Therapists in San Jose, CA

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Photo of Jason McClure, Counselor
Jason McClure
Counselor
Online Only
With over 5 years of therapeutic experience; I have experience fostering positive transformation. I tailor my approach to meet the unique needs of each client. Utilizing evidence-based techniques and cognitive- behavioral strategies; I've successfully guided clients and couples through challenges such as anxiety; depression; and life transitions. Together; we'll explore your strengths and work towards achieving your goals; fostering resilience; and positive change. Join me on this transformative journey towards personal growth and fulfillment.
With over 5 years of therapeutic experience; I have experience fostering positive transformation. I tailor my approach to meet the unique needs of each client. Utilizing evidence-based techniques and cognitive- behavioral strategies; I've successfully guided clients and couples through challenges such as anxiety; depression; and life transitions. Together; we'll explore your strengths and work towards achieving your goals; fostering resilience; and positive change. Join me on this transformative journey towards personal growth and fulfillment.
Photo of Nicole C. Vanderhoof, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, LPCC
Nicole C. Vanderhoof
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, LPCC
1 Endorsed
San Jose, CA 95125
Welcome- the therapeutic relationship is so important in feeling safe, supported and motivated in your work. We work as a team to help you feel better about yourself and your life. With a calm, genuine, approachable nature, I offer an experience where individuals feel supported and encouraged in growth. I specialize in anxiety- panic, stress, perfectionism/high expectations, OCD, anxious-avoidance and procrastination, depression, self-esteem, and work/life balance. We tailor treatment to you, balancing exploration of foundational pieces & core beliefs/challenges w/ real time coping supports. I also supervise associates in the field.
Welcome- the therapeutic relationship is so important in feeling safe, supported and motivated in your work. We work as a team to help you feel better about yourself and your life. With a calm, genuine, approachable nature, I offer an experience where individuals feel supported and encouraged in growth. I specialize in anxiety- panic, stress, perfectionism/high expectations, OCD, anxious-avoidance and procrastination, depression, self-esteem, and work/life balance. We tailor treatment to you, balancing exploration of foundational pieces & core beliefs/challenges w/ real time coping supports. I also supervise associates in the field.
(408) 692-1114 View (408) 692-1114
Photo of Elizabeth Collison, Psychologist, PhD
Elizabeth Collison
Psychologist, PhD
Online Only
Accepting new clients. Elizabeth is a licensed psychologist who provides a warm, person-centered approach while delivering high-quality, evidence-based psychotherapy. She specializes in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and integrates principles from Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT). Elizabeth works with adults experiencing depression, anxiety, trauma, major life transitions, and chronic stress, with a collaborative style that emphasizes shared decision-making and individualized care.
Accepting new clients. Elizabeth is a licensed psychologist who provides a warm, person-centered approach while delivering high-quality, evidence-based psychotherapy. She specializes in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and integrates principles from Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT). Elizabeth works with adults experiencing depression, anxiety, trauma, major life transitions, and chronic stress, with a collaborative style that emphasizes shared decision-making and individualized care.
(323) 601-0029 View (323) 601-0029
Photo of Kiran Dave, Pre-Licensed Professional, M.A., AMFT
Kiran Dave
Pre-Licensed Professional, M.A., AMFT
4 Endorsed
Online Only
You may look like you're holding it together on the outside, while inside feeling overwhelmed, disconnected, or unsure of what comes next. You may be navigating anxiety, depression, grief, or a life transition that's left you feeling lost. Couples and families may feel stuck in painful patterns or struggling to reconnect after betrayal or conflict. Veterans may be carrying invisible weight from service. You may also be working through sex or pornography addiction and the pain it's brought into your relationships. You deserve a space that feels safe, culturally responsive, and grounded, where you can slow down and feel heard.
You may look like you're holding it together on the outside, while inside feeling overwhelmed, disconnected, or unsure of what comes next. You may be navigating anxiety, depression, grief, or a life transition that's left you feeling lost. Couples and families may feel stuck in painful patterns or struggling to reconnect after betrayal or conflict. Veterans may be carrying invisible weight from service. You may also be working through sex or pornography addiction and the pain it's brought into your relationships. You deserve a space that feels safe, culturally responsive, and grounded, where you can slow down and feel heard.
(714) 924-3218 View (714) 924-3218
Photo of Yukiko Hishiya, Marriage & Family Therapist, PsyD, LMFT
Yukiko Hishiya
Marriage & Family Therapist, PsyD, LMFT
3 Endorsed
San Jose, CA 95128
Do you feel stressed or stuck? Do you wish things were different? You can utilize therapy to build alternative ways to cope with life problems and live your life fully.
Do you feel stressed or stuck? Do you wish things were different? You can utilize therapy to build alternative ways to cope with life problems and live your life fully.
(408) 707-3338 View (408) 707-3338
Photo of Jena Montenegro, Marriage & Family Therapist, MS
Jena Montenegro
Marriage & Family Therapist, MS
1 Endorsed
Online Only
Life is hard on a good day, then we have trauma. Depression, anxiety, avoidance, hopelessness, despair, isolation..there are a million different ways people respond to trauma; The way you respond to trauma is unique to you. You've already come so far in this process which shows how resilient, brave, courageous, and determined you are. Let us know what is and isn't working for you, and we can help you build a life that is full of the hope, joy, and freedom you were always promised. Let's identify how you got here and make sure you don't end up here again.
Life is hard on a good day, then we have trauma. Depression, anxiety, avoidance, hopelessness, despair, isolation..there are a million different ways people respond to trauma; The way you respond to trauma is unique to you. You've already come so far in this process which shows how resilient, brave, courageous, and determined you are. Let us know what is and isn't working for you, and we can help you build a life that is full of the hope, joy, and freedom you were always promised. Let's identify how you got here and make sure you don't end up here again.
(408) 676-3112 View (408) 676-3112
Photo of Isaac Gutierrez, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Isaac Gutierrez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
San Jose, CA 95126
Hello! Thank you for taking a look at my profile. My name is Isaac Gutierrez, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, and I specialize in substance abuse treatment. Along with substances, I have worked with youth using creative art therapy, and couples trying to improve their relationship. When seeing me for therapy, my main approach is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. This approach is narrowed down when I get to know you as an individual. Together we will find an approach that works for you and your situation.
Hello! Thank you for taking a look at my profile. My name is Isaac Gutierrez, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, and I specialize in substance abuse treatment. Along with substances, I have worked with youth using creative art therapy, and couples trying to improve their relationship. When seeing me for therapy, my main approach is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. This approach is narrowed down when I get to know you as an individual. Together we will find an approach that works for you and your situation.
(747) 850-6396 View (747) 850-6396
Photo of Bonnie Kendall, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Bonnie Kendall
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
When everything falls apart, you are not alone. With over two decades of experience, I offer evidence-based therapy that combines compassion with practical solutions. My comprehensive background in mental health, including experience in counseling education and crisis management, provides me with a deep understanding of how to support clients through both everyday challenges and significant life changes. I provide convenient and secure telehealth services, making quality mental health care accessible while maintaining the personal connection that is essential for effective therapy.
When everything falls apart, you are not alone. With over two decades of experience, I offer evidence-based therapy that combines compassion with practical solutions. My comprehensive background in mental health, including experience in counseling education and crisis management, provides me with a deep understanding of how to support clients through both everyday challenges and significant life changes. I provide convenient and secure telehealth services, making quality mental health care accessible while maintaining the personal connection that is essential for effective therapy.
(408) 809-3619 View (408) 809-3619
Photo of Lesa M Pascali, Marriage & Family Therapist, Lesa Pascali, MFT
Lesa M Pascali
Marriage & Family Therapist, Lesa Pascali, MFT
Online Only
Welcome! I’m Lesa Pascali and I am committed to connecting with individuals, couples and families through individualized therapy and to helping them to discover/rediscover the harmony, meaning and wellness within their lives. After 23 years in law enforcement and 18 years doing therapy, I have dealt with a variety of situations. I’ve worked with individuals, couples and families, veterans, ex-offenders, children, teens and neurologically imbalanced individuals. I use a variety of therapies including RLT therapy, CBT & Solution Focused therapy and am a Certified Relational Life couples therapist.
Welcome! I’m Lesa Pascali and I am committed to connecting with individuals, couples and families through individualized therapy and to helping them to discover/rediscover the harmony, meaning and wellness within their lives. After 23 years in law enforcement and 18 years doing therapy, I have dealt with a variety of situations. I’ve worked with individuals, couples and families, veterans, ex-offenders, children, teens and neurologically imbalanced individuals. I use a variety of therapies including RLT therapy, CBT & Solution Focused therapy and am a Certified Relational Life couples therapist.
(408) 715-3046 View (408) 715-3046
Photo of Lori Guidinglight, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Lori Guidinglight
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
Passionate Professional Licensed Clinical Social Worker who provides therapy via remote to Individual Adults Ages 18 and up to help make the world a mentally healthier -one client at a time. Each client is unique, and I meet you where you are in the moment. I work with from a Strengths Based perspective integrating Body, Mind, and Spirit. I use aspects of several empirical based modalities such as Mindfulness Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (MBCBT), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) and more. Additionally, I am Polyvagal Informed.
Passionate Professional Licensed Clinical Social Worker who provides therapy via remote to Individual Adults Ages 18 and up to help make the world a mentally healthier -one client at a time. Each client is unique, and I meet you where you are in the moment. I work with from a Strengths Based perspective integrating Body, Mind, and Spirit. I use aspects of several empirical based modalities such as Mindfulness Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (MBCBT), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) and more. Additionally, I am Polyvagal Informed.
(661) 320-8629 View (661) 320-8629
Photo of Therese Frey, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, MAC
Therese Frey
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT, MAC
San Jose, CA 95129
Are you relying on unhealthy habits to cope with stress, anxiety, depression or life's challenges? Is it time to make some changes in your life but you feel stuck and don't know where to begin? Are you tired of feeling lonely, empty, sad or misunderstood? Do you struggle with allowing yourself to feel vulnerable with others? Does a healthy work-life balance seem impossible for you? If any of these questions ring true for you, some support might be just what you need.
Are you relying on unhealthy habits to cope with stress, anxiety, depression or life's challenges? Is it time to make some changes in your life but you feel stuck and don't know where to begin? Are you tired of feeling lonely, empty, sad or misunderstood? Do you struggle with allowing yourself to feel vulnerable with others? Does a healthy work-life balance seem impossible for you? If any of these questions ring true for you, some support might be just what you need.
(408) 242-8743 View (408) 242-8743
Photo of Mary Lightholder - The Lightholder Counseling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
The Lightholder Counseling
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
Online Only
If you've quietly wondered if you're too broken to feel better, you're not—and you don't have to keep carrying this alone. If you've struggled to find a therapist who really gets it, TLC may be the fit you've been looking for. I work with people who feel overwhelmed, anxious, or like they've been "too much" for the people around them—people who feel unseen or misunderstood. My approach is warm, unhurried, and built around you—not a method or a checklist. You don't need to be fixed. You need space to finally be heard.
If you've quietly wondered if you're too broken to feel better, you're not—and you don't have to keep carrying this alone. If you've struggled to find a therapist who really gets it, TLC may be the fit you've been looking for. I work with people who feel overwhelmed, anxious, or like they've been "too much" for the people around them—people who feel unseen or misunderstood. My approach is warm, unhurried, and built around you—not a method or a checklist. You don't need to be fixed. You need space to finally be heard.
(669) 758-2705 View (669) 758-2705
Photo of Dr. Rob Grellman, Marriage & Family Therapist, PsyD, LMFT
Dr. Rob Grellman
Marriage & Family Therapist, PsyD, LMFT
2 Endorsed
San Jose, CA 95124
My experience in mental health began in 1981 as a residential therapist with youth in group homes and since then I have worked extensively with youth, families, couples, individual men and women - I have worked extensively around issues of emotional dis-regulation, family dysfunction, addictions of various sorts, depression, anxiety, eating disorders, codependency, and some dissociative disorders as well - I consider treatment very paradoxical, I believe it is important how to gain Freedom from has had Harmful Affect & Control over one's life and Learn how to Live Realistically and yet with Meaning & Purpose !!
My experience in mental health began in 1981 as a residential therapist with youth in group homes and since then I have worked extensively with youth, families, couples, individual men and women - I have worked extensively around issues of emotional dis-regulation, family dysfunction, addictions of various sorts, depression, anxiety, eating disorders, codependency, and some dissociative disorders as well - I consider treatment very paradoxical, I believe it is important how to gain Freedom from has had Harmful Affect & Control over one's life and Learn how to Live Realistically and yet with Meaning & Purpose !!
(408) 214-8227 View (408) 214-8227
Photo of Caroline Jansson, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
Caroline Jansson
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW, MSW
1 Endorsed
Online Only
If you are living with anxiety, trauma symptoms, or ruminating obsessive thoughts, it can feel exhausting - leaving you feeling stuck in cycles difficult to break. For individuals, the impact can ripple into work, relationships, and home life. And parents of sensitive or behaviorally challenged children can notice overwhelm both for themselves and the family system as a whole. My goal is to make our work together feel like more than just an appointment; it can be a safe space to learn, grow, and breathe out. I work collaboratively, blending compassion with practical strategies to navigate both individual and relational challenges.
If you are living with anxiety, trauma symptoms, or ruminating obsessive thoughts, it can feel exhausting - leaving you feeling stuck in cycles difficult to break. For individuals, the impact can ripple into work, relationships, and home life. And parents of sensitive or behaviorally challenged children can notice overwhelm both for themselves and the family system as a whole. My goal is to make our work together feel like more than just an appointment; it can be a safe space to learn, grow, and breathe out. I work collaboratively, blending compassion with practical strategies to navigate both individual and relational challenges.
(669) 345-7899 View (669) 345-7899
Photo of Elisabeth Subega - Elisabeth Subega - Child Therapist, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Elisabeth Subega - Child Therapist
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
3 Endorsed
San Jose, CA 95126
I’m a child therapist in San Jose specializing in child-centered play therapy, an evidence-based, developmentally appropriate approach that helps children ages 3 through 10 express emotions and process experiences in a safe, effective, fun way. My playroom is intentionally designed with carefully selected toys and diverse art and expressive materials, allowing children to work through challenges. Through this process, they develop emotional insight, stronger self-regulation, confidence, and lasting resilience. I'm also a fully qualified clinical supervisor and writer on a variety of topics in psychology.
I’m a child therapist in San Jose specializing in child-centered play therapy, an evidence-based, developmentally appropriate approach that helps children ages 3 through 10 express emotions and process experiences in a safe, effective, fun way. My playroom is intentionally designed with carefully selected toys and diverse art and expressive materials, allowing children to work through challenges. Through this process, they develop emotional insight, stronger self-regulation, confidence, and lasting resilience. I'm also a fully qualified clinical supervisor and writer on a variety of topics in psychology.
(650) 663-3157 View (650) 663-3157
Photo of Kate Henderson Bartenhagen, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Kate Henderson Bartenhagen
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Online Only
My approach to mental health is collaborative and includes a strong belief that people strive towards wellness and have within them the capacity to heal and grow. I see individuals, couples, and families age 18 and up. I treat couples, sex/infidelity, substance use/abuse, mood disorders, grief and loss, silicon valley stress, life struggles.
My approach to mental health is collaborative and includes a strong belief that people strive towards wellness and have within them the capacity to heal and grow. I see individuals, couples, and families age 18 and up. I treat couples, sex/infidelity, substance use/abuse, mood disorders, grief and loss, silicon valley stress, life struggles.
(408) 840-4106 View (408) 840-4106
Photo of Nina McDaniel, Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC
Nina McDaniel
Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor, LCPC
San Jose, CA 95130
Hi there, I'm Nina! I help smart, curious, and quirky people who feel stuck in the areas of communication, the practical aspects of life, or just being themselves. Fear of being known in your uniqueness should not distract from your counseling experience. I am affirming of: neurodiversity, queerness, polyamory, kink, relationship anarchy, non-traditional family units, and intentional community.
Hi there, I'm Nina! I help smart, curious, and quirky people who feel stuck in the areas of communication, the practical aspects of life, or just being themselves. Fear of being known in your uniqueness should not distract from your counseling experience. I am affirming of: neurodiversity, queerness, polyamory, kink, relationship anarchy, non-traditional family units, and intentional community.
(669) 315-6147 View (669) 315-6147
Photo of Madison Simmons, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Madison Simmons
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
1 Endorsed
San Jose, CA 95125
If you often walk away from interactions thinking, “Was that my fault?” or “Why does this always happen?”—you’re not alone. I work with teens, college students, and young professionals who feel stuck in complicated friendships or family dynamics that leave them drained and doubting themselves. Together, we’ll unpack what’s really going on—whether it’s sibling tension, emotionally unpredictable parents, or toxic relationship patterns. I help clients understand personality traits and behaviors so they can stop internalizing blame and find clarity and confidence again. My approach is casual, honest, and infused with humor.
If you often walk away from interactions thinking, “Was that my fault?” or “Why does this always happen?”—you’re not alone. I work with teens, college students, and young professionals who feel stuck in complicated friendships or family dynamics that leave them drained and doubting themselves. Together, we’ll unpack what’s really going on—whether it’s sibling tension, emotionally unpredictable parents, or toxic relationship patterns. I help clients understand personality traits and behaviors so they can stop internalizing blame and find clarity and confidence again. My approach is casual, honest, and infused with humor.
(408) 542-0427 View (408) 542-0427
Photo of Jessica O'Connor, Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
Jessica O'Connor
Marriage & Family Therapist, MA, LMFT
San Jose, CA 95128
Are you a parent? Are you worried about your child? I focus on working with infants, children, parents, and families. Using a strength-based, solution-focused approach, I offer support with challenges at school and home. By working through life's everyday ups and downs, it is possible for everyone to feel good about being themselves. I believe home and school can be happy places. One of my passions is supporting children and families in having more good days. If you are looking for compassionate therapy for you and/or your child, I am here to be helpful.
Are you a parent? Are you worried about your child? I focus on working with infants, children, parents, and families. Using a strength-based, solution-focused approach, I offer support with challenges at school and home. By working through life's everyday ups and downs, it is possible for everyone to feel good about being themselves. I believe home and school can be happy places. One of my passions is supporting children and families in having more good days. If you are looking for compassionate therapy for you and/or your child, I am here to be helpful.
(669) 238-3726 View (669) 238-3726
Photo of Trisha Leilani Graves, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW , PPSC
Trisha Leilani Graves
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW , PPSC
1 Endorsed
Online Only
I offer support to teens and young adults who feel stuck and need to openly talk to someone who is nonjudgmental. These years can be difficult and I want to offer coping skills and new ideas on how to manage the challenges you may face. I am currently only offering teletherapy (online).
I offer support to teens and young adults who feel stuck and need to openly talk to someone who is nonjudgmental. These years can be difficult and I want to offer coping skills and new ideas on how to manage the challenges you may face. I am currently only offering teletherapy (online).
(408) 355-9236 View (408) 355-9236

See more therapy options for San Jose

How does your Therapist compare?

Number of Therapists in San Jose, CA

2,000+

Average cost per session

$185

Therapists in San Jose, CA who prioritize treating:

91% Anxiety
85% Depression
72% Relationship Issues
72% Self Esteem
69% Stress
66% Trauma and PTSD
64% Life Transitions

Average years in practice

12 Years

Top 3 insurances accepted

88% Aetna
72% Cigna and Evernorth
60% Optum

How Therapists in San Jose, CA see their clients

55% Online Only
45% In Person and Online

Gender breakdown

81% Female
18% Male
1% Non-Binary
FAQs - About Therapy and Counseling

How can I find a therapist in San Jose?

Search for nearby therapists or counselors by inputting your city, town, or suburb; or zip code; or a provider’s name into the search bar. From there, you can filter providers by the issues they treat, cost, insurance, gender, and other factors to find providers who are well-suited to your needs. To navigate between locations within the same country, enter a new city or zip code into the search bar.

Learn more about how to find a therapist

Is everyone in the Psychology Today Therapy Directory a licensed therapist?

The Psychology Today directory lists providers who offer legitimate mental health services to the public, including psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors.

Many have been licensed by the country or state where they practice; providers whose license or primary credential has been verified by Psychology Today are signified by a “Verified” symbol. Some clinicians or organizations provide services for which their state or country does not offer licenses, such as pastoral counseling. They may be selectively included without the “Verified” seal.

What’s the difference between a psychologist, a therapist, and a counselor?

Therapists, psychologists, and counselors are all licensed mental health professionals. In the US, psychologists have earned a doctoral degree. The terms “therapist” and “counselor” are used somewhat interchangeably, but generally therapists offer longer-term, mental health care, while counselors offer shorter-term care that may focus on one domain, such as marriage, career, or academic challenges.

Clients should consider factors such as insurance coverage and their primary reason(s) for seeking therapy to determine the type of professional best suited to their needs. Someone struggling with mental health challenges such as depression or anxiety, for example, may wish to seek out a clinical psychologist or therapist, while someone navigating career obstacles or marital upheaval may benefit from seeing a counselor who can offer short-term, targeted support.

What type of therapy is right for me?

The type of therapy best suited to a particular individual depends on several factors, including their primary reason for seeking therapy, their preferred timeline (some therapy types last for a set number of sessions, while others are open-ended), and their personality and preferences—some may prefer a more structured approach. For many individuals, multiple types of therapy could provide a good fit.

How much does therapy cost?

The cost of therapy depends on a number of variables, including location and the therapist’s experience and training. On average, a therapy session in the United States could cost between $100 and $200 or more. If you have insurance, the expense of mental health care is typically lower, but it varies based on your insurance plan details and whether you choose an in-network or out-of-network mental healthcare provider.

What are more affordable or low cost therapy solutions?

Many therapists offer sliding scale payments, usually on a limited number of slots, which consists in an agreement between the therapist and a client to pay a reduced rate. Therapists who provide such arrangements often consider the client's income or ability to pay, but the extent of the discount is ultimately at the therapist's discretion. Furthermore, while group therapy may have different goals and benefits compared to individual therapy, it can be a more affordable solution to address certain types of issues.

Is online therapy cheaper than in-person therapy?

Many therapists charge the same amount for online therapy as they do for in-person therapy—though clients may still find this cost-effective if it cuts down on their transportation costs. Health insurance plans often offer equivalent coverage for online and in-person therapy; indeed, in many places, they are legally required to do so. Text-based or on-demand therapy apps may be cheaper than traditional one-on-one psychotherapy; however, the practice may be less effective and is not likely to be covered by insurance.

Is online therapy a good option?

Therapy conducted online can be just as effective as in-person therapy, as long as there is a strong alliance between the client and the therapist. To find a therapist who provides telehealth services to clients in your area, click “Online Therapy” on the directory homepage and search by your city or town or your zip code.

Are therapy sessions confidential?

Confidentiality is a crucial part of the therapeutic relationship. Therapists in the United States are bound by the regulations set out by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), which aims to protect sensitive health information. With very few exceptions, a therapist will only discuss their client with others when the client has given their written permission. The instances in which a therapist would be required to disclose personal information are: if a client poses a danger to themselves or others, if the therapist suspects the abuse of a child or an elderly or otherwise dependent adult, or if they are legally forced to by court order. These exceptions to the confidentiality agreement are usually discussed with a client before their first session.