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Help:IPA/Icelandic

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The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Icelandic language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters. This key is allophonic which means that it encodes main allophones of the distinctive sounds.

See Icelandic phonology and Icelandic orthography § Spelling-to-sound correspondence for a more thorough look at the sounds of Icelandic.

Consonants
IPA Examples English approximation
c getaⓘ, Gjögurⓘ, Reykjavíkⓘ[a] skew
cʰ kyn...ⓘ, kjöt cute
cː Eyrbyggjaⓘ, baggi American backgammon
ç Hjörseyⓘ hue
ð góðurⓘ weather
f fóturⓘ, skipta[b], ...lífⓘ[c] foot
fː Hoffells...ⓘ off-field
ɣ flugaⓘ[b] Spanish trigo
h hafiðⓘ hound
hc drykkja, frakkiⓘ skew
(with an h sound before it)
hk drekkaⓘ, Heklaⓘ sky
(with an h sound before it)
hp stoppaⓘ, Vopna...ⓘ spy
(with an h sound before it)
ht nóttⓘ, Vatna...ⓘ sty
(with an h sound before it)
j jú, segi, segja[b], égⓘ yes
k glápaⓘ[b], strákurⓘ[a] sky
kʰ Katlaⓘ kite
kː skuggaⓘ stockgirl
l lognⓘ leap
l̥ hljóð...ⓘ, Hjálpar...ⓘ[a], sólⓘ[c] whispered leap,
like hl or Welsh's ll
lː bollaⓘ Italian bella
m myllaⓘ, hefndⓘ mom
m̥ lampi[a], nefntⓘ whispered mom, like hm
mː kommaⓘ roommate
n níu noon
n̥ ...hnjúkurⓘ, einn[c] whispered noon, like hn
nː Hvann...ⓘ, þann unknown
ɲ Engeyⓘ nyet, French oignon
ɲ̊ banki[a] whispered nyet, like hny
ŋ Ingalóⓘ sing
ŋ̊ einka...ⓘ, þungt[a] whispered sing, like hng
p bærⓘ, gaupa[a], Keflavíkⓘ[b] spy
pʰ parⓘ[b] pie
pː kobbi flipbook
r rósⓘ ring but trilled
r̥ Hrólfurⓘ[c], Svarti...ⓘ[a],
Hörgársveitⓘ[d] 		trilled and whispered ring,
like hr or Czech při
rː Skorra...ⓘ Italian terra
s sparaⓘ between sip and
ship (retracted)
sː ...fossⓘ this sip ~ trash ship
t dalurⓘ, maturⓘ[a],
karlⓘ, einn 		sty
tʰ taskaⓘ tie
tː oddurⓘ out-do
θ þauⓘ, maðkurⓘ[a], baðⓘ[c] think
v völlurⓘ, lofaⓘ[b] very
x taktⓘ, ...legtⓘ[b], lagⓘ[c] Scottish loch
xʷ hver[e] why
(without wine–whine merger)
Vowels[f]
IPA Examples English approximation
Monophthongs
a taskaⓘ between fat and fart[g]
aː takaⓘ between fad and father[h]
ɛ stelpaⓘ bet
ɛː stelaⓘ[i] roughly like yes
i fínt, sýndi, Þingvellirⓘ leaf
iː dísⓘ, hlýt leave
ɪ milliⓘ, myllaⓘ kit
ɪː sinⓘ, ryðⓘ kid
ɔ lognⓘ hot
ɔː lofaⓘ[i] roughly like water
œ börnⓘ nurse
œː örⓘ[i] German körn; like fur
u túndra, Tungnaáⓘ, rúgi pull
uː þúⓘ pool
ʏ hundurⓘ German Mütter; like kit
with lips rounded
ʏː flugaⓘ German schön; like kid
with lips rounded
Diphthongs
ai hællⓘ, Útlaginnⓘ all by myself
aiː læsaⓘ abide
au Rangárþingⓘ a hangout
auː lásⓘ allowed
ei einsⓘ,
Hengi...ⓘ, Egilsⓘ 		a Tuesday
eiː skeiðⓘ, geysirⓘ a day
ɔi bogi joyous
ou dóttirⓘ potato
ouː sólⓘ patrol
œy Austur...ⓘ,
Múlagöngⓘ, laugi 		Scottish or "Canadian"
allright
œyː augaⓘ
ʏi hugi similar to gooier
Other symbols
IPA Explanation English approximation
ˈ◌ primary stress
(placed before the stressed syllable, e.g. Íslenskaⓘ [ˈiːstlɛnˌtska][j]) 		commandeer
/ˌkɒmənˈdɪər/
ˌ◌ secondary stress
(placed before the stressed syllable, e.g. Eyjafjallajökullⓘ [ˈeiːaˌfjatlaˌjœkʏtl̥])

Notes

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Aspirated stops devoice adjacent connsonants when part of the same morpheme as a form of post- or pre-aspiration but are, in standard varieties, themselves pronounced unaspirated other than word initially. However, preserving them post-aspirated intervocallicaly is a feature of northern dialects, compare flauta //ˈflœy.tʰa//, Aspiratedⓘ/ Unaspiratedⓘ. Most speakers though alternate between the two favoring aspiration the more formal the context is.
    In the Northeast, may additionally be kept post-aspirated mp, nt, nk, lp, lk, ðk.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Several sounds may be represented by graphical ⟨f⟩ ⟨p⟩ and ⟨g⟩, which alternate for historical reasons based on phonological environement. Paradigms and derivation may thus seem more opaque on the phonetical plan, e.g. segi [sɛijɪ], sagt [saxt], sagði [saɣðɪ], sagna [sakna] all derived from segja [sɛija].
  3. ^ a b c d e f Utterance finally, voiced consonants loose their full voicing. After another consonnant the devoicing can only be total, e.g. -son ⟦-ˌsɔn̥)⟧ⓘ ~ logn ⟦lɔkn̥⟧ⓘ, hafið ⟦ˈhaːvɪð̥)⟧ⓘ ~ -byggð ⟦-ˌpɪɣθ⟧ⓘ Rögnvaldsson (2017:36, 60). This is a prosodic process not an assimilatory one i.e it is triggered merely by the position of the word in a phrase not some following consonants. Hence the use of the voiced graphemes.
    A similar process affects stops, rendering them somewhat aspirated Rögnvaldsson (2017:33).
  4. ^ /r/ assimilates to the adjacent voiceless fricatives /s, h/ -even across word boundaries- Rögnvaldsson (2017:59).
  5. ^ Hver is usually pronounced as if spelled kver [kʰvɛːr] = ⟦kv̥ɪɛːr̥⟧. [xʷ] or [x] is part of a dialect from the Southern Region and is rare nowadays. Audio: hvass : [xʷasː]ⓘ V.S. [kʰvasː]ⓘ
  6. ^ Vowels are usually long if they are stressed and followed by no more than one consonant, double consonants counting as more than one. Vowel length is not phonemic.
  7. ^ Closer to fat in most British and Irish accents; closer to fart in most North American, Australian and New Zealand accents
  8. ^ Closer to fad in most British and Irish accents; closer to father in most North American, Australian and New Zealand accents
  9. ^ a b c Long [ɛː, ɔː, œː] are most typically realized as smooth transitions from [ɪ, ʊ, ʏ] to [ɛː, ɔː, œː]. Thus, they are monophthongs phonologically and diphthongs phonetically (Árnason 2011:60, Gussmann 2011:71, 88).
  10. ^ Icelandic's clusters are subject to a wide variety of processes. Displayed here: "vowel + s + consonant" which can lead to a syllable parsing as either closed or open, influencing the vowel's resulting pronunciation.

Bibliography

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  • Rögnvaldsson, Eiríkur (2017). Hljóðkerfi og orðhlutakerfi íslensku [The phonology and morphology of Icelandic] (PDF) (in Icelandic) (2nd ed.). Reykjavík. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-09-18.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Árnason, Kristján (2011). The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4.
  • Gussmann, Edmund (2011). "Getting your head around: the vowel system of Modern Icelandic" (PDF). Folia Scandinavica Posnaniensia. 12: 71–90. ISBN 978-83-232-2296-5.
  • Haugen, Einar (1958). "The Phonemics of Modern Icelandic". Language. 34 (1): 55–88. doi:10.2307/411276. JSTOR 411276.
  • Volhardt, Marc Daniel Skibsted (2011). Islændinges udtale af dansk. En sammenlignende analyse af lydsystemerne i islandsk og dansk, og islandske studerendes danskudtale (Bachelor's degree essay) (in Danish). Reykjavík: University of Iceland.

See also

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