Hydrotalcite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Hydrotalcite
Formula:
Mg6Al2(CO3)(OH)16 · 4H2O
Colour:
White, brownish
Lustre:
Waxy, Pearly
Hardness:
2
Specific Gravity:
2.03 - 2.09
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Member of:
Name:
First found by Prof. K. J. A. Theodor Scheerer (1813-1875) at Snarum, Buskerud, Norway. Named in 1842 by Carl Christian Hochstetter in allusion its high water content ('Hydro-') and to its resemblance to talc.
Is a member of the hydrotalcite group and hydrotalcite supergroup.
May be confused with meixnerite. Compare also quintinite.
"Manasseite" was discredited because it was recognised as a hexagonal polytype of hydrotalcite, Hydrotalcite-2H, by Mills et al. (2012).
Hydrotalcite from the type locality at Snarum, Norway, is dominated by the 3R polytype (Mills et al., 2016).
A regular interstratification of hydrotalcite and chrysotile is known as UM1995-40-SiO:AlHMg.
May be confused with meixnerite. Compare also quintinite.
"Manasseite" was discredited because it was recognised as a hexagonal polytype of hydrotalcite, Hydrotalcite-2H, by Mills et al. (2012).
Hydrotalcite from the type locality at Snarum, Norway, is dominated by the 3R polytype (Mills et al., 2016).
A regular interstratification of hydrotalcite and chrysotile is known as UM1995-40-SiO:AlHMg.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1987
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1987:9
IMA Classification of Hydrotalcite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Mg6Al2CO3(OH)16(H2O)4
First published:
1842
Classification of Hydrotalcite
5.DA.50
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
D : Carbonates with additional anions, with H2O
A : With medium-sized cations
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
D : Carbonates with additional anions, with H2O
A : With medium-sized cations
16b.6.2.1
16b : HYDRATED CARBONATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
6 : AmBn(XO3)pZqxH2O & with (m+n):p = 8:1
16b : HYDRATED CARBONATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
6 : AmBn(XO3)pZq
11.7.4
11 : Carbonates
7 : Carbonates of Al
11 : Carbonates
7 : Carbonates of Al
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Htc | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Htc | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
| Htc | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Pronunciation of Hydrotalcite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Hydrotalcite
Waxy, Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent
Colour:
White, brownish
Streak:
White
Hardness:
2 on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Perfect
{0001}
{0001}
Density:
2.03 - 2.09 g/cm3 (Measured) 2 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Hydrotalcite
Type:
Uniaxial (-)
RI values:
nω = 1.511 - 1.531 nε = 1.495 - 1.529
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.002 - 0.016
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Chemistry of Hydrotalcite
Mindat Formula:
Mg6Al2(CO3)(OH)16 · 4H2O
Element Weights:
Crystallography of Hydrotalcite
Polytype:
Formula:
Crystal System:
Class (H-M)
Space Group:
Space Group Setting:
Cell Parameters:
Ratio:
Unit Cell Volume (calc):
Z:
| Hydrotalcite-2H | Hydrotalcite-3R |
|---|---|
| Mg6Al2(CO3)(OH)16 · 4H2O | Mg6Al2(CO3)(OH)16 · 4H2O |
| Hexagonal | Trigonal |
| 6/mmm (6/m 2/m 2/m) - Dihexagonal Dipyramidal | 3m (3 2/m) - Hexagonal Scalenohedral |
| P63/mmc | R3m |
| R3 2/m | |
| a = 3.1 Å, c = 15.32 Å | a = 6.13 Å, c = 46.15 Å |
| a:c = 1 : 4.942 | a:c = 1 : 7.529 |
| V 127.50 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell) | V 1501.84 ų |
| 3 |
Crystal Structure
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Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0014738 | Hydrotalcite | Allmann R, Jepsen H P (1969) Die struktur des hydrotalkits Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1969 544-551 | 1969 | Vezna, Western Moravia | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 7.69 Å | (100) |
| 3.88 Å | (70) |
| 2.58 Å | (20) |
| 2.30 Å | (20) |
| 1.96 Å | (20) |
| 1.53 Å | (20) |
| 1.50 Å | (20) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
| 13 : Hadean serpentinization |
Type Occurrence of Hydrotalcite
General Appearance of Type Material:
As contorted, lamellar-to-fibrous white
masses of waxy or pearly lustre.
masses of waxy or pearly lustre.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Neotypes is deposited at the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Germany. Samples MFN_MIN_1998_2751 and MFN_MIN_1998_2758 ( labelled by Gustav Rose).
Geological Setting of Type Material:
A serpentine-magnesite body
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Hydrotalcite
Other Language Names for Hydrotalcite
Dutch:Hydrotalciet
Japanese:ハイドロタルカイト
Varieties of Hydrotalcite
| Houghite | A variety of hydrotalcite derived from the alteration of spinel. |
Relationship of Hydrotalcite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Hydrotalcite Group:
| Desautelsite | Mg6Mn3+2(OH)16[CO3] · 4H2O | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) |
| Droninoite | Ni6Fe3+2(OH)16Cl2 · 4H2O | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Iowaite | Mg6Fe3+2(OH)16Cl2 · 4H2O | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Kaznakhtite | Ni6Co3+2(CO3)(OH)16 · 4H2O | Trig. 3 : R3 |
| Meixnerite | Mg6Al2(OH)16(OH)2 · 4H2O | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Pyroaurite | Mg6Fe3+2(OH)16[CO3] · 4H2O | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Reevesite | Ni6Fe3+2(OH)16(CO3) · 4H2O | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Stichtite | Mg6Cr3+2(OH)16[CO3] · 4H2O | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| Takovite | Ni6Al2(OH)16[CO3] · 4H2O | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
| UM2002-02-COH:FeNi | (Fe2+,Ni)6Fe3+2(CO3)(OH)16 · 4H2O | |
| Woodallite | Mg6Cr2(OH)16Cl2 · 4H2O | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : R3m |
Common Associates
Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:
| 48 photos of Hydrotalcite associated with Lizardite | Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4 |
| 29 photos of Hydrotalcite associated with Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| 12 photos of Hydrotalcite associated with Phillipsite-K | K6(Si10Al6)O32 · 12H2O |
| 11 photos of Hydrotalcite associated with Pyroaurite | Mg6Fe3+2(OH)16[CO3] · 4H2O |
| 10 photos of Hydrotalcite associated with Serpentine Subgroup | D3[Si2O5](OH)4 |
| 6 photos of Hydrotalcite associated with Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 6 photos of Hydrotalcite associated with Nordstrandite | Al(OH)3 |
| 6 photos of Hydrotalcite associated with Quintinite | Mg4Al2(OH)12(CO3) · 3H2O |
| 5 photos of Hydrotalcite associated with Magnesioferrite | MgFe3+2O4 |
| 5 photos of Hydrotalcite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 5.DA. | Alexkhomyakovite | K6(Ca2Na)(CO3)5Cl · 6H2O |
| 5.DA. | Amoraite | Ca12Al6(OH)36(CO3)2(SO3) · 15H2O |
| 5.DA.05 | Dypingite | Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2 · 5H2O |
| 5.DA.05 | UM1986-10-CO:ClHMgMnZn (also called Mineral F, Dunn, 1995) | Mg5(Zn,Mn)3(CO3)2(OH,Cl)12 · H2O |
| 5.DA.05 | UM1987-01-CO:HMgS | Mg4(CO3)2(OH)4 · 6H2O ? |
| 5.DA.05 | Giorgiosite | Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2 · 5-6H2O |
| 5.DA.05 | Hydromagnesite | Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 5.DA.05 | Widgiemoolthalite | Ni5(CO3)4(OH)2 · 5H2O |
| 5.DA.10 | Artinite | Mg2(CO3)(OH)2 · 3H2O |
| 5.DA.10 | Chlorartinite | Mg2(CO3)(OH)Cl · 2H2O |
| 5.DA.10 | Indigirite | Mg2Al2(CO3)4(OH)2 · 15H2O |
| 5.DA.15 | Zaratite | Ni3(CO3)(OH)4 · 4H2O ? |
| 5.DA.15 | Otwayite | Ni2(CO3)(OH)2 · H2O |
| 5.DA.20 | Kambaldaite | NaNi4(CO3)3(OH)3 · 3H2O |
| 5.DA.25 | Callaghanite | Cu2Mg2(CO3)(OH)6 · 2H2O |
| 5.DA.30 | Claraite | (Cu,Zn)15(CO3)4(AsO4)2(SO4)(OH)14 · 7H2O |
| 5.DA.35 | Hydroscarbroite | Al14(CO3)3(OH)36 · nH2O |
| 5.DA.35 | Scarbroite | Al5(CO3)(OH)13 · 5H2O |
| 5.DA.40 | Karchevskyite | Mg18Al9(OH)54Sr2(CO3)9(H2O)6(H3O)5 |
| 5.DA.40 | UM1987-05-OH:AlCMg | Mg4Al2(OH)12(CO3,SO4) · 3H2O |
| 5.DA.40 | Quintinite | Mg4Al2(OH)12(CO3) · 3H2O |
| 5.DA.40 | Charmarite | Mn2+4Al2(OH)12[CO3] · 3H2O |
| 5.DA.40 | Caresite | Fe2+4Al2(OH)12[CO3] · 3H2O |
| 5.DA.45 | Hydrotalcite-2H | Mg6Al2(CO3)(OH)16 · 4H2O |
| 5.DA.45 | Stichtite-2H | Mg6(Cr,Al)2(CO3)(OH)16 · 4H2O |
| 5.DA.45 | Brugnatellite | Mg6Fe3+(CO3)(OH)13 · 4H2O |
| 5.DA.45 | Zaccagnaite | Zn4Al2(OH)12[CO3] · 3H2O |
| 5.DA.45 | Pyroaurite-2H | Mg6Fe3+2(OH)16(CO3) · 4H2O |
| 5.DA.45 | Liudongshengite | Zn4Cr2(OH)12(CO3) · 3H2O |
| 5.DA.45 | Chlormagaluminite | Mg4Al2(OH)12Cl2 · 3H2O |
| 5.DA.50 | Pyroaurite | Mg6Fe3+2(OH)16[CO3] · 4H2O |
| 5.DA.50 | Takovite | Ni6Al2(OH)16[CO3] · 4H2O |
| 5.DA.50 | Reevesite | Ni6Fe3+2(OH)16(CO3) · 4H2O |
| 5.DA.50 | Kaznakhtite | Ni6Co3+2(CO3)(OH)16 · 4H2O |
| 5.DA.50 | Comblainite | Ni4Co2(OH)12[CO3] · 3H2O |
| 5.DA.50 | Marioantofilliite | [Cu4Al2(OH)12](CO3) · 3H2O |
| 5.DA.50 | Stichtite | Mg6Cr3+2(OH)16[CO3] · 4H2O |
| 5.DA.50 | Desautelsite | Mg6Mn3+2(OH)16[CO3] · 4H2O |
| 5.DA.55 | Coalingite | Mg10Fe3+2(OH)24[CO3] · 2H2O |
| 5.DA.55 | Akopovaite | Al4Li2(OH)12(CO3)(H2O)3 |
| 5.DA.60 | Šlikite | Zn2Mg(CO3)2(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 5.DA.65 | Marklite | Cu5(CO3)2(OH)6 · 6H2O |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Hydrotalcite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1987.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
References for Hydrotalcite
Reference List:
Hochstetter, Carl (1842) Untersuchung über die Zusammensetzung einiger Mineralien [Investigation into the composition of some minerals]. Journal für Praktische Chemie, 27 (1) 375-378 doi:10.1002/prac.18420270156
Frondel, Clifford (1941) Constitution and polymorphism of the pyroaurite and sjögrenite groups. American Mineralogist, 26 (5) 295-315
Caillère, Simonne (1944) Sur l'hydrotalcite de Snarum (Norvège) Bulletin de Minéralogie, 67 (7) 411-419 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1944.4573
Gastuche, M. C., Brown, G., Mortland, M. M. (1967) Mixed magnesium-aluminiun hydroxides. I. Preparation and characterization of compounds formed in dialysed systems. Clay Minerals, 7 (2) 177-192 doi:10.1180/claymin.1967.007.2.05
Brown, G., Gastuche, M. C. (1967) Mixed magnesium-aluminium hydroxides. II. Structure and structural chemistry of synthetic hydroxycarbonates and related minerals and compounds. Clay Minerals, 7 (2) 193-201 doi:10.1180/claymin.1967.007.2.06
Taylor, H. F. W. (1973) Crystal structures of some double hydroxide minerals. Mineralogical Magazine, 39 (304). 377-389 doi:10.1180/minmag.1973.039.304.01
Drits, V. A., Sokolova, T. N., Sokolova, G. V., Cherkashin, V. I. (1987) New Members of the Hydrotalcite-Manasseite Group. Clays and Clay Minerals, 35 (6). 401-417 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1987.0350601
Bookin, A. S., Drits, V. A. (1993) Polytype Diversity of the Hydrotalcite-Like Minerals I. Possible Polytypes and their Diffraction Features. Clays and Clay Minerals, 41 (5) 551-557 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1993.0410504
Bookin, A. S., Cherkashin, V. I., Drits, V. A. (1993) Polytype Diversity of the Hydrotalcite-Like Minerals II. Determination of the Polytypes of Experimentally Studied Varieties. Clays and Clay Minerals, 41 (5) 558-564 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1993.0410505
Bellotto, Maurizio, Rebours, Bernadette, Clause, Olivier, Lynch, John, Bazin, Dominique, Elkaïm, Eric (1996) A Reexamination of Hydrotalcite Crystal Chemistry. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 100 (20). 8527-8534 doi:10.1021/jp960039j
Rousselot, Isabelle, Taviot-Guého, Christine, Leroux, Fabrice, Léone, Philippe, Palvadeau, Pierre, Besse, Jean-Pierre (2002) Insights on the Structural Chemistry of Hydrocalumite and Hydrotalcite-like Materials: Investigation of the Series Ca2M3+(OH)6Cl·2H2O (M3+: Al3+, Ga3+, Fe3+, and Sc3+) by X-Ray Powder Diffraction. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 167. 137-144 doi:10.1006/jssc.2002.9635
Frost, Ray L., Weier, Matt L., Kloprogge, J. Theo (2003) Raman spectroscopy of some natural hydrotalcites with sulphate and carbonate in the interlayer. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 34 (10). 760-768 doi:10.1002/jrs.1050
Lozano, R. P., Rossi, C., La Iglesia, A., Matesanz, E. (2012) Zaccagnaite-3R, a new Zn-Al hydrotalcite polytype from El Soplao cave (Cantabria, Spain) American Mineralogist, 97 (4) 513-523 doi:10.2138/am.2012.3908
Mills, S. J., Christy, A. G., Génin, J.-M. R., Kameda, T., Colombo, F. (2012) Nomenclature of the hydrotalcite supergroup: natural layered double hydroxides. Mineralogical Magazine, 76 (5) 1289-1336 doi:10.1180/minmag.2012.076.5.10
Mills, S. J., Christy, A. G., Kampf, A. R., Housley, R. M., Favreau, G., Boulliard, J.-C., Bourgoin, V. (2012) Zincalstibite-9R: the first nine-layer polytype with the layered double hydroxide structure-type. Mineralogical Magazine, 76 (5) 1337-1345 doi:10.1180/minmag.2012.076.5.01
Localities for Hydrotalcite
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia | |
| Turvey et al. (2018) |
| Douglas (2014) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Barnes et al. (2009) |
| Grguric (2003) +1 other reference |
Austria | |
| Mineralienatlas.de (2024) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Alker et al. (1981) +1 other reference |
| Neschen (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| "Aus der Tiefe der Vulkane" (2011) |
Brazil | |
| [Hydrotalcite-2H] Oliveira et al. (2020) |
| [Hydrotalcite-2H] Menezes et al. (1984) | |
Bulgaria | |
| Marcus Vau Collection |
Canada | |
| 162-165. +1 other reference |
| Ottawa-Peterborough +1 other reference |
| Royal Ontario Museum specimen M48712 +1 other reference |
| Gaudard (1993) | |
| Canadian Museum of Nature collection |
| Sabina (1967) | |
| 179-181. +2 other references |
| OSBORNE (1938) |
| Sabina (1987) |
| Hull-Maniwaki +1 other reference |
China | |
| Zhaobin Su and Shaoying Jiang (1984) |
| Zhaobin Su and Shaoying Jiang (1984) |
| Shaoying Jiang et al. (1984) |
| Zhaobin Su and Shaoying Jiang (1984) | |
| Zhaobin Su and Shaoying Jiang (1984) | |
| Yalikun et al. (2025) |
Czech Republic | |
| Houzar et al. (2008) |
| Canadin Mineralogist +1 other reference |
| Petr Pauliš (2001) | |
France | |
| Monnin et al. (2014) |
| Goujou et al. (2000) |
Germany | |
| Walenta (1992) +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Pöllmann et al. (2003) |
| |
| Mertineit +1 other reference |
| Blaß et al. (1993) |
| [Hydrotalcite-2H] Schnorrer et al. (1998) |
| Hentschel (1989) |
| Hentschel (1987) |
| Hentschel (1978) |
| Wittern (2001) +2 other references |
Greece | |
| |
| Lapis et al. (1999) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Szár Hill |
| Harangi (2009) |
Iraq | |
| Al-Hermezi (1985) |
Italy | |
| Marchesini et al. (2025) |
| Bedognè et al. (2006) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) | |
| Del Caldo et al. (1973) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Zordan A. (2014) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) | |
| D'Angeli et al. (2018) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Boscardin M. et al. (2011) |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Boscardin M. et al. (2011) |
| Boscardin M. et al. (2011) |
| Boscardin M. et al. (2011) |
| Boscardin et al. (1988) +3 other references |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Boscardin M. et al. (2011) |
Japan | |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Yamada (2004) |
Jordan | |
| Pitty et al. (2010) |
| Khoury et al. (1985) +1 other reference |
Middle East | |
| Gross (1977) | |
New Zealand | |
| Corner et al. (Kennecott Exploration) |
Niue | |
Norway | |
| Hochstetter (1842) +4 other references |
| Frondel (1941) +1 other reference | |
| Wilke (1976) | |
| Neumann (1985) |
| [Hydrotalcite-2H] Neumann (1985) |
| [Hydrotalcite-2H] Collection of Naturhistorisk Museum +1 other reference |
| [Hydrotalcite-2H] Knut Edvard Larsen collection MM # 2264 |
Oman | |
| Chavagnac et al. (2013) |
| Chavagnac et al. (2013) |
Peru | |
| Arfè et al. (2017) |
Poland | |
| Muszyński M. |
| Koszowska E. |
Romania | |
| Szakáll (2002) |
| Minerals of Carpathians |
Russia | |
| [Hydrotalcite-2H] Stepanov et al. (2024) |
| Talovina et al. (2003) |
| [Hydrotalcite-2H] Joe Cilen |
| Mazurov et al. (2007) |
| ... |
| [Hydrotalcite-2H] Liferovich et al. (1998) |
| [Hydrotalcite-2H] maurice.strahlen.org (2003) | |
| Pekov (1998) +1 other reference | |
| |
| American Mineralogist 49:1501 | |
| Schreyer et al. (1998) |
| Dana 7:I:654. +1 other reference |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Cairncross et al. (2013) |
Spain | |
| González-Pérez et al. (2023) |
| Van hee (2022) |
| Calvo et al. (2013) |
| Locality description |
Sweden | |
| |
| Gatedal (n.d.) +2 other references |
| Gatedal (n.d.) | |
Tajikistan | |
| Pavel.M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
Turkey | |
| Sarp et al. (1976) |
UK | |
| Day (1999) |
USA | |
| Mumpton et al. (1965) +2 other references |
| [micromounts@yahoogroups.com] |
| Pemberton (1983) +1 other reference |
| American Mineralogist 1965: 50: ... | |
| Whitman (2023) |
| Dunn (1979) +1 other reference |
| |
| Ford |
| [Hydrotalcite-2H] John H. Betts (2009) | |
| [Hydrotalcite-2H] Frondel (1941) |
| - (Manchester, 1931) |
| Ford | |
| Levitan (2009) |
| Cannon (1975) |
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Kovdor Zheleznyi Mine, Kovdor Massif, Kovdorsky District, Murmansk Oblast, Russia