The wiki goes on to say:
The kbd package provides tools to change virtual console font and font mapping. Available fonts are saved in the /usr/share/kbd/consolefonts/ directory, those ending with .psfu or .psfu.gz have a Unicode translation map built-in.
as well as linking to a makefile in Git, which cites cp437.uni as the file to look for.
Like Arch, Debian uses the kbd package, and likely the same fonts. I do not see "cp437" in the corresponding console-setup-linux. Likely, the default cp437 font is compiled into the kernel and not actually a file that you can load.