Wikipedia

Global Gender Gap Report

The Global Gender Gap Report is an index designed to measure gender equality. It was first published in 2006 by the World Economic Forum.[1]

Global Gender Gap Report 2020

It "assesses countries on how well they are dividing their resources and opportunities among their male and female populations, regardless of the overall levels of these resources and opportunities," the Report says.[2] "By providing a comprehensible framework for assessing and comparing global gender gaps and by revealing those countries that are role models in dividing these resources equitably between women and men, the Report serves as a catalyst for greater awareness as well as greater exchange between policymakers."[2]

According to the World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Report 2023, it will take 131 years for the gender gap to close.[3][4]

Methodology

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The report's Gender Gap Index ranks countries regarding the gender inequality in four key areas: health, education, economy and politics.

  • Economic participation and opportunity – outcomes on salaries, participation levels and access to high-skilled employment
  • Educational attainment – outcomes on access to basic and higher-level education
  • Political empowerment – outcomes on representation in decision-making structures
  • Health and survival – outcomes on life expectancy and sex ratio. In this case parity is not assumed, there are assumed to be fewer female births than male (944 female for every 1,000 males), and men are assumed to die younger. Provided that women live at least six percent longer than men, parity is assumed. But if it is less than six percent it counts as a gender gap.[5]

Thirteen out of the fourteen variables used to create the index are from publicly available "hard data" indicators from international organizations, such as the International Labour Organization, the United Nations Development Programme and the World Health Organization.[6]

2025 Report

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The 2025 report covered 148 economies. Papua New Guinea and Trinidad and Tobago returned to the index, and Gabon was included for the first time.[7] Several countries that were ranked in previous editions, are not covered in the 2025 edition. These include Afghanistan (last ranked in 2023), Bahamas (2021), Cuba (2021), Iraq (2021), Malawi (2023), Mauritania (2021), Myanmar (2023), Qatar (2024), Russia (2021), Syria (2021), Venezuela (2021), and Yemen (2021).

rank Economy Score 2025[8]
1   Iceland 0.926
2   Finland 0.879
3   Norway 0.863
4   United Kingdom 0.838
5   New Zealand 0.827
6   Sweden 0.817
7   Moldova 0.813
8   Namibia 0.811
9   Germany 0.803
10   Ireland 0.801
11   Estonia 0.799
12   Spain 0.797
13   Australia 0.792
14   Denmark 0.791
15   Barbados 0.786
16   Costa Rica 0.786
17    Switzerland 0.785
18   Nicaragua 0.783
19   Lithuania 0.783
20   Philippines 0.781
21   Latvia 0.778
22   Chile 0.777
23   Mexico 0.776
24   Bangladesh 0.775
25   Ecuador 0.774
26   Serbia 0.774
27   Belgium 0.773
28   Trinidad and Tobago 0.772
29   Slovenia 0.770
30   Cape Verde 0.769
31   Guyana 0.768
32   Canada 0.767
33   South Africa 0.767
34   Portugal 0.767
35   France 0.765
36   Albania 0.763
37   Argentina 0.762
38   Jamaica 0.762
39   Rwanda 0.762
40   Liberia 0.760
41   Colombia 0.758
42   United States 0.756
43   Netherlands 0.756
44   Burundi 0.756
45   Poland 0.750
46   Eswatini 0.748
47   Singapore 0.748
48   Bolivia 0.747
49   Zimbabwe 0.747
50   Luxembourg 0.745
51   Panama 0.741
52   Suriname 0.738
53   Mozambique 0.738
54   Belarus 0.736
55   Tanzania 0.736
56   Austria 0.735
57   Peru 0.735
58   Madagascar 0.734
59   Armenia 0.731
60   Botswana 0.731
61   Dominican Republic 0.730
62   Ukraine 0.730
63   Georgia 0.729
64   Croatia 0.728
65   Mongolia 0.728
66   Thailand 0.728
67   Honduras 0.727
68   Malta 0.727
69   United Arab Emirates 0.724
70   Slovakia 0.723
71   Uruguay 0.720
72   Brazil 0.720
73   Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.717
74   Vietnam 0.713
75   Ethiopia 0.710
76   Israel 0.709
77   Greece 0.709
78   El Salvador 0.709
79   Zambia 0.707
80   Uganda 0.707
81   Guatemala 0.706
82   Cyprus 0.706
83   Bulgaria 0.706
84   Montenegro 0.705
85   Italy 0.704
86   Timor-Leste 0.704
87   Paraguay 0.703
88   Ghana 0.703
89   Belize 0.702
90   North Macedonia 0.699
91   Gabon 0.699
92   Kazakhstan 0.698
93   Cameroon 0.697
94   Romania 0.697
95   Kyrgyzstan 0.696
96   Laos 0.692
97   Indonesia 0.692
98   Kenya 0.689
99   Lesotho 0.688
100   Azerbaijan 0.688
101   South Korea 0.687
102   Czech Republic 0.686
103   China 0.686
104   Bahrain 0.684
105   Hungary 0.684
106   Cambodia 0.682
107   Brunei 0.681
108   Malaysia 0.681
109   Vanuatu 0.679
110   Uzbekistan 0.678
111   Mauritius 0.677
112   Sierra Leone 0.677
113   Benin 0.676
114   Gambia 0.674
115   Comoros 0.672
116   Senegal 0.670
117   Angola 0.668
118   Japan 0.666
119   Bhutan 0.663
120   Burkina Faso 0.659
121   Togo 0.657
122   Jordan 0.655
123   Tunisia 0.654
124   Nigeria 0.649
125     Nepal 0.648
126   Fiji 0.647
127   Côte d'Ivoire 0.647
128   Kuwait 0.646
129   Tajikistan 0.646
130   Sri Lanka 0.645
131   India 0.644
132   Saudi Arabia 0.643
133   Papua New Guinea 0.638
134   Oman 0.637
135   Turkey 0.633
136   Lebanon 0.632
137   Morocco 0.628
138   Maldives 0.626
139   Egypt 0.625
140   Mali 0.617
141   Algeria 0.614
142   Niger 0.613
143   Democratic Republic of the Congo 0.601
144   Guinea 0.595
145   Iran 0.583
146   Chad 0.571
147   Sudan 0.570
148   Pakistan 0.567

Global Gender Gap Index 2006-2025

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The highest possible score is 1.0 (equality or better for women, except for lifespan (106% or better for women) and gender parity at birth (94.4% or better for women[9]) and the lowest possible score is 0. Data for some countries are unavailable.[10][11][12]

Location Year[13] ^
Country Region 2025[7] 2024[14] 2023[15] 2022 2021[16] 2020[17] 2018 2017 2016[18] 2015[19] 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006
  Afghanistan South Asia N/A N/A 0.405 0.435 0.444 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Albania Europe 0.763 0.780 0.791 0.787 0.770 0.769 0.734 0.728 0.704 0.701 0.6869 0.6412 0.6655 0.6748 0.6726 0.6601 0.6591 0.6685 0.6607
  Algeria Africa 0.614 0.612 0.573 0.602 0.633 0.634 0.629 0.629 0.642 0.632 0.6182 0.5966 0.6112 0.5991 0.6052 0.6119 0.6111 0.6068 0.6018
  Angola Africa 0.668 0.668 0.656 0.638 0.657 0.660 0.633 0.640 0.643 0.637 0.6311 0.6659 N/A 0.6624 0.6712 0.6353 0.6032 0.6034 0.6039
  Argentina South America 0.762 0.772 0.762 0.756 0.752 0.746 0.733 0.732 0.735 0.734 0.7317 0.7195 0.7212 0.7236 0.7187 0.7211 0.7209 0.6982 0.6829
  Armenia West Asia 0.731 0.721 0.721 0.698 0.673 0.684 0.678 0.677 0.669 0.668 0.6622 0.6634 0.6636 0.6654 0.6669 0.6619 0.6677 0.6651 N/A
  Australia Oceania 0.792 0.78 0.778 0.738 0.731 0.731 0.730 0.731 0.721 0.733 0.7409 0.7390 0.7294 0.7291 0.7271 0.7282 0.7241 0.7204 0.7163
  Austria Europe 0.735 0.743 0.740 0.781 0.777 0.744 0.718 0.709 0.716 0.733 0.7266 0.7437 0.7391 0.7165 0.7091 0.7031 0.7153 0.7060 0.6986
  Azerbaijan West Asia 0.688 0.685 0.692 0.687 0.688 0.687 0.680 0.676 0.684 0.675 0.6753 0.6582 0.6546 0.6577 0.6446 0.6626 0.6856 0.6781 N/A
  Bahamas Central America N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.725 0.720 0.741 0.743 0.729 0.728 0.7269 0.7128 0.7156 0.7340 0.7128 0.7179 N/A N/A N/A
  Bahrain West Asia 0.684 0.666 0.666 0.632 0.632 0.629 0.627 0.632 0.615 0.644 0.6261 0.6334 0.6298 0.6232 0.6217 0.6136 0.5927 0.5931 0.5894
  Bangladesh South Asia 0.775 0.689 0.722 0.714 0.719 0.726 0.721 0.719 0.698 0.704 0.6973 0.6848 0.6684 0.6812 0.6702 0.6526 0.6531 0.6314 0.6270
  Barbados Central America 0.786 0.773 0.769 0.765 0.769 0.749 0.753 0.750 0.739 0.744 0.7289 0.7301 0.7232 0.7170 0.7176 0.7236 0.7188 N/A N/A
  Belarus Europe 0.736 0.733 0.752 0.750 0.758 0.746 0.747 0.744 0.737 0.734 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Belgium Europe 0.773 0.793 0.796 0.793 0.789 0.750 0.738 0.739 0.745 0.753 0.7809 0.7684 0.7652 0.7531 0.7509 0.7165 0.7163 0.7198 0.7078
  Belize Central America 0.702 0.696 0.696 0.695 0.699 0.671 0.662 0.692 0.676 0.668 0.6701 0.6449 0.6465 0.6489 0.6536 0.6636 0.6610 0.6426 N/A
  Benin Africa 0.676 0.629 0.616 0.612 0.653 0.658 0.654 0.652 0.636 0.625 N/A 0.5885 0.6258 0.5832 0.5719 0.5643 0.5582 0.5656 0.5780
  Bhutan South Asia 0.663 0.651 0.682 0.637 0.639 0.635 0.638 0.638 0.642 0.646 0.6364 0.6651 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Bolivia South America 0.747 0.746 0.730 0.734 0.722 0.734 0.748 0.758 0.746 0.749 0.7049 0.7340 0.7222 0.6862 0.6751 0.6693 0.6667 0.6574 0.6335
  Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe 0.717 0.710 0.698 0.710 0.713 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Botswana Africa 0.731 0.73 0.719 0.719 0.716 0.709 0.715 0.720 0.715 0.710 0.7129 0.6752 0.6744 0.6832 0.6876 0.7071 0.6839 0.6797 0.6897
  Brazil South America 0.720 0.716 0.726 0.696 0.695 0.691 0.681 0.684 0.687 0.686 0.6941 0.6949 0.6909 0.6679 0.6655 0.6695 0.6737 0.6637 0.6543
  Brunei Darussalam Southeast Asia 0.681 0.684 0.693 0.680 0.678 0.686 0.686 0.671 0.669 0.684 0.6719 0.6730 0.6750 0.6787 0.6748 0.6524 0.6392 N/A N/A
  Bulgaria Europe 0.706 0.723 0.715 0.740 0.746 0.727 0.756 0.756 0.726 0.722 0.7444 0.7097 0.7021 0.6987 0.6983 0.7072 0.7077 0.7085 0.6870
  Burkina Faso Africa 0.659 0.661 0.676 0.659 0.651 0.635 0.629 0.646 0.64 0.651 0.6500 0.6513 0.6455 0.6153 0.6162 0.6081 0.6029 0.5912 0.5854
  Burundi Africa 0.756 0.757 0.763 0.777 0.769 0.745 0.741 0.755 0.768 0.748 0.7565 0.7397 0.7338 0.7270 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Cambodia Southeast Asia 0.682 0.685 0.695 0.690 0.685 0.694 0.683 0.676 0.658 0.662 0.6520 0.6509 0.6457 0.6464 0.6482 0.6410 0.6469 0.6353 0.6291
  Cameroon Africa 0.697 0.693 0.693 0.692 0.692 0.686 0.714 0.689 0.684 0.682 N/A 0.6560 0.6291 0.6073 0.6110 0.6108 0.6017 0.5919 0.5865
  Canada North America 0.767 0.761 0.77 0.772 0.772 0.772 0.771 0.769 0.731 0.740 0.7464 0.7425 0.7381 0.7407 0.7372 0.7196 0.7136 0.7198 0.7165
  Cape Verde Africa 0.769 0.755 0.761 0.736 0.716 0.725 0.702 0.686 0.729 0.717 0.7133 0.7122 0.7180 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Chad Africa 0.571 0.576 0.570 0.579 0.593 0.596 0.580 0.575 0.587 0.580 0.5764 0.5588 0.5594 0.5334 0.5330 0.5417 0.5290 0.5381 0.5247
  Chile South America 0.777 0.781 0.777 0.736 0.716 0.723 0.717 0.704 0.699 0.698 0.6975 0.6670 0.6676 0.7030 0.7013 0.6884 0.6818 0.6482 0.6455
  China East Asia 0.686 0.684 0.678 0.682 0.682 0.676 0.673 0.674 0.676 0.682 0.6830 0.6908 0.6853 0.6866 0.6881 0.6907 0.6878 0.6643 0.6561
  Colombia South America 0.758 0.745 0.751 0.710 0.725 0.758 0.729 0.731 0.727 0.725 0.7122 0.7171 0.6901 0.6714 0.6927 0.6939 0.6944 0.7090 0.7049
  Comoros Africa 0.672 0.663 0.664 0.631 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Costa Rica Central America 0.786 0.785 0.793 0.796 0.786 0.782 0.749 0.727 0.736 0.732 0.7165 0.7241 0.7225 0.7266 0.7194 0.7180 0.7111 0.7014 0.6936
  Côte d'Ivoire Africa 0.647 N/A N/A 0.632 0.637 0.606 0.627 0.611 0.597 0.606 0.5874 0.5814 0.5785 0.5773 0.5691 N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Croatia Europe 0.728 0.723 0.730 N/A 0.733 0.720 0.712 0.711 0.7 0.708 0.7075 0.7069 0.7053 0.7006 0.6939 0.6944 0.6967 0.7210 0.7145
  Cuba Central America N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.746 0.746 0.749 0.745 0.74 0.740 0.7317 0.7540 0.7417 0.7394 0.7253 0.7176 0.7195 0.7169 N/A
  Cyprus West Asia 0.706 0.705 0.678 0.696 0.707 0.692 0.684 0.684 0.684 0.671 0.6741 0.6801 0.6732 0.6567 0.6642 0.6706 0.6694 0.6522 0.6430
  Czech Republic Europe 0.686 0.684 0.685 0.710 0.711 0.706 0.693 0.688 0.69 0.687 0.6737 0.6770 0.6767 0.6789 0.6850 0.6789 0.6770 0.6718 0.6712
  Democratic Republic of the Congo Africa 0.601 0.609 0.612 0.575 0.576 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Denmark Europe 0.791 0.789 0.78 0.764 0.768 0.782 0.778 0.776 0.754 0.767 0.8025 0.7779 0.7777 0.7778 0.7719 0.7628 0.7538 0.7519 0.7462
  Dominican Republic Central America 0.730 0.706 0.704 0.703 0.699 0.700 0.701 0.697 0.676 0.686 0.6906 0.6867 0.6659 0.6682 0.6774 0.6859 0.6744 0.6705 0.6639
  Ecuador South America 0.774 0.788 0.737 0.743 0.739 0.729 0.729 0.724 0.726 0.738 0.7455 0.7389 0.7206 0.7035 0.7072 0.7220 0.7091 0.6881 0.6433
  Egypt Africa 0.625 0.629 0.626 0.635 0.639 0.629 0.614 0.608 0.614 0.599 0.6064 0.5935 0.5975 0.5933 0.5899 0.5862 0.5832 0.5809 0.5786
  El Salvador Central America 0.709 0.695 0.714 0.727 0.738 0.706 0.690 0.705 0.702 0.706 0.6863 0.6609 0.6630 0.6567 0.6596 0.6939 0.6875 0.6853 0.6837
  Estonia Europe 0.799 0.774 0.782 0.733 0.733 0.751 0.734 0.731 0.747 0.749 0.7017 0.6997 0.6977 0.6983 0.7018 0.7094 0.7076 0.7008 0.6944
  Eswatini Africa 0.748 0.744 0.745 0.728 0.729 N/A N/A 0.670 0.665 0.670 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Ethiopia Africa 0.710 0.709 0.711 0.710 0.691 0.705 0.656 0.656 0.662 0.640 0.6144 0.6198 0.6200 0.6136 0.6019 0.5948 0.5867 0.5991 0.5946
  Fiji Oceania 0.647 0.642 0.65 0.676 0.674 0.678 0.669 N/A N/A 0.645 0.6286 0.6286 0.6285 0.6255 0.6256 0.6414 N/A N/A N/A
  Finland Europe 0.879 0.875 0.863 0.860 0.861 0.832 0.821 0.823 0.845 0.850 0.8453 0.8421 0.8451 0.8383 0.8260 0.8252 0.8195 0.8044 0.7958
  France Europe 0.765 0.781 0.756 0.791 0.784 0.781 0.779 0.778 0.755 0.761 0.7588 0.7089 0.6984 0.7018 0.7025 0.7331 0.7341 0.6824 0.6520
  Gambia, The Africa 0.674 0.679 0.651 0.641 0.644 0.628 0.642 0.649 0.667 0.674 N/A N/A 0.6630 0.6763 0.6762 0.6752 0.6622 0.6421 0.6448
  Georgia West Asia 0.729 0.716 0.708 0.731 0.732 0.708 0.677 0.679 0.681 0.687 0.6855 0.6750 0.6691 0.6624 0.6598 0.6680 0.6654 0.6665 0.6700
  Germany Europe 0.803 0.81 0.815 0.801 0.796 0.787 0.776 0.778 0.766 0.779 0.7780 0.7583 0.7629 0.7590 0.7530 0.7449 0.7394 0.7618 0.7524
  Ghana Africa 0.703 0.701 0.688 0.672 0.666 0.673 0.688 0.695 0.705 0.704 0.6661 0.6811 0.6778 0.6811 0.6782 0.6704 0.6679 0.6725 0.6653
  Greece Europe 0.709 0.714 0.693 0.689 0.689 0.701 0.696 0.692 0.68 0.685 0.6784 0.6782 0.6716 0.6916 0.6908 0.6662 0.6727 0.6648 0.6540
  Guatemala Central America 0.706 0.697 0.659 0.664 0.655 0.666 0.668 0.667 0.666 0.667 0.6821 0.6304 0.6260 0.6229 0.6238 0.6209 0.6072 0.6144 0.6067
  Guinea Africa 0.595 0.601 0.617 0.647 0.660 0.642 0.656 0.659 0.64 0.618 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Guyana South America 0.768 0.765 N/A 0.752 0.728 N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.702 0.7010 0.7085 0.7119 0.7084 0.7090 0.7108 N/A N/A N/A
  Honduras Central America 0.727 0.726 0.735 0.705 0.716 0.722 0.706 0.711 0.69 0.688 0.6935 0.6773 0.6763 0.6945 0.6927 0.6893 0.6960 0.6661 0.6483
  Hungary Europe 0.684 0.686 0.689 0.699 0.688 0.677 0.674 0.670 0.669 0.672 0.6759 0.6742 0.6718 0.6642 0.6720 0.6879 0.6867 0.6731 0.6698
  Iceland Europe 0.926 0.935 0.912 0.908 0.892 0.877 0.858 0.878 0.874 0.881 0.8594 0.8731 0.8640 0.8530 0.8496 0.8276 0.7999 0.7836 0.7813
  India South Asia 0.644 0.641 0.643 0.629 0.625 0.668 0.665 0.669 0.683 0.664 0.6455 0.6551 0.6442 0.6190 0.6155 0.6151 0.6060 0.5936 0.6011
  Indonesia Southeast Asia 0.692 0.686 0.697 0.697 0.688 0.700 0.691 0.691 0.682 0.681 0.6725 0.6613 0.6591 0.6594 0.6615 0.6580 0.6473 0.6550 0.6541
  Iran West Asia 0.583 0.579 0.575 0.576 0.582 0.584 0.589 0.583 0.587 0.580 0.5811 0.5842 0.5927 0.5894 0.5933 0.5839 0.6021 0.5903 0.5803
  Iraq West Asia N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.535 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Ireland Europe 0.801 0.802 0.795 0.804 0.800 0.798 0.796 0.794 0.797 0.807 0.7850 0.7823 0.7839 0.7830 0.7773 0.7597 0.7518 0.7457 0.7335
  Israel West Asia 0.709 0.699 0.701 0.727 0.724 0.718 0.722 0.721 0.719 0.712 0.7005 0.7032 0.6989 0.6926 0.6957 0.7019 0.6900 0.6965 0.6889
  Italy Europe 0.704 0.703 0.705 0.720 0.721 0.707 0.706 0.692 0.719 0.726 0.6973 0.6885 0.6729 0.6796 0.6765 0.6798 0.6788 0.6498 0.6456
  Jamaica Central America 0.762 0.655 0.650 0.749 0.741 0.735 0.724 0.717 0.724 0.703 0.7128 0.7085 0.7035 0.7028 0.7037 0.7013 0.6980 0.6925 0.7014
  Japan East Asia 0.666 0.758 0.779 0.650 0.656 0.652 0.662 0.657 0.66 0.670 0.6584 0.6498 0.6530 0.6514 0.6524 0.6447 0.6434 0.6455 0.6447
  Jordan West Asia 0.655 0.663 0.647 0.639 0.683 0.623 0.605 0.604 0.603 0.593 0.5968 0.6093 0.6103 0.6117 0.6048 0.6182 0.6275 0.6203 0.6109
  Kazakhstan Central Asia 0.698 0.652 0.646 0.719 0.710 0.710 0.712 0.713 0.718 0.719 0.7210 0.7218 0.7213 0.7010 0.7055 0.7013 0.6976 0.6983 0.6928
  Kenya Africa 0.689 0.710 0.721 0.729 0.692 0.671 0.700 0.694 0.702 0.719 0.7258 0.6803 0.6768 0.6493 0.6499 0.6512 0.6547 0.6508 0.6486
  Korea, Rep. East Asia 0.687 0.712 0.708 0.689 0.687 0.672 0.657 0.650 0.649 0.651 0.6403 0.6351 0.6356 0.6281 0.6342 0.6146 0.6154 0.6409 0.6157
  Kuwait West Asia 0.646 0.636 0.651 0.632 0.621 0.650 0.630 0.679 0.624 0.646 0.6457 0.6292 0.6320 0.6322 0.6318 0.6356 0.6358 0.6409 0.6341
  Kyrgyz Republic Central Asia 0.696 0.700 0.700 0.700 0.681 0.689 0.691 0.691 0.687 0.693 0.6974 0.6948 0.7013 0.7036 0.6973 0.7058 0.7045 0.6653 0.6742
  Laos Southeast Asia 0.692 0.700 0.733 0.733 0.750 0.731 0.748 0.703 N/A 0.713 0.7044 0.6993 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Latvia Europe 0.778 0.773 0.794 0.771 0.778 0.785 0.758 0.756 0.755 0.752 0.7691 0.7610 0.7572 0.7399 0.7429 0.7416 0.7397 0.7333 0.7091
  Lebanon West Asia 0.632 0.632 0.628 0.644 0.638 0.599 0.595 0.596 0.598 0.598 0.5923 0.6028 0.6030 0.6083 0.6084 N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Lesotho Africa 0.688 0.691 0.702 0.700 0.698 0.695 0.693 0.695 0.706 0.706 0.7255 0.7530 0.7608 0.7666 0.7678 0.7495 0.7320 0.7078 0.6807
  Liberia Africa 0.760 0.754 0.76 0.709 0.693 0.685 0.681 0.669 0.652 0.652 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Lithuania Europe 0.783 0.793 0.800 0.799 0.804 0.745 0.749 0.742 0.744 0.740 0.7208 0.7308 0.7191 0.7131 0.7132 0.7175 0.7222 0.7234 0.7077
  Luxembourg Europe 0.745 0.744 0.747 0.736 0.726 0.725 0.712 0.706 0.734 0.738 0.7333 0.7410 0.7439 0.7216 0.7231 0.6889 0.6802 0.6786 0.6671
  North Macedonia Europe 0.699 0.727 0.711 0.716 0.715 0.711 0.707 0.702 0.696 0.701 0.6943 0.7013 0.6968 0.6966 0.6996 0.6950 0.6914 0.6967 0.6983
  Madagascar Africa 0.734 0.720 0.737 0.735 0.725 0.719 0.691 0.692 0.704 0.698 0.7214 0.7016 0.6982 0.6797 0.6713 0.6732 0.6736 0.6461 0.6385
  Malawi Africa N/A N/A 0.676 0.632 0.671 0.664 0.662 0.672 0.7 0.701 0.7281 0.7139 0.7166 0.6850 0.6824 0.6738 0.6664 0.6480 0.6437
  Malaysia Southeast Asia 0.681 0.668 0.682 0.681 0.676 0.677 0.676 0.670 0.666 0.655 0.6520 0.6518 0.6539 0.6525 0.6479 0.6467 0.6442 0.6444 0.6509
  Maldives South Asia 0.626 0.633 0.649 0.648 0.642 0.646 0.662 0.669 .65 0.652 0.6557 0.6604 0.6616 0.6480 0.6452 0.6482 0.6501 0.6350 N/A
  Mali Africa 0.617 0.604 0.605 0.601 0.591 0.621 0.582 0.583 0.591 0.599 0.5779 0.5872 0.5842 0.5752 0.5680 0.5860 0.6117 0.6019 0.5996
  Malta Europe 0.727 0.723 0.713 0.703 0.703 0.693 0.686 0.682 0.664 0.668 0.6707 0.6761 0.6666 0.6658 0.6695 0.6635 0.6634 0.6615 0.6518
  Mauritania Africa N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.606 0.614 0.607 0.614 0.624 0.613 0.6029 0.5810 0.6129 0.6164 0.6152 0.6103 0.6117 0.6022 0.5835
  Mauritius Africa 0.677 0.683 0.689 0.679 0.679 0.665 0.663 0.664 0.652 0.646 0.6541 0.6599 0.6547 0.6529 0.6520 0.6513 0.6466 0.6487 0.6328
  Mexico North America 0.776 0.768 0.765 0.764 0.757 0.754 0.721 0.692 0.7 0.699 0.6900 0.6917 0.6712 0.6604 0.6577 0.6503 0.6441 0.6441 0.6462
  Moldova Europe 0.813 0.791 0.788 0.788 0.768 0.757 0.733 0.740 0.741 0.742 0.7405 0.7037 0.7101 0.7083 0.7160 0.7104 0.7244 0.7172 0.7128
  Mongolia East Asia 0.728 0.705 0.704 0.715 0.716 0.706 0.714 0.713 0.705 0.709 0.7212 0.7204 0.7111 0.7140 0.7194 0.7221 0.7049 0.6731 0.6821
  Montenegro Europe 0.705 0.718 0.714 0.732 0.732 0.710 0.706 0.693 0.681 0.689 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Morocco Africa 0.628 0.628 0.621 0.624 0.612 0.605 0.607 0.598 0.597 0.593 0.5988 0.5845 0.5833 0.5804 0.5767 0.5926 0.5757 0.5676 0.5827
  Mozambique Africa 0.738 0.776 0.778 0.752 0.758 0.723 0.721 0.741 0.75 0.741 0.7370 0.7349 0.7350 0.7251 0.7329 0.7195 0.7266 0.6883 N/A
  Myanmar Southeast Asia N/A N/A 0.650 0.677 0.681 0.665 0.690 0.691 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Namibia Africa 0.811 0.805 0.802 0.807 0.809 0.784 0.789 0.777 0.765 0.760 0.7219 0.7094 0.7121 0.7177 0.7238 0.7167 0.7141 0.7012 0.6864
    Nepal South Asia 0.648 0.664 0.659 0.692 0.683 0.680 0.671 0.664 0.661 0.658 0.6458 0.6053 0.6026 0.5888 0.6084 0.6213 0.5942 0.5575 0.5478
  Netherlands Europe 0.756 0.775 0.777 0.767 0.762 0.736 0.747 0.737 0.756 0.776 0.7730 0.7608 0.7659 0.7470 0.7444 0.7490 0.7399 0.7383 0.7250
  New Zealand Oceania 0.827 0.835 0.856 0.841 0.840 0.799 0.801 0.791 0.781 0.782 0.7772 0.7799 0.7805 0.7810 0.7808 0.7880 0.7859 0.7649 0.7509
  Nicaragua Central America 0.783 0.811 0.811 0.810 0.796 0.804 0.809 0.814 0.78 0.776 0.7894 0.7715 0.7697 0.7245 0.7176 0.7002 0.6747 0.6458 0.6566
  Niger Africa 0.613 0.628 0.622 0.635 0.629 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Nigeria Africa 0.649 0.65 0.637 0.639 0.627 0.635 0.621 0.641 0.643 0.638 0.6391 0.6469 0.6315 0.6011 0.6055 0.6280 0.6339 0.6122 0.6104
  Norway Europe 0.863 0.875 0.879 0.845 0.849 0.842 0.835 0.830 0.842 0.850 0.8374 0.8417 0.8403 0.8404 0.8404 0.8227 0.8239 0.8059 0.7994
  Oman West Asia 0.637 0.628 0.614 0.609 0.608 0.602 0.605 N/A 0.612 0.604 0.6091 0.6053 0.5986 0.5873 0.5950 0.5938 0.5960 0.5903 N/A
  Pakistan South Asia 0.567 0.570 0.575 0.564 0.556 0.564 0.550 0.546 0.556 0.559 0.5522 0.5459 0.5478 0.5583 0.5465 0.5458 0.5549 0.5509 0.5434
  Panama Central America 0.741 0.742 0.724 0.743 0.737 0.730 0.722 0.722 0.721 0.772 0.7195 0.7164 0.7122 0.7042 0.7072 0.7024 0.7095 0.6954 0.6935
  Papua New Guinea Oceania 0.638 N/A N/A N/A 0.635 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Paraguay South America 0.703 0.707 0.695 0.707 0.702 0.683 0.672 0.678 0.676 0.666 0.6890 0.6724 0.6714 0.6818 0.6804 0.6868 0.6379 0.6659 0.6556
  Peru South America 0.735 0.755 0.764 0.749 0.721 0.714 0.720 0.719 0.687 0.683 0.7198 0.6787 0.6742 0.6796 0.6895 0.7024 0.6959 0.6624 0.6619
  Philippines Southeast Asia 0.781 0.779 0.791 0.783 0.784 0.781 0.799 0.790 0.786 0.790 0.7814 0.7832 0.7757 0.7685 0.7654 0.7579 0.7568 0.7629 0.7516
  Poland Europe 0.750 0.740 0.722 0.709 0.713 0.736 0.728 0.728 0.727 0.715 0.7051 0.7031 0.7015 0.7038 0.7037 0.6998 0.6951 0.6756 0.6802
  Portugal Europe 0.767 0.787 0.765 0.766 0.775 0.744 0.732 0.734 0.737 0.731 0.7243 0.7056 0.7071 0.7144 0.7171 0.7013 0.7051 0.6959 0.6922
  Qatar West Asia N/A 0.640 0.627 0.617 0.624 0.629 0.629 0.626 0.643 0.645 0.6403 0.6299 0.6264 0.6230 0.6059 0.5907 0.5948 0.6041 N/A
  Romania Europe 0.697 0.717 0.697 0.698 0.700 0.724 0.711 0.708 0.69 0.693 0.6936 0.6908 0.6859 0.6812 0.6826 0.6805 0.6763 0.6859 0.6797
  Russia Europe N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.708 0.706 0.701 0.696 0.691 0.694 0.6927 0.6983 0.6980 0.7037 0.7036 0.6987 0.6994 0.6866 0.6770
  Rwanda Africa 0.762 0.757 0.794 0.811 0.805 0.791 0.804 0.822 0.8 0.794 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Saudi Arabia West Asia 0.643 0.647 0.637 0.636 0.603 0.599 0.590 0.584 0.583 0.605 0.6059 0.5879 0.5731 0.5753 0.5713 0.5651 0.5537 0.5647 0.5242
  Senegal Africa 0.670 0.679 0.680 0.668 0.684 0.684 0.682 0.684 0.685 0.698 0.6912 0.6923 0.6657 0.6573 0.6414 0.6427 N/A N/A N/A
  Serbia Europe 0.774 0.779 0.76 0.779 0.780 0.736 0.730 0.727 0.72 0.720 0.7086 0.7116 0.7037 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Sierra Leone Africa 0.677 0.708 0.667 0.672 0.655 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Singapore Southeast Asia 0.748 0.744 0.739 0.734 0.727 0.724 0.707 0.702 0.712 0.711 0.7046 0.7000 0.6989 0.6914 0.6914 0.6664 0.6625 0.6609 0.6550
  Slovakia Europe 0.723 0.731 0.72 0.717 0.712 0.718 0.693 0.694 0.679 0.675 0.6806 0.6857 0.6824 0.6797 0.6778 0.6845 0.6824 0.6797 0.6757
  Slovenia Europe 0.770 0.766 0.773 0.744 0.741 0.743 0.784 0.805 0.786 0.784 0.7443 0.7155 0.7132 0.7041 0.7047 0.6982 0.6937 0.6842 0.6745
  South Africa Africa 0.767 0.785 0.787 0.782 0.781 0.780 0.755 0.756 0.764 0.759 0.7527 0.7510 0.7496 0.7478 0.7535 0.7709 0.7232 0.7194 0.7125
  Spain Europe 0.797 0.797 0.791 0.788 0.788 0.795 0.746 0.746 0.738 0.742 0.7325 0.7266 0.7266 0.7580 0.7554 0.7345 0.7281 0.7444 0.7319
  Sri Lanka South Asia 0.645 0.653 0.663 0.670 0.670 0.680 0.676 0.669 0.673 0.686 0.6903 0.7019 0.7122 0.7212 0.7458 0.7402 0.7371 0.7230 0.7199
  Suriname South America 0.738 0.739 0.736 0.737 0.729 0.707 0.695 0.689 0.679 0.670 0.6504 0.6369 0.6409 0.6395 0.6407 0.6726 0.6674 0.6794 N/A
  Sweden Europe 0.817 0.816 0.815 0.822 0.823 0.820 0.822 0.816 0.815 0.823 0.8165 0.8129 0.8159 0.8044 0.8024 0.8139 0.8139 0.8146 0.8133
   Switzerland Europe 0.785 0.785 0.783 0.795 0.798 0.779 0.755 0.755 0.776 0.785 0.7798 0.7736 0.7672 0.7627 0.7562 0.7426 0.7360 0.6924 0.6997
  Syria West Asia N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.568 0.567 0.568 0.568 0.567 0.568 0.5775 0.5661 0.5626 0.5896 0.5926 0.6072 0.6181 0.6216 N/A
  Tajikistan Central Asia 0.646 0.673 0.672 0.663 0.650 0.626 0.638 0.678 0.679 0.675 0.6654 0.6682 0.6608 0.6526 0.6598 0.6661 0.6541 0.6578 N/A
  Tanzania Africa 0.736 0.734 0.740 0.719 0.707 0.713 0.704 0.700 0.716 0.718 0.7182 0.6928 0.7091 0.6904 0.6829 0.6797 0.7068 0.6969 0.7038
  Thailand Southeast Asia 0.728 0.72 0.711 0.709 0.710 0.708 0.702 0.694 0.699 0.706 0.7027 0.6928 0.6893 0.6892 0.6910 0.6907 0.6917 0.6815 0.6831
  Timor-Leste Southeast Asia 0.704 0.704 0.693 0.730 0.720 0.662 0.638 0.628 0.637 N/A N/A N/A 0.6855 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Togo Africa 0.657 0.71 0.696 0.697 0.683 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Trinidad and Tobago Central America 0.772 N/A N/A N/A 0.749 0.756 N/A N/A 0.723 0.720 0.7154 0.7166 0.7116 0.7372 0.7353 0.7298 0.7245 0.6859 0.6797
  Tunisia Africa 0.654 0.668 0.642 0.643 0.649 0.644 0.648 0.651 0.636 0.634 0.6272 N/A N/A 0.6255 0.6266 0.6233 0.6295 0.6283 0.6288
  Turkey West Asia 0.633 0.645 0.638 0.639 0.638 0.635 0.628 0.625 0.623 0.624 0.6183 0.6081 0.6015 0.5954 0.5876 0.5828 0.5853 0.5768 0.5850
  Uganda Africa 0.707 0.706 0.706 0.724 0.717 0.717 0.724 0.721 0.704 0.708 0.6821 0.7086 0.7228 0.7220 0.7169 0.7067 0.6981 0.6833 0.6797
  Ukraine Europe 0.730 0.722 0.714 0.707 0.714 0.721 0.708 0.705 0.7 0.702 0.7056 0.6935 0.6894 0.6861 0.6869 0.6896 0.6856 0.6790 0.6797
  United Arab Emirates West Asia 0.724 0.713 0.712 0.716 0.716 0.655 0.642 0.649 0.639 0.646 0.6436 0.6372 0.6392 0.6454 0.6397 0.6198 0.6220 0.6184 0.5919
  United Kingdom Europe 0.838 0.789 0.792 0.780 0.775 0.767 0.744 0.770 0.752 0.758 0.7383 0.7440 0.7433 0.7462 0.7460 0.7402 0.7366 0.7441 0.7365
  United States North America 0.756 0.747 0.748 0.769 0.763 0.724 0.720 0.718 0.722 0.740 0.7463 0.7392 0.7373 0.7412 0.7411 0.7173 0.7179 0.7002 0.7042
  Uruguay South America 0.720 0.715 0.714 0.711 0.702 0.737 0.715 0.710 0.681 0.679 0.6871 0.6803 0.6745 0.6907 0.6897 0.6936 0.6907 0.6608 0.6549
  Vanuatu Oceania 0.679 0.673 0.678 0.670 0.625 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
  Venezuela South America N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.699 0.713 0.709 0.706 0.694 0.691 0.6851 0.7060 0.7060 0.6861 0.6863 0.6839 0.6875 0.6797 0.6664
  Vietnam Southeast Asia 0.713 0.715 0.711 0.705 0.701 0.700 0.698 0.698 0.7 0.687 0.6915 0.6863 0.6867 0.6732 0.6776 0.6802 0.6778 0.6889 N/A
  Yemen West Asia N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.492 0.494 0.499 0.516 0.516 0.484 0.5145 0.5128 0.5054 0.4873 0.4603 0.4609 0.4664 0.4510 0.4595
  Zambia Africa 0.707 0.697 0.699 0.723 0.726 0.731 N/A N/A N/A 0.650 0.6364 0.6312 0.6279 0.6300 0.6293 0.6310 0.6205 0.6288 0.6360
  Zimbabwe Africa 0.747 0.740 0.746 0.734 0.732 0.730 0.721 0.717 0.71 0.709 0.7013 N/A N/A 0.6607 0.6574 0.6518 0.6485 0.6464 0.6461

Upper limiting value of the Gender Gap Index

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1. Economic participation and opportunity
Ratio Limit[20] Weight[21] Value
Labour force participation 1.0 0.199 0.199
Wage equality for similar work 1.0 0.310 0.310
Estimated earned income 1.0 0.221 0.221
Legislators, senior officials and managers 1.0 0.149 0.149
Professional and technical workers 1.0 0.121 0.121
Sum 1.0 1.0
2. Educational attainment
Ratio Limit[20] Weight[21] Value
Literacy rate 1.0 0.191 0.191
Enrolment in primary education 1.0 0.459 0.459
Enrolment in secondary education 1.0 0.229 0.229
Enrolment in tertiary education 1.0 0.121 0.121
Sum 1.0 1.0
3. Health and survival
Ratio Limit[20] Weight[21] Value
Sex ratio at birth 0.944[22] 0.693 0.654
Healthy life expectancy 1.060[23] 0.307 0.325
Sum 1.0 0.980
4. Political empowerment
Ratio Limit[20] Weight[21] Value
Women in parliament 1.0 0.310 0.310
Women in ministerial positions 1.0 0.247 0.247
Years with female head of state 1.0 0.443 0.443
Sum 1.0 1.0
Compilation
1. Economic participation and opportunity 1.000
2. Educational attainment 1.000
3. Health and survival 0.980
4. Political empowerment 1.000
Sum 3.980

Gender Gap Index: 3.98 / 4 = 0.9949

This is the upper limiting value of the Gender Gap Index (limes superior) for the female-to-male ratio and for the male-to-female ratio.

Criticisms and challenges

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Cover of the 2008 report

The index is designed to "measure gender-based gaps in access to resources and opportunities in countries rather than the actual level of the available resources and opportunities in those countries."[18]

In an academic publication from 2010, Beneria and Permanyer criticized the Global Gender Gap Index for only capturing inequality in certain aspects of women's lives therefore making it an incomplete measure of gender inequality.[24]

In an academic publication from 2019, Stoet and Geary discussed several limitations of the Index. For example, in the current ranking methodology, no country can, by definition, be more favorable for women than for men. This causes the Index to undervalue issues that disproportionately men.[25] According to the Global Gender Gap Report 2021, the index do not penalize a country where women outperform men in certain aspect and consider that parity is achieved in life expectancy only if women live five years longer than men.[16]

See also

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Notes

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References

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  1. ^ "Global Gender Gap Report 2017". Archived from the original on 2018-05-12. Retrieved 2018-05-11.
  2. ^ a b 2008 Report, p. 24
  3. ^ "Global Gender Gap Report 2023". World Economic Forum. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
  4. ^ "To fight climate change, more female leaders are fundamental". European Investment Bank. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
  5. ^ 2014 report, page 5
  6. ^ 2008 Report, p. 5
  7. ^ a b "Gender Gap Report 2025". World Economic Forum. Archived from the original on 2025-10-05. Retrieved 2025-12-01.
  8. ^ Saadia Zahidi; Yanjun Guo; Silja Baller, eds. (2025). The Global Gender Gap Report 2025 (PDF) (Report). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. p. 13. Retrieved 2025-12-01.
  9. ^ 2016 Report, Page 6
  10. ^ Ricardo Hausmann; Laura D. Tyson; Saadia Zahidi, eds. (2012). The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 (PDF) (Report). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  11. ^ "The Global Gender Gap Report 2013" (PDF). World Economic Forum. pp. 12–13.
  12. ^ "Global Gender Gap Report 2014 - Reports - World Economic Forum". Global Gender Gap Report 2014.
  13. ^ Years of report publication. Values may reflect data collected the previous year.
  14. ^ "Global Gender Gap Report 2024". World Economic Forum. Archived from the original on 2025-09-30. Retrieved 2025-12-01.
  15. ^ "Global Gender Gap Report 2023". World Economic Forum. Archived from the original on 2025-09-01. Retrieved 2025-11-28.
  16. ^ a b "Global Gender Gap Report 2021" (PDF). World Economic Forum. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  17. ^ "Global Gender Gap Report 2020" (PDF). World Economic Forum. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  18. ^ a b "Global Gender Gap Report 2017 - Rankings". World Economic Forum. 17 November 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
  19. ^ "Global Gender Gap Report 2015 - Rankings". World Economic Forum. Archived from the original on 17 April 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  20. ^ a b c d The Global Gender Gap Report 2018 (GGGR), p. 5, Construction of the Index, § 2. Data truncation at equality benchmark: As a second step, these ratios are truncated at the "equality benchmark”. For all indicators, except the two health indicators, this equality benchmark is considered to be 1, meaning equal numbers of women and men.
    GGGR 2018, p. 42, Country Score Card: … To calculate the Index, all ratios were truncated at the parity benchmark of 1 and thus the highest score possible is 1.
  21. ^ a b c d GGGR 2018, p. 6; Table 2: Calculation of weights within each subin-dex
  22. ^ GGGR 2018, p. 5, Construction of the Index, § 2. Data truncation at equality benchmark: … In the case of sex ratio at birth, the equality benchmark is set at 0.944,
    GGGR 2018, p. 42, Country Score Card: … except for the sex ratio at birth (0.944)
  23. ^ GGGR 2018, p. 5, Construction of the Index, § 2. Data trun-cation at equality benchmark: … the case of healthy life expectancy the equality benchmark is set at 1.06.
    GGGR 2018, p. 42, Country Score Card: … and the healthy life expectancy (1.06) indicators.
  24. ^ Beneria, L., Permanyer, I.,(2010). The Measurement of Socio-economic Gender Inequality Revisited, Development and Change, 41:3, pp.375-399
  25. ^ Stoet, Gijsbert; Geary, David C. (2019-01-03). "A simplified approach to measuring national gender inequality". PLOS ONE. 14 (1) e0205349. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205349. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6317789. PMID 30605478.
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Reports

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  • Saadia Zahidi; Yanjun Guo; Silja Baller, eds. (2025). The Global Gender Gap Report 2025 (PDF) (Report). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. p. 13. Retrieved 2025-12-01.
  • Ricardo Hausmann; Laura D. Tyson; Yasmina Bekhouche; Saadia Zahidi (2014). The Global Gender Gap Index 2014 (PDF). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2014-11-26.
  • Ricardo Hausmann; Laura D. Tyson; Saadia Zahidi, eds. (2013). The Global Gender Gap Report 2013 (PDF) (Report). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2013-10-26.
  • Ricardo Hausmann; Laura D. Tyson; Saadia Zahidi, eds. (2012). The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 (PDF) (Report). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  • The Global Gender Gap Report 2011 (PDF) (Report). World Economic Forum.
  • Ricardo Hausmann; Laura D. Tyson; Saadia Zahidi, eds. (2010). The Global Gender Gap Report 2010 (PDF) (Report). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2010-10-20.
  • Ricardo Hausmann; Laura D. Tyson; Saadia Zahidi, eds. (2009). The Global Gender Gap Report 2009 (PDF) (Report). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-05. Retrieved 2009-11-02.
  • Ricardo Hausmann; Laura D. Tyson; Saadia Zahidi, eds. (2008). The Global Gender Gap Report 2008 (PDF) (Report). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2008-11-19.
  • Ricardo Hausmann; Laura D. Tyson; Saadia Zahidi, eds. (2007). The Global Gender Gap Report 2007 (PDF) (Report). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2008-11-19.
  • Ricardo Hausmann; Laura D. Tyson; Saadia Zahidi, eds. (2006). The Global Gender Gap Report 2006 (PDF) (Report). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2008-11-19.
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