longwell et al. (1965) | |
| Longwell et al. (1965) +1 other reference | |
| Longwell et al. (1965) +1 other reference | |
| Longwell et al. (1965) +1 other reference | |
| Longwell et al. (1965) +2 other references | |
| Longwell et al. (1965) |
| Longwell et al. (1965) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Longwell et al. (1965) +1 other reference | |
| Longwell et al. (1965) +1 other reference | |
| Longwell et al. (1965) +1 other reference | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Longwell et al. (1965) +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| NBMG Bull 64 Geology and Mineral ... +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| USGS website : ... |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| NBMG Bull 73 Geology and Mineral ... |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Robert Gustafson Collection |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| - (1976) +2 other references |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| |
| |
| Smith (2005) |
| Rocks & Min. July-Aug 2005 |
| www.capitalmineralclub.org |
| P. Cristofono collection |
| FOMS Millsite Committee (1986) |
| Palache (1935) | |
| Common knowledge of local collectors ... |
| II et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
| NJ State Geol. Ann. Rpt.: (1880) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) +1 other reference | |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| USGS Map I-1310-B Mineral Deposit Map ... |
| USGS Map I-1310-B Mineral Deposit Map ... +1 other reference | |
| USGS Map I-1310-B Mineral Deposit Map ... | |
| USGS Map I-1310-B Mineral Deposit Map ... |
| USGS Map I-1310-B Mineral Deposit Map ... +1 other reference | |
| R&M 77:5 p298-305 +1 other reference |
| R&M 77:5 p298-305 | |
| Griswold (1961) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) |
| Robert E Walstrom (2015) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| New Mexico Geological Society 2002 ... |
| Saathoff Collection |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Rocks & Minerals: 78 (6) | |
| Gibbs (1989) | |
| GF Loughlin (1942) +1 other reference | |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| Lindgren et al. (1910) | |
| Jensen (1978) |
| New York State Museum |
| Pogue (1910) |
| Carpenter (1976) |
| Rocks & Min.:60:92. |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Carlson (2015) | |
| Carlson (2015) | |
| Carlson (2015) | |
| Carlson (2015) | |
| Carlson (1990) |
| Smith (1977) |
| Smith (1977) |
| Sloto (1989) |
| Jospeh Polytika specimen |
| S et al. (1977) |
| Smith (1977) |
| Samuel S. Gordon +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) +2 other references |
| Rocks & Min.: 6:26 +1 other reference | |
| Boucot (1949) |
| Smith (1977) |
| www.jonesgeo.com (2011) |
| |
| Paris (2011) |
| Paris (2011) |
| Paris (2011) |
| Smith (1991) |
| Rocks & Min. +2 other references | |
| ... | |
| - (2005) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Ken Puchlik (2009) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference |
| Thorne (n.d.) | |
| North (2010) |
| Thorne (n.d.) |
| - (2005) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) +1 other reference |
| - (2005) | |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Rocks & Minerals 83:1 pp 52-62 |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| U. S. Geological Survey Open-File ... +1 other reference |
| - (2005) | |
| G.W. Luttrell | |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Erich Laskowski Collection--Tucson |
| Cannon (1975) | |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Cordua (1998) |
| Rocks & Min. Vol. 73 (1998) | |
| Cordua (1998) | |
| William S. Cordua collection | |
Vietnam | |
| Ishihara et al. (2010) |
| Nguyen et al. (2021) | |
| TienTienMinerals |
| Johan +3 other references |
| B. Fojt & I. Kusinir (2001) +1 other reference |
Yemen | |
| Deroin et al. (2011) +5 other references |
Zambia | |
| Kampunzu et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
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Andara mining district, Camaleño, Cantabria, Spain