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Contents |
Biography
Early Life in Scotland
James was the only son of Mary, Queen of Scots and her second husband Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley. He was born on 9 June 1566 in Edinburgh Castle, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland.[1][2][3][4] He was baptised in a Catholic ceremony held at Stirling Castle, Stirling, Scotland on 17 December 1566. His represented godparents were Elizabeth I of England and Charles IX of France.[5][6][7] James was the great-great-grandson of Henry VII of England. As such, he was in the line of succession to both the throne of England and the throne of Scotland.
James's father, Lord Darnley, was killed following an explosion at the Kirk-of-Field, near Edinburgh, on the 10 February 1566-7.[6] Foul play was suspected. Mary's involvement was unclear.[8][9] Queen Mary was forced to abdicate shortly thereafter in favor of James on 24 July 1567.[1][6]She nominated her illegitmate half-brother, James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray as Regent.[10][11][12]. James VI was crowned king in Stirling Castle on 29 August 1567 at the age of thirteen months.[7][6][3] In 1568, Mary fled to England in the hopes that her first cousin, Elizabeth I of England, would protect her.[13][14] James never saw his mother again.[15][16]
Scotland was governed by four Regents during his minority. All of them died before James gained full control of government. His uncle, the Earl of Moray, was assassinated in Linlithgow, West Lothian, Scotland on 23 January 1569-70.[1][17] Mathew Stewart, Earl of Lennox, his paternal grandfather, was mortally wounded by gunshot in Stirling, Scotland on 4 September 1571.[18][1] John Erskine, Earl of Mar died 28 October 1572 of an unknown illness.[19] James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton, his final Regent, resigned offfice on 12 March I577-8[6] and was beheaded on 2 June 1581 for his involvment in the death of James's father.[1][20]
James assumed control of the government on 5 July 1578. [21] However, he was captured and detained at Ruthven Castle on 22 August 1582 by William Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie, John Erskine, 2nd Earl of Mar and Thomas Lyon, Master of Glamis.[22][1][6] Their goal was to remove James from the Catholic influences around him that supported Queen Mary.[23] Ten months later on 27 June 1583, James managed to escape to St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland.[1][6][3]
Mary, Queen of Scots, was executed by order of her cousin, Elizabeth I of England, on the 8 February 1586-7 at the age of forty-four at Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire, England.[7][3]
James developed an interested in witchcraft in 1590. He came to believe that he and his new bride, Anne, had been personally targeted by witches who conjured dangerous storms to try to kill them during their voyages across the North Sea. James decided to launch a tribunal to root out witchcraft in Scotland. He attended the North Berwick witch trials in 1590. These trials were the first major persecution of witches in Scotland. James personally questioned many of the accused.[24] James wrote a dissertation on witchcraft and necromancy titled Daemonologie in 1597.[25]
Marriage
James was married by proxy to Anna of Denmark, the second daughter of Frederik II, King of Denmark and Norway at Kronborg Castle in Denmark on 20 August 1589. Anna set sail for Scotland on 12 September 1589, but had to turn back due to storms.. [26] On 22 October 1589, James sailed from Leith, Scotland to Denmark to bring her back to Scotland.[6][27][6] James formally married Anna on 24 November 1589 at Bishop's Palace in Oslo, Norway.[28][1]
Together they had seven children. Margaret, Robert, Mary and Sophia died in infancy.[1] Henry Frederick, Duke of Rothesay and Prince of Wales was their first born child. He was born in Stirling Castle, Stirling, Scotland on 19 February 1593-4, and died of thyphoid fever at the age of 18 on 6 November 1612 in London, England.[1][29] Elizabeth, Electress of the Palatinate, Queen of Bohemia was their second born child. She was born on 19 August 1596 in Fife, Scotland. On 14 February 1612-3, she married Frederick, Elector Palatine of the Rhine, and future King of Bohemia, in Palace of Whitehall, Westminster, Middlesex, England. She died in London, England on 13 February 1661-2.[1][30] Her grandson, Georg Ludwig Hanover, became George I of Great Britain on 1 August 1714.[31] Charles , who succeeded his father as King Charles I, was born in Fife, Scotland on 19 November 1600. He married Henriette-Marie of France on 13 June 1625 in Kent, England. He died in Whitehall Palace, Middlesex, England on 30 January 1648-9.[1][32]
Reign in England
Queen Elizabeth I died in Richmond, Surrey, England on 24 March 1602-3. James was proclaimed James I, King of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland on the same day in London, England, and on 31 March 1603 in Edinburgh, Scotland. James left Edinburgh on 5 April 1603, and arrived in London on 7 May 1603.[33][6][34][35] James and Anna were anointed and crowned King and Queen of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland on 25 July 1603 in Westminster Abbey.[36]
During the first years of his reign, there were three plots to remove him, the Bye Plot, the Main Plot, and the Gunpowder Plot. The Bye Plot was a conspiracy by Roman Catholic priests and Puritans to kidnap James. It was a minor component of a larger plot called the Main Plot.[37] The Main Plot took place in July 1603. The plan was to depose James from the throne and replace him with his cousin Lady Arbella Stewart. It was allegedly funded by the Spanish government, and led by Sir Henry Brooke, 8th Baron Cobham. Sir Walter Raleigh was also implicated.[38] Both Brooke and Raleigh were tried and put in The Tower of London.[39][40] In 1605 there was a failed assassination against James by a group of English Catholics called the Gunpowder Plot. The plan was to blow up the House of Lords during the State Opening of Parliament on 5 November 1605.[41] Quickly after the Gunpower Plot, in May 1606, Parliament passed the Popish Recusants Act. This act required citizens to take an oath of allegiance denying the power of the Pope over the King, and made it high treason to obey the authority of Rome rather than the King.[42]
James left a vast body of literature which included books, essays, poems and speeches.[43][44][45] Under the sponsorship of King James, The King James Bible was published in 1611. This Bible is an English translation of the Christian Bible for the Church of England.[46][47]
Death
Queen Anna died on the 2 March 1618-19 in Hampton Court Palace, Richmond, England.[48][1] James suffered with severe arthritis and gout. In March 1625, he was severely ill with tertian fever and fainting spells. He reportedly drank excessively and and suffered a stroke. James died of severe dysentery at the age of 58 on 27 March 1625 in Theobalds Palace, Cheshunt, Hertfordshire, England.[49][50] He was buried in King Henry VII's chapel in Westminster Abbey on 7 May 1625.[51][6][52]
James ruled as a king for over 57 years. He reigned as James VI, King of Scots for 35 years 8 months and 1day. His reign as James I, King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland lasted 22 years and 5 days.[6]
Sources
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 Paul, James. The Scots Peerage: founded on Wood's edition of Sir Robert Douglas's The Peerage of Scotland. Edinburgh. 1904. Vol I. pp. 26-28 Archive.org Accessed 7 Jan 2022
- ↑ A Diurnal of Remarkable Occurents that have Passed within the Country of Scotland since the Death of King James the Fourth till the Year M.D.LXXV. Edinburgh. M.D.CCC.XXXIII. p. 100 Archive.org Accessed 26 Dec 2022
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Gardiner, Samuel, "Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/James VI and I," Wikisource Accessed 10 Jan 2023
- ↑ Thompson, Thomas, ed. The historie and life of King James the Sext; being an account of the affairs of Scotland from the year 1566 to the year 1596; with a short continuation to the year 1617. London. 1909 p. 1 Archive.org Accessed 10 Jan 2023
- ↑ A Diurnal of Remarkable Occurents that have Passed within the Country of Scotland since the Death of King James the Fourth till the Year M.D.LXXV. Edinburgh. M.D.CCC.XXXIII p. 103. Archive.org Accessed 26 Dec 2022.
- ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 Dunbar, Archibald. Scottish Kings; A Revised Chronology of Scottish history, 1005-1625. Edinburgh,Scotland. 1889, pp. 262-275 Archive.org Accessed 7 Jan 2022
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Stow, John. Annals of England. 1603. p. 118-119 Archive.org Accessed 7 Jan 2023
- ↑ Originally written in Latin by George Buchanan. A detection of the Actions of Queen of Scots, Concerning The Murther of Her Husband, and Her Conspiracy, Adultery, and pretend∣ed Marriage with the Earl Bothwel. And a Defence of the True Lords, Maintainers of the Kings's Majesties Action and Authority. London. 1689 Early English Books Accessed 26 Dec 2022
- ↑ Buchanan, George. Translated from Latin by James Aikman. Rerum Scoticarum historia/The History of Scotland. Original publication in Latin in 1643. Translation in 1827. Glasgow. Vol. 2. pp. 493-494 Archive.org Accessed 26 Dec 2022
- ↑ The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, K.M. Brown et al eds (St Andrews, 2007-2022), 1567/7/25/1. Records of Parliament Accessed 28 Dec 2022
- ↑ A Diurnal of Remarkable Occurents that have Passed within the Country of Scotland since the Death of King James the Fourth till the Year M.D.LXXV. Edinburgh. M.D.CCC.XXXIII. p. 118 Archive.org Accessed 28 Dec 2022
- ↑ Buchanan, George. Translated from Latin by James Aikman. Rerum Scoticarum historia/The History of Scotland. Original publication in Latin in 1643. Translation in 1827. Glasgow. Vol. 2. pp. 525-527 Archive.org Accessed 28 Dec 2022
- ↑ Buchanan, George. Translated from Latin by James Aikman. Rerum Scoticarum historia/The History of Scotland. Original publication in Latin in 1643. Translation in 1827. Glasgow. Vol. 2. p. 532-538Archive.org Accessed 28 Dec 2022
- ↑ A Diurnal of Remarkable Occurents that have Passed within the Country of Scotland since the Death of King James the Fourth till the Year M.D.LXXV. Edinburgh. M.D.CCC.XXXIII. p. 129-130 Archives.org Accessed 28 Dec 2022
- ↑ Emma.Goodey. “James VI and I (r. 1567-1625).” The Royal Family Royal.uk Accessed 5 Jan 2023
- ↑ Fraser, Antonia. King James VI of Scotland, I of England. New York. 1975. p. 45 Archive.org Accessed 5 Jan 2023
- ↑ Wikisource contributors, "Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Stewart, James (1531?-1570)," Wikisource Accessed 7 Jan 2023
- ↑ Wikisource contributors, "Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Stewart, Matthew (1516-1571)," Wikisource] Accessed 7 Jan 2023
- ↑ Wikisource contributors, "Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Erskine, John (d.1572)," Wikisource Accessed 7 Jan 2023
- ↑ Wikisource contributors, "Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Douglas, James (d.1581)," Wikisource Accessed 7 Jan 2023
- ↑ The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, K.M. Brown et al eds (St Andrews, 2007-2023), 1578/7/1 Records of Parliaments of Scotland Accessed 8 Jan 2023
- ↑ The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707, K.M. Brown et al eds (St Andrews, 2007-2023), A1582/10/2 Records of the Parliaments of Scotland Accessed 8 Jan 2023
- ↑ "Ruthven raid." Oxford Reference Accessed 8 Jan 2023
- ↑ “James VI of Scotland's 'Daemonologie'.” National Library of Scotland Accessed 27 Jan 2023
- ↑ James VI of Scotland. Daemonologie. 1597 Archive.org Accessed 28 Jan 2023
- ↑ Calderwood, David. The history of the Kirk of Scotland. Edinburgh. 1842. pp. 59 -60 Archvie.org Accessed 12 Jan 2023
- ↑ Calderwood, David. The history of the Kirk of Scotland. Edinburgh. 1842. p. 67 Archive.org Accessed 11 Jan 2023
- ↑ Kønigsfeldt, Johannes .Genealogisk-historiske tabeller over de nordiske rigers kongeslægter. 1586. p. 53. Archive.org Accessed 11 Jan 2023
- ↑ Henderson, Thomas, "Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Henry Frederick (1594-1612)," Wikisource Accessed 13 Jan 2023
- ↑ Wikisource contributors, "1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Frederick V.," Wikisource Accessed 13 Jan 2023
- ↑ Ward, Adophus. "Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/George I," Wikisource Accessed 14 Jan 2023
- ↑ Gardiner, Samuel. "Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Charles I," Wikisource Accessed 14 Jan 2023
- ↑ Stow, John. Annals of England. 1603. pp. 1425-26. Archive.org Accessed 18 Jan 2023
- ↑ Stow, John. Annales, or, a generall chronicle of England. 1631. p. 817-819 Archive.org Accessed 18 Jan 2023
- ↑ Velde, Francois. “Proclamations of Accession of English and British Sovereigns (1547-1952).” Proclamations of Accessions of British Sovereigns (1547-1952). Accessed January 23, 2023. Heraldica.org Accessed 21 Jan 2023
- ↑ Stow, John. Annales, or, a generall chronicle of England. 1631. p. 827 Archive.org Accessed 21 Jan 2023
- ↑ "Bye Plot" Oxford Reference Accessed 25 Jan 2023
- ↑ "Main Plot" Oxford Reference Accessed 25 Jan 2023
- ↑ Lee, Syndney. "Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Brooke, Henry (d.1619)," Wikisource Accessed 25 Jan 2023
- ↑ Laughton, John & Lee, Syndney. "Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ralegh, Walter (1552?-1618)," Wikisource Accessed 25 Jan 2023
- ↑ "Gunpower Plot" Oxford Reference Accessed 26 Jan 2023
- ↑ The National Archives. “Law for Recusants.” The National Archives Accessed 26 Jan 2023
- ↑ King James VI & I. The Workes Of The Most High And Mightie Prince, Iames, By The Grace Of God, King Of Great Britaine, France And Ireland, Defender Of The Faith. 1616. Archive.org Accessed 27 Jan 2023
- ↑ James I, King of England, edited by Charles Howard McIlwain. The Political Works of James I. 1918. Archives.org Accessed 27 Jan 2023
- ↑ “The Online Books Page.” King of England James I (James I, King of England, 1566-1625) |The Online Books Page Accessed 27 Jan 2023
- ↑ Hunt, Arnold. The Times. 400 years of the King James Bible The Times Accessed 21 Jan 2023
- ↑ The Authorized King James Bible, 1611 Archive.org Accessed 27 Jan 2023
- ↑ Ward, Adolphus. "Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Anne of Denmark," Wikisource 21 Jan 2023
- ↑ Stow, John. Annales, or, a generall chronicle of England. 1631. p. 1036 Archive.org 21 Jan 2023
- ↑ Croft, J. King James. Hamshire. 2003 pp. 127-128 Archive.org Accessed 26 Jan 2023
- ↑ Stow, John. Annales, or, a generall chronicle of England. 1631. p. 1041 Archive.org Accessed 21 Jan 2023
- ↑ “James I and Anne of Denmark.” Westminster Abbey. westminster-abbey.com Accessed 27 Jan 2023
See Also:
- Wikipedia contributors, "James VI and I," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Wikipedia Accessed 26 Jan 2023
- Wikipedia contributors, "Raid of Ruthven," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Wikipedia Accessed 8 Jan 2023
- Cokayne, et al. The complete peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom : extant, extinct, or dormant London, 1910. pp. 82-83 Archives.org Accessed 22 Jun 2018
- James I (1566-1625) on Find A Grave: Memorial #1974 retrieved 22 June 2018
- "King James Version," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, (accessed December 6, 2021).
- Wikipedia contributors, "Bye Plot," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Wikipedia Accessed 25 Jan 2023
- Wikipedia contributors, "Main Plot," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Wikipedia Accessed 25 Jan 2023
- Wikipedia contributors, "Gunpowder Plot," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Wikipedia Accessed 26 Jan 2023
- Wikipedia contributors, "North Berwick witch trials," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Wikipedia Accessed 28 Jan 2023
- Wikipedia contributors, "Daemonologie," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Wikipedia Accessed 28 Jan 2023
