Merlin Entertainments Limited is a global entertainment company based in London, England, which operates a number of theme park resorts and other visitor attractions. It was listed on the London Stock Exchange until November 2019. It was then privately acquired by the consortium Motion JVCO Ltd, which includes Kirkbi (the investment arm of the Kristiansen family that also controls the Lego Group and BrainPop).
 | |
| Formerly | Merlin Entertainments Group Ltd. (1998–2013) Merlin Entertainments PLC (2013–2019) |
|---|---|
| Company type | Private[1] |
| Industry | Entertainment |
| Founded | 14 December 1998 |
| Headquarters | , England |
Key people | Fiona Eastwood (CEO) |
| Revenue | £1,688 million (2018)[2] |
| £327 million (2018)[2] | |
| £230 million (2018)[2] | |
| Owners | Motion JVCO Ltd |
Number of employees | 26,000 (2025)  |
| Website | merlinentertainments |
History
editIn December 1998, Nick Varney, Andrew Carr and the senior management team of Vardon Attractions (Vardon plc) completed a management buyout of the company to form Merlin Entertainments Group Ltd., with the backing of the private equity firm Apax Partners. Apax sold the company in 2004 to another financial investor, Hermes Private Equity.[3]
In May 2005, the company was acquired from Hermes by a division of The Blackstone Group,[4] which later started a major expansion. Between 2005 and 2010, Merlin acquired the Legoland parks, Gardaland, The Tussauds Group, Cypress Gardens, and various attractions from Village Roadshow Theme Parks and Living and Leisure Australia. The company was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 2013 but returned to private ownership in 2019.[5]
Major acquisitions (2005–2012)
editAfter the sale of Merlin to Blackstone Group, the company negotiated to buy control of the Legoland theme parks in 2005 for about £250 million, then merged it with Merlin.[6] As part of the deal, Kirkbi A/S, the investment arm of LEGO's owners, took a share in Merlin Entertainments.[7][8]
In 2006, Merlin acquired Gardaland theme park resort in northeastern Italy.
In May 2007, Blackstone purchased The Tussauds Group, owner of the Madame Tussauds wax museums, for US$1.9 billion, to merge the company with Merlin.[9][10] After the Tussauds acquisition, Dubai International Capital, the previous owner, received a 20% stake in the combined entity as well as £1.03bn in cash.[11][9][12]
On 17 July 2007, as part of the financing for the Tussauds deal, the freeholds of Alton Towers, Thorpe Park, Warwick Castle and Madame Tussauds were sold to private investor Nick Leslau and his investment firm Prestbury, with a 35-year leaseback agreement.[13]
On 15 January 2010, Merlin Entertainments bought Cypress Gardens, a defunct theme park in Winter Haven, Florida. It was reopened as Legoland Florida theme park.[14]
In late 2010, it was announced that Merlin would purchase approximately A$116 million worth of entertainment attractions located in Australia and New Zealand from Village Roadshow Theme Parks. The sale would include Sydney Aquarium, Sydney Wildlife World, Oceanworld Manly, Sydney Tower and the Koala Gallery in Australia, in addition to Kelly Tarlton's Underwater World in New Zealand.[15] On 3 March 2011, the deal was finalised.[16] This was followed by the $140 million acquisition of Living and Leisure Australia which owned several attractions in the Asia-Pacific region including UnderWater World, Melbourne Aquarium, Falls Creek Alpine Resort, Hotham Alpine Resort, Otway Fly, Illawarra Fly, Busan Aquarium and Siam Ocean World.[17][18]
Public listing (2013–2019)
editMerlin had planned to go public in the early 2000s, but market turbulence postponed those plans. Instead, Blackstone sold 20% of the company to the private equity firm CVC Capital Partners, reducing Blackstone's holding to 34%. CVC acquired another 8% from the Dubai investment fund which is no longer involved with the company, giving it 28% in all. Kirkbi, a Danish family trust that owns LEGO, also increased its stake, emerging as the largest shareholder, with 36%. CVC paid a price that valued Merlin at £2.25 billion[19] – more than six times what Merlin and Legoland together were worth when Blackstone acquired them five years earlier. Blackstone's investment was by that point worth more than three and a half times what it had paid.[20]
On 8 November 2013, Merlin floated 30% of the company on the London Stock Exchange, valuing the private equity-backed company at almost £3.4bn.[21]
In 2015, the company opened the Orlando Eye Ferris wheel attraction in Orlando. It then sold the wheel in 2018 but repurchased it in 2024.
Reports in early October 2017 indicated that Merlin Entertainments was considering a takeover of Sea World in Orlando, but on 11 October, the company said it was no longer involved in such discussions.[22]
Return to private ownership (2019–present)
editIn June 2019, the company's board agreed to recommend a takeover offer of £4.8 billion from a consortium consisting of Kirkbi A/S, CPP Investment Board and The Blackstone Group.[23] The takeover was approved by the high court in November 2019.[24]
Merlin opened its first Peppa Pig Theme Park in Winter Haven, Florida in 2022, with future sites planned for Texas and Günzburg, Germany.
Nick Varney left the company at the end of 2022, along with longtime Chief Development Officer, Mark Fisher. Varney was replaced by Scott O'Neil, who arrived from a media and sports management background. [25]
In March 2023, Merlin cancelled a new Legoland resort in Belgium, which had been planned to open in 2027 on the former site of Caterpillar's factory in Gosselies.[26][27] By the end of 2024, both Little Big City sites in Berlin and Beijing and the Bear Grylls Adventure in Birmingham, UK were closed.[28]
In November of 2024, Merlin entered a $110 million dollar theme park deal with Microsoft, the owners of video game developer Mojang. This deal included themed rides, attractions, hotels, and retail outlets themed after the popular video game "Minecraft"[29]
O'Neil left the company at the end of 2024, with Chief Operating Officer, Fiona Eastwood, taking over as CEO.[30] At the same time, the company began a group-wide restructuring to merge its Resort Theme Parks, Legoland Parks and Gateway Attractions divisions on a regional basis, which Merlin stated would bring them into "one united business" going forwards.[31]
In 2025, it was revealed that Merlin were looking to sell many of its Sea Life Centres, but failed to find an attractive offer.[32][33] In June, it was also announced that the majority of Merlin's attractions in Blackpool would be taken over by Blackpool Council from August, who own the venues, including the Blackpool Tower, Blackpool Dungeon and Madame Tussauds Blackpool.[34] In September, it was announced that Merlin was to sell its Lego Discovery Centres to the Lego Group, also a part-owned subsidiary of Kirkbi, with an estimated cash consideration of £200 million.[35]
Properties
editResort theme parks
edit| Name | Location | Year opened | Year acquired | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gardaland Resort | Castelnuovo del Garda, Italy | 1975 | 2006 | Owner and operator; Purchased in 2006 under Blackstone. |
| Heide Park Resort | Soltau, Lower Saxony, Germany | 1978 | 2007 | Operator; Acquired in Tussauds Group deal. |
| Thorpe Park | Chertsey, Surrey, UK | 1979 | 2007 | Operator; Acquired in Tussauds Group deal. |
| Alton Towers Resort | Alton, Staffordshire, UK | 1980 | 2007 | Operator; Acquired in Tussauds Group deal. |
| Chessington World of Adventures Resort | Chessington, Greater London, UK | 1987 | 2007 | Owner and operator; Acquired in Tussauds Group deal. |
LEGOLAND parks
edit| Name | Location | Year opened | Year acquired | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Legoland Billund Resort | Billund, Denmark | 1968 | 2005 | Acquired in Blackstone deal. |
| Legoland Windsor Resort | Windsor, UK | 1996 | 2005 | Acquired in Blackstone deal. |
| Legoland California Resort | Carlsbad, California, U.S. | 1999 | 2005 | Acquired in Blackstone deal. |
| Legoland Deutschland Resort | Günzburg, Germany | 2002 | 2005 | Acquired in Blackstone deal. |
| Legoland Florida Resort | Winter Haven, Florida, U.S. | 2011 | Formerly Cypress Gardens. | |
| Legoland Malaysia Resort | Johor Bahru, Malaysia | 2012 | - | New-build theme park. |
| Legoland Dubai Resort | Jebel Ali, Dubai, United Arab Emirates | 2016 | - | Franchised to Dubai Parks and Resorts |
| Legoland Japan Resort | Nagoya, Japan | 2017 | - | New-build theme park. |
| Legoland New York Resort | Goshen, New York, U.S. | 2021 | - | New-build theme park. |
| Legoland Korea Resort | Chuncheon, South Korea | 2022 | - | New-build theme park. |
| Legoland Shanghai Resort | Jinshan, Shanghai, China | 2025 | - | New-build theme park. |
| Name | Location | Year opened | Year acquired | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peppa Pig Theme Park Florida | Winter Haven, Florida | 2022 | - | New-build theme park. |
| Peppa Pig Park Günzburg | Günzburg, Bavaria | 2024[36] | - | New-build theme park. |
| Peppa Pig Theme Park Dallas-Fort Worth | North Richland Hills, Texas | 2025[37] | - | New-build theme park. |
Gateway attractions
edit| Name | Location(s) | Year opened | Year acquired | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cadbury World | Birmingham, UK | 1990 | 2023 | Management contract only. |
| The Dungeons | Blackpool London York Edinburgh Berlin Hamburg Amsterdam |
2011 1974 1986 2000 2013 2000 2005 |
1999 | Brand & pre-1999 sites acquired in management buyout of Vardon Attractions. Blackpool site franchise only from August 2025. |
| The Eye Brand | London Sydney Orlando |
2000 1981 2015 |
2007 2011 2024 |
|
| The Gruffalo & Friends Clubhouse | Blackpool | 2023 | ||
| DreamWorks Tours: Shrek's Adventure! | London | 2015 | - | Shrek franchise licensed from Universal Pictures and DreamWorks Animation Studios. |
| LEGO Discovery Centres | Birmingham at Arena Birmingham Manchester at the Trafford Centre Berlin at The Center Potsdamer Platz Hamburg Oberhausen Phoenix at Arizona Mills Atlanta at Phipps Plaza Bay Area (San Jose) at Great Mall of the Bay Area Boston Chicago at The Streets of Woodfield Columbus at Easton Town Center Dallas Fort Worth at Grapevine Mills Kansas City at Crown Center Michigan at the Great Lakes Crossing Outlets New Jersey at American Dream Meadowlands Philadelphia at the Plymouth Meeting Mall Westchester (New York) at Westchester's Ridge Hill Washington at Springfield Town Center San Antonio at the Shops at Rivercenter Toronto at Vaughan Mills Melbourne at the Chadstone Shopping Centre Beijing Shanghai Shenyang Hong Kong Osaka |
China sites franchise only. | ||
| Madame Tussauds | London Blackpool Prague Vienna Berlin Amsterdam Budapest Hollywood Las Vegas Nashville New York Orlando Sydney Shanghai Wuhan Hong Kong Tokyo Singapore Bangkok Dubai |
2007 | Brand & pre-2007 sites acquired in Tussauds Group merger. China sites (with exception of Hong Kong), Prague and Budapest are franchise only. Blackpool site franchise only from August 2025. | |
| Peppa Pig World of Play | Shanghai Auburn Hills, Michigan Grapevine, Texas Chicago, Illinois Leidschendam |
2018 2019 2019 2020 2022 |
Shanghai site franchise only. | |
| Sea Life | Birmingham Blackpool Brighton Great Yarmouth Gweek Hunstanton Manchester London Scarborough Weymouth Loch Lomond Blankenberge Hanover Konstanz Munich Oberhausen Speyer Timmendorfer Strand Helsinki Castelnuovo del Garda Jesolo Scheveningen Porto Benalmadena Paris Arizona Orlando New Jersey San Antonio Melbourne Mooloolaba (Sunshine Coast) Sydney Auckland Shanghai Nagoya Iskandar Puteri Busan Bangkok |
1999 | Brand & pre-1999 sites acquired in management buyout of Vardon Attractions. Shanghai site franchise only. | |
| Warwick Castle | United Kingdom | 1978 | 2007 | Acquired in Tussauds Group merger. |
Future locations
edit| Name | Location | Planned opening |
|---|---|---|
| Legoland Sichuan | Chengdu, Sichuan, China | 2025 |
| Legoland Shenzhen Resort | Shenzhen, China | 2027 |
| Legoland Beijing Resort | Fangshan District, Beijing, China | 2028 |
Former locations
edit| Name | Location | Opened | Acquired | Fate | Closed/sold | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abenteuer Park Oberhausen | Oberhausen, Germany | 1996 | 2011 | Closed | 2015 | Formerly known as CentrO.Park (1996–2011) & Sea Life Abenteuer Park (2013). |
| The Bear Grylls Adventure | Birmingham, UK | 2018 | Closed | 2024 | ||
| Blackpool Tower | Blackpool, UK | 1894 | 2011 | 2025 | Management contract from Blackpool Council from 2011. Take-over by Blackpool Tourism Ltd in August 2025. | |
| Earth Explorer | Ostend, Belgium | 2004 | Sold | 2013 | ||
| Falls Creek ski resort | Victoria, Australia | 1946 | 2011 | Sold | 2019 | Acquired in MFS Living and Leisure deal. Sold to Vail Resorts in 2019. |
| Hotham Alpine Resort | Victoria, Australia | 1925 | 2011 | Sold | 2019 | Ski resort acquired in MFS Living and Leisure deal. Sold to Vail Resorts in 2019. |
| Illawarra Fly | Australia | 2005 | 2016 | Sold[39] | 2024 | |
| Little Big City | Berlin, Germany Beijing, China |
2017 2018 |
Closed | 2024[40] | ||
| Legoland Discovery Centre Duisburg | Duisburg, Germany | 2007 | Closed | 2013 | Moved to Oberhausen after a few years. | |
| Legoland Discovery Centre Hotham | Mt Hotham, AZ at Hotham Alpine Resort | 2018 | Closed | 2018 | ||
| Legoland Discovery Centre Istanbul | Istanbul | 2015 | Closed[41] | 2024 | ||
| London Planetarium | London | 1958 | 2007 | Closed | 2010 | Incorporated as part of Madame Tussauds London as other attractions. |
| Madame Tussauds Delhi | New Delhi | 2017 | Closed | 2020 | Closed after COVID-19 pandemic, relocated to Noida in 2022. | |
| Madame Tussauds Washington DC | Washington D.C. | 2007 | Closed | 2021[42] | Closed after COVID-19 pandemic, never re-opened. | |
| Madame Tussauds India at DLF Mall of India | Noida | 2022 | Closed | 2023 | Relocated from Madame Tussauds Delhi. | |
| Madame Tussauds San Francisco | San Francisco | 2014 | Closed | 2024 | ||
| Madame Tussauds Istanbul | Istanbul | 2016 | Closed[41] | 2024 | ||
| Madame Tussauds Chongqing | Chongqing | 2016 | Closed[43] | 2025 | ||
| Madame Tussauds Beijing | Beijing | 2014 | Closed | 2025 | ||
| Otway Fly | Australia | 2003 | 2016 | Sold | 2024[39] | |
| Peter Rabbit: Explore and Play | Blackpool | 2022 | 2025 | Take-over by Blackpool Tourism Ltd in August 2025. | ||
| The San Francisco Dungeon | San Francisco | 2014 | Closed | 2022[44] | Closed in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, never re-opened. | |
| The Shanghai Dungeon | Shanghai | 2018 | Closed | 2024 | ||
| Sea Life Berlin | Berlin | Closed | 2024[45] | |||
| Sea Life Bray Aquarium | Bray, Ireland | 1998 | Closed | 2023 | ||
| Sea Life Hastings | Hastings, England | 2008 | Sold | 2012 | Now belongs to the Blue Reef Aquarium chain. | |
| Sea Life Istanbul | Istanbul | 2009 | Closed[41] | 2024 | ||
| Sea Life Königswinter | Königswinter | Closed | 2023[46] | |||
| Sea Life St Andrews | St Andrews, Scotland | 1999 | TBA | Sold | TBA | Now operates as the St. Andrews Aquarium. |
| Manly Sea Life Sanctuary | Manly, Australia | 1965 | 2010 | Closed | 2018[47] | |
| Scottish Sea Life Sanctuary | Oban, Scotland | 1979 | Closed | 2018 |
References
edit- ^ "Merlin Entertainments Limited". Companies House. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
- ^ a b c "Preliminary Results 2018". Merlin Entertainments. Retrieved 18 March 2019.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Blackstone Acquires Merlin Entertainment". blackstone.com. 23 May 2005. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
- ^ "Blackstone Acquires Merlin Entertainment". Blackstone.com. 23 May 2005. Archived from the original on 30 October 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
- ^ "Merlin Entertainments Group acquires Italy's Gardaland". Coaster Buzz. 16 October 2006. Archived from the original on 5 April 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
- ^ "Troubled Lego sells theme parks". BBC News. 13 July 2005. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
- ^ "Why you shouldn't buy shares in Legoland owner Merlin Entertainment". The Daily Telegraph. London. 30 October 2013. Archived from the original on 27 March 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
- ^ "Tour Legoland California". CaliforniaResortLife.com. Archived from the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
- ^ a b "Merlin conjures up leaseback deal". The Daily Telegraph. London. 18 July 2007. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
- ^ "Blackstone Buys Madame Tussauds Chain". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 20 September 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
- ^ King of Capital, p. 313.
- ^ "Tussauds firm bought in £1bn deal". BBC News. 5 March 2007. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
- ^ "Alton Towers sold in £622m deal". BBC News. 17 July 2007. Archived from the original on 23 August 2007. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
- ^ "Cypress Gardens Sold to Legoland". 15 January 2010. Archived from the original on 17 January 2010. Retrieved 15 January 2010.
- ^ "Village Roadshow sells Sydney Attractions". The Sydney Morning Herald. Australian Associated Press. 17 December 2010. Archived from the original on 20 December 2010. Retrieved 17 December 2010.
- ^ "Plans for a Madame Tussauds in Sydney". The Sydney Morning Herald. Australian Associated Press. 3 March 2011. Archived from the original on 7 March 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
- ^ Ooi, Teresa (20 December 2011). "Merlin Entertainments Group conjures $140m James Packer bid". The Australian. Archived from the original on 27 December 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
- ^ Danckert, Sarah (13 February 2012). "Merlin ready to wrap up Living and Leisure deal". The Australian. Archived from the original on 16 February 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
- ^ CVC Capital Partners press release[dead link], 24 June 2010.
- ^ King of Capital, p. 314.
- ^ Why you shouldn't buy shares in Legoland owner Merlin Entertainment Archived 27 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine The Daily Telegraph, 30 October 2013
- ^ "Legoland and Alton Towers owner Merlin Entertainments waves goodbye to SeaWorld deal | City A.M". City A.M. 11 October 2017. Archived from the original on 1 February 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
- ^ "Legoland owner Merlin Entertainments agrees £4.8bn offer". BBC News. 28 June 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
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- ^ "Merlin Entertainments appoints Scott M. O'Neil Chief Executive Officer". Merlin Entertainments. 14 November 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
- ^ "Un parc d'attractions Legoland à l'horizon 2027 sur le site Caterpillar à Charleroi". RTBF (in French). Retrieved 30 August 2022.
- ^ "Merlin renonce à construire un parc Legoland à Charleroi". L'Echo (in French). L'Echo. 24 March 2023.
- ^ "Bear Grylls-inspired activity centre to close". BBC News. 11 December 2024. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
- ^ Sweney, Mark (19 November 2024). "Minecraft enters real world with $110m global theme park deal". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 1 October 2025.
- ^ "Merlin Entertainments Appoints Fiona Eastwood as Chief Executive Officer". Merlin Entertainments. 17 February 2025. Retrieved 17 February 2025.
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- ^ "Blackpool Tower to be taken over by council". BBC News. 4 June 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2025.
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- ^ a b c "Merlin Entertainments to close three attractions in Türkiye, including Madame Tussauds". Türkiye Today. Retrieved 26 August 2025.
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