Contact

Contact us

The fastest way to find answers to questions about our journals and submissions is usually to search in our support portal.

You can track the progress of your submission in the 'Your research' section of your Springer Nature account.

If you cannot find the answer you need in our support portal or your Springer Nature account, you can request support.

For press enquiries, please contact the press office.

Submissions

Manuscripts should be submitted through our online submission system. For more information, please see our step-by-step guides to manuscript preparation and submission. We will acknowledge receipt of your submitted manuscript by e-mail. Please do not send complete manuscripts by e-mail.

Notes for reviewers

Please return your referee comments to the URL included in the referee instruction letter which was sent to you after you agreed to review the manuscript.

Reprints
Advertising & sponsorship
Press office

Chief Editor: Rafal Marszalek, PhD
Deputy Editor: Junting Chen, PhD
Deputy Editor: Elizabeth Mann, PhD
Deputy Editor: Sweta Naik, PhD
Deputy Editor: Eve Rooks, PhD
Deputy Editor: Akila Sridhar, PhD
Deputy Editor: Madushi Wanaguru, PhD
Senior Editor: Will Bultitude, PhD
Senior Editor: Silvia Butera, PhD
Senior Editor: Mrigyanka Chakravarty, PhD
Senior Editor: Sumedha Kondekar, PhD
Senior Editor: João Leite, PhD
Senior Editor: Betty Mousikou, PhD
Senior Editor: Claire Potter, PhD
Senior Editor: Thomas Tischer, PhD
Senior Editor: Snigdha Tiwari, PhD
Senior Editor: Rachel Toth, PhD
Senior Editor: Inês Trindade, PhD
Senior Editor: Chenyu Wang, PhD
Associate Editor: Vandana Agarwal, PhD
Associate Editor: Anmol Bhatia, PhD
Associate Editor: Satej Bhushan, PhD
Associate Editor: Shelby Bollen, PhD
Associate Editor: Shital Bonde, PhD
Associate Editor: Madhumita Chakladar, PhD
Associate Editor: Avinash Deore, PhD
Associate Editor: Shreyas Deshpande, PhD
Associate Editor: Praveen M Dhulavvagol, PhD
Associate Editor: Githa Ann George, PhD
Associate Editor: Robbie Girling, PhD
Associate Editor: Alakananda Karthick, PhD
Associate Editor: Mahesh Khot, PhD
Associate Editor: Pallavi Kulkarni, PhD
Associate Editor: Supriya Lokhande, PhD
Associate Editor: Jessica Mengqian Luo, PhD
Associate Editor: Sneha Maheshwari, PhD
Associate Editor: Vijay Malesu, PhD
Associate Editor: Pradyumna Paranjape, PhD
Associate Editor: Rucha Paranjape, PhD
Associate Editor: Eshita Paul, PhD
Associate Editor: Radhika Pophali, PhD
Associate Editor: Lin Qian, PhD
Associate Editor: Bin Qu, PhD
Associate Editor: Joyce Rafferty, PhD
Associate Editor: Dhanashree Swami, PhD
Associate Editor: Mahak Tiwari, PhD
Associate Editor: Junxia Wang, PhD
Associate Editor: Lingyi Xu, PhD
Associate Editor: Sagar Yadav, PhD
Senior Manager, Peer Review Management: Rajeev Shekhar
Assistant Manager, Peer Review Management: Janhavi Kodilkar
Assistant Manager, Peer Review Management: Swapnil Kundgar
Assistant Manager, Peer Review Management: Akshata Nayak
Assistant Manager, Peer Review Management: Shraddha Patre
Team Leader, Peer Review Management: Prajakta Deshmukh
Team Leader, Peer Review Management: Shivani Dhokne
Team Leader, Peer Review Management: Rasika Joshi
Team Leader, Peer Review Management: Kalyani Mandra
Team Leader, Peer Review Management: Kirti Sharma
Team Leader, Peer Review Management: Shivdutt Thakur
Trainer: Prashansa Shegaonkar
Trainer: Priyanka Shirke
Assistant Editor: Neha Agnihotri
Assistant Editor: Shruti Anand
Assistant Editor: Ameena Arbhavi
Assistant Editor: Shreya Arlikar
Assistant Editor: Sneha Autade
Assistant Editor: Deepika Baheti
Assistant Editor: Poonam Baraskar
Assistant Editor: Sushmita Batunge
Assistant Editor: Prasad Bhalerao
Assistant Editor: Shivkumar Bhandare
Assistant Editor: Divya Bhivare
Assistant Editor: Dhanashree Bhure
Assistant Editor: Trupti Bodas
Assistant Editor: Priyanka Chavan
Assistant Editor: Pooja Choudhari
Assistant Editor: Shivani Choudhary
Assistant Editor: Suresh Choudhary
Assistant Editor: Krutika Deshmukh
Assistant Editor: Sahil Deshpande
Assistant Editor: Sadanand Deshpande
Assistant Editor: Purva Dhamankar
Assistant Editor: Avinash Dhangar
Assistant Editor: Archana Dhengale
Assistant Editor: Sanskruti Fadatare
Assistant Editor: Pooja Gade
Assistant Editor: Abhijit Gadhave
Assistant Editor: Laveena Gajghate
Assistant Editor: Naveen Gangapure
Assistant Editor: Simran Gavhane
Assistant Editor: Ganesh Giram
Assistant Editor: Unnati Giri
Assistant Editor: Tanuja Gonte
Assistant Editor: Viraj Gujar
Assistant Editor: Radhika Gujar
Assistant Editor: Yogini Gujarathi, PhD
Assistant Editor: Meghana Gunaware
Assistant Editor: Gayatri Gurav
Assistant Editor: Poonam Hirandani
Assistant Editor: Rutika Hotkar
Assistant Editor: Shailja Hundekar
Assistant Editor: Ashwini Jadhao
Assistant Editor: Anuja Jadhav
Assistant Editor: Pooja Jadhav
Assistant Editor: Vidhya Jadhav
Assistant Editor: Rohan Jadhav
Assistant Editor: Shraddha Jadhav
Assistant Editor: Kiran Jain
Assistant Editor: Khyati Joshi
Assistant Editor: Rutuja Kalate
Assistant Editor: Aishwarya Kalate
Assistant Editor: Sayali Kamble
Assistant Editor: Neha Kamble
Assistant Editor: Tanvi Karne
Assistant Editor: Seema Kothawade
Assistant Editor: Revathy Krishnamurthy
Assistant Editor: Shreya Kulkarni
Assistant Editor: Shweta Kulkarni
Assistant Editor: Gautami Kulkarni
Assistant Editor: Aditi Kutwal
Assistant Editor: Saurabh Lade
Assistant Editor: Aiswwariya Lakshmi
Assistant Editor: Radhika Landage
Assistant Editor: Soniya Madur
Assistant Editor: Vaishnavi Mahale
Assistant Editor: Amruta Manekar
Assistant Editor: Diksha Maske
Assistant Editor: Anshuman Mishra
Assistant Editor: Nivedita Mishra
Assistant Editor: Abhijit Mondal
Assistant Editor: Shivani Monde
Assistant Editor: Grusha Narsian
Assistant Editor: Rupshikha Ojha
Assistant Editor: Shital Patil
Assistant Editor: Vaishnavi Patole
Assistant Editor: Tilottama Pawar
Assistant Editor: Akash Pawar
Assistant Editor: Jayashri Pawar
Assistant Editor: Aishwarya Pawaskar
Assistant Editor: Summaiya Peerzade
Assistant Editor: Vrushali Phalke
Assistant Editor: Sushil Pillay
Assistant Editor: Amruta Pimpalwadkar
Assistant Editor: Gajanan Poul
Assistant Editor: Kalyani Randive
Assistant Editor: Mrudgandha Rayrikar
Assistant Editor: Nithya Reddy
Assistant Editor: Dharmendra Sahani
Assistant Editor: Manjunath Salgaonkar
Assistant Editor: Dhiraj Salunke
Assistant Editor: Diksha Sanas
Assistant Editor: Prachi Sanas
Assistant Editor: Alankar Sapkal
Assistant Editor: Amrin Sayyed, PhD
Assistant Editor: Stefi Sebastian
Assistant Editor: Safiya Shabir
Assistant Editor: Aishwarya Shaha
Assistant Editor: Shivanjali Shahane
Assistant Editor: Saniya Shaikh
Assistant Editor: Preeti Sharma
Assistant Editor: Komal Shekatkar
Assistant Editor: Vidya Shinde
Assistant Editor: Diksha Shirke
Assistant Editor: Anjali Singh
Assistant Editor: Aakansha Sonawane
Assistant Editor: Dnyaneshwari Sonune
Assistant Editor: Mitali Suryawanshi
Assistant Editor: Nikhil Suryawanshi
Assistant Editor: Niyati Talekar
Assistant Editor: Bhakti Thakkar
Assistant Editor: Revati Thorat
Assistant Editor: Shubhangi Wadghule
Assistant Editor: Pranjal Waghmare
Marketing Manager: Samantha Zimbler
Senior Publishing Manager: Robbie Roe
Head of Publishing Strategy: Bastien Conan
Director, Publishing Strategy: Joe Bennett
Director, Peer Review Management: Prakash Telange
Publishing Director: Richard White, PhD
Editor-in-Chief, Nature Portfolio: Magdalena Skipper, PhD