Xenotime-(Y)
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Xenotime-(Y)
Formula:
Y(PO4)
May contain minor HREE, Ca, U, Th, Si, F and other elements.
Colour:
Yellowish brown, reddish, brown, light red, flesh-red, light green, gray, grayish-white, wine-yellow
Lustre:
Vitreous, Resinous
Hardness:
4 - 5
Specific Gravity:
4.4 - 5.1
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Member of:
Name:
Xenotime-(Y) was found by the Norwegian mineralogist Nils Otto Tank (1800-1864) and first described by the Swedish chemist Jøns Jacob Berzelius in 1824 as Phosphorsyrad Ytterjord from a granite pegmatite at Hidra, Flekkefjord, Norway. Later, Glocker (1831) introduced the name Ytterspath. The name xenotime was finally coined by the French mineralogist François Sulpice Beudant (1832) in his 2. edition of Traité élémentaire de Minéralogie. The name is from the Greek κενός = "vain" and τιμή = "honor," in allusion to the fact that the yttrium in it was first mistaken by Berzelius for a new element (Yttrium was discovered already in 1794). It was later renamed as xenotime-(Y), with a suffix, -(Y), in according to the "Levinson modifiers" (Levinson 1966).
Type Locality:
Isostructural with:
Xenotime Group. Chernovite-(Y)-Xenotime-(Y) Series. The P (or phosphate) analogue of chernovite-(Y) and wakefieldite-(Y).
The Y analogue of xenotime-(Yb) and xenotime-(Gd).
A recent find of As-rich xenotime-(Y), accompanied by wakefieldite-(Ce) - wakefieldite-(Y) solid solution, in a silicified Agathoxylon wood is described by Matisová et al. (2016).
An unusual, strongly fluorine-enriched xenotime-(Y), was described from the Madeira pluton, Pitinga, Brasil; it is thought to contain some PO3F anions in the structure (Bastos Neto et al., 2012).
Possibly crystallochemically related to schiavinatoite / béhierite (Nb,Ta)BO4 (Ondrejka et al., 2022).
The Y analogue of xenotime-(Yb) and xenotime-(Gd).
A recent find of As-rich xenotime-(Y), accompanied by wakefieldite-(Ce) - wakefieldite-(Y) solid solution, in a silicified Agathoxylon wood is described by Matisová et al. (2016).
An unusual, strongly fluorine-enriched xenotime-(Y), was described from the Madeira pluton, Pitinga, Brasil; it is thought to contain some PO3F anions in the structure (Bastos Neto et al., 2012).
Possibly crystallochemically related to schiavinatoite / béhierite (Nb,Ta)BO4 (Ondrejka et al., 2022).
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
4333
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:4333:1
Similar Names
| Xenotime | A synonym | |
| Xenotime-(Gd) | A valid IMA mineral species | Gd(PO4) |
| Xenotime-(Yb) | A valid IMA mineral species | Yb(PO4) |
IMA Classification of Xenotime-(Y)
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA status notes:
Renamed by the IMA
Approval history:
Renamed by IMA in 1987 by special procedure.
Classification of Xenotime-(Y)
8.AD.35
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
A : Phosphates, etc. without additional anions, without H2O
D : With only large cations
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
A : Phosphates, etc. without additional anions, without H2O
D : With only large cations
Dana 7th ed.:
38.4.9.1
19.9.1
19 : Phosphates
9 : Phosphates of rare earths and Sc
19 : Phosphates
9 : Phosphates of rare earths and Sc
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Xtm-Y | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Xtm | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
| Xtm | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Xnt | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Pronunciation of Xenotime-(Y)
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Xenotime-(Y)
Vitreous, Resinous
Transparency:
Translucent, Opaque
Colour:
Yellowish brown, reddish, brown, light red, flesh-red, light green, gray, grayish-white, wine-yellow
Comment:
Colourless to very light yellowish green, yellow or yellowish brown in transmitted light
Streak:
Pale brown, yellowish or reddish, white
Hardness:
4 - 5 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Imperfect/Fair
On {100}, complete (good - according to the Handbook of Mineralogy)
On {100}, complete (good - according to the Handbook of Mineralogy)
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Splintery
Density:
4.4 - 5.1 g/cm3 (Measured) 4.277 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Xenotime-(Y)
Type:
Uniaxial (+)
RI values:
nω = 1.72 nε = 1.816 - 1.827
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.096 - 0.107
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
Dichroic:
O = Pink, yellow, or yellowish brown
E = Brownish yellow, grayish brown, or greenish
O = Pink, yellow, or yellowish brown
E = Brownish yellow, grayish brown, or greenish
Chemistry of Xenotime-(Y)
Mindat Formula:
Y(PO4)
May contain minor HREE, Ca, U, Th, Si, F and other elements.
May contain minor HREE, Ca, U, Th, Si, F and other elements.
Elements listed:
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
| 1 | |
|---|---|
| P2O5 | 34.37 % |
| SiO2 | 0.31 % |
| Nd2O3 | 0.17 % |
| Sm2O3 | 0.49 % |
| Eu2O3 | 0.07 % |
| Gd2O3 | 2.69 % |
| Tb2O3 | 0.58 % |
| Dy2O3 | 4.93 % |
| Ho2O3 | 1.27 % |
| Er2O3 | 4.05 % |
| Tm2O3 | 0.70 % |
| Yb2O3 | 4.36 % |
| Lu2O3 | 0.87 % |
| Y2O3 | 46.49 % |
| Total: | 101.35 % |
Sample references:
| ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Gloserheia, Froland, Agder, Norway | By electron microprobe, average of 8 analyses |
Crystallography of Xenotime-(Y)
Crystal System:
Tetragonal
Class (H-M):
4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) - Ditetragonal Dipyramidal
Space Group:
I41/amd
Setting:
I41/amd
Cell Parameters:
a = 6.884-6.902(4) Å, c = 6.021-6.038(8) Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 0.875
Unit Cell V:
285.33 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals short to long prismatic [001], wiht {010} and {110} faces; also equant, pyramidal {011}; as crude radial aggregates comprised of coarse crystals; in rosettes; crystals up to 5 cm are reported
Twinning:
On {111}, rare.
Crystallographic forms of Xenotime-(Y)
Crystal Atlas:
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Xenotime no.2 - {100} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Xenotime no.8 - {100} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0012654 | Xenotime-(Y) | Strada M, Schwendimann G (1934) La struttura cristallina di alcuni fosfati ed arseniati di metalli trivalenti. II. Arseniato e fosfato di ittrio Gazzetta Chimica Italiana 64 662-674 | 1934 | synthetic | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001706 | Xenotime-(Y) | Ni Y, Hughes J M, Mariano A N (1995) Crystal chemistry of the monazite and xenotime structures American Mineralogist 80 21-26 |  | 1995 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
Epitaxial Relationships of Xenotime-(Y)
Epitaxial Minerals:
| 'Zircon' | Zr(SiO4) |
Epitaxy Comments:
Parallel growth with zircon common.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.443 Å | (100) |
| 2.558 Å | (60) |
| 1.762 Å | (45) |
| 4.54 Å | (25) |
| 2.145 Å | (25) |
| 1.820 Å | (18) |
| 1.721 Å | (18) |
Comments:
similar to that of atelisite-(Y)
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 26 : Hadean detrital minerals | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 34 : Complex granite pegmatites | |
| 35 : Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks |
Geological Setting:
Minor accessory mineral in acidic and alkalic igneous rocks and pegmatites; in mica and quartz rich gneisses. Also as a detrital mineral.
Type Occurrence of Xenotime-(Y)
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Granite pegmatite
Synonyms of Xenotime-(Y)
Other Language Names for Xenotime-(Y)
Dutch:Xenotime-(Y)
Japanese:ゼノタイム
Russian:Ксенотим-(Y)
Simplified Chinese:磷钇矿
Swedish:Phosphorsyrad Ytterjord
Varieties of Xenotime-(Y)
Relationship of Xenotime-(Y) to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Xenotime Group:
| Anningite-(Ce) | (Ca0.5Ce4+0.5)(VO4) | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd |
| Chernovite-(Y) | Y(AsO4) | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd |
| Pretulite | Sc(PO4) | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd |
| Wakefieldite-(Ce) | Ce(VO4) | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd |
| Wakefieldite-(La) | La(VO4) | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd |
| Wakefieldite-(Nd) | Nd(VO4) | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd |
| Wakefieldite-(Y) | Y(VO4) | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd |
| Xenotime-(Gd) | Gd(PO4) | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd |
| Xenotime-(Yb) | Yb(PO4) | Tet. 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) : I41/amd |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 91 photos of Xenotime-(Y) associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 70 photos of Xenotime-(Y) associated with Rutile | TiO2 |
| 60 photos of Xenotime-(Y) associated with Zircon | Zr(SiO4) |
| 52 photos of Xenotime-(Y) associated with Monazite-(Ce) | Ce(PO4) |
| 21 photos of Xenotime-(Y) associated with Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| 21 photos of Xenotime-(Y) associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 17 photos of Xenotime-(Y) associated with Thorite | Th(SiO4) |
| 17 photos of Xenotime-(Y) associated with Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 17 photos of Xenotime-(Y) associated with Aegirine | NaFe3+Si2O6 |
| 16 photos of Xenotime-(Y) associated with Pyrochlore Group | A2Nb2(O,OH)6Z |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.AD. | 'Unnamed (Monoclinic polymorph of ximengite)' | Bi(PO4) |
| 8.AD. | Keplerite | Ca9(Ca0.5◻0.5)Mg(PO4)7 |
| 8.AD. | Mazorite | Ba3(PO4)2 |
| 8.AD. | Deynekoite | Ca9◻Fe3+(PO4)7 |
| 8.AD. | Monazite-(Gd) | Gd(PO4) |
| 8.AD.05 | Nahpoite | Na2(PO3OH) |
| 8.AD.10 | Weilite | Ca(HAsO4) |
| 8.AD.10 | Švenekite | Ca(H2AsO4)2 |
| 8.AD.10 | Monetite | Ca(PO3OH) |
| 8.AD.15 | Archerite | (K,NH4)(H2PO4) |
| 8.AD.15 | Biphosphammite | NH4(H2PO4) |
| 8.AD.20 | Phosphammite | (NH4)2(PO3OH) |
| 8.AD.25 | Buchwaldite | NaCa(PO4) |
| 8.AD.30 | Schultenite | Pb(HAsO4) |
| 8.AD.35 | Dreyerite | Bi(VO4) |
| 8.AD.35 | Wakefieldite-(La) | La(VO4) |
| 8.AD.35 | Anningite-(Ce) | (Ca0.5Ce4+0.5)(VO4) |
| 8.AD.35 | Pretulite | Sc(PO4) |
| 8.AD.35 | Wakefieldite-(Ce) | Ce(VO4) |
| 8.AD.35 | Wakefieldite-(Y) | Y(VO4) |
| 8.AD.35 | Xenotime-(Yb) | Yb(PO4) |
| 8.AD.35 | 'Chernovite-(Ce)' | (Ce,Y)(AsO4) |
| 8.AD.35 | Xenotime-(Gd) | Gd(PO4) |
| 8.AD.35 | Chernovite-(Y) | Y(AsO4) |
| 8.AD.35 | Wakefieldite-(Nd) | Nd(VO4) |
| 8.AD.40 | Pucherite | Bi(VO4) |
| 8.AD.45 | Ximengite | Bi(PO4) |
| 8.AD.50 | 'UM2005-35-VO:CaFePSiTh' | (Th,Ca)(VO4,SiO4,PO4) |
| 8.AD.50 | Rooseveltite | Bi(AsO4) |
| 8.AD.50 | Gasparite-(Ce) | Ce(AsO4) |
| 8.AD.50 | Monazite-(Sm) | Sm(PO4) |
| 8.AD.50 | Monazite-(Ce) | Ce(PO4) |
| 8.AD.50 | Monazite-(La) | La(PO4) |
| 8.AD.50 | Monazite-(Nd) | Nd(PO4) |
| 8.AD.50 | Gasparite-(La) | La(AsO4) |
| 8.AD.50 | Cheralite | CaTh(PO4)2 |
| 8.AD.55 | Tetrarooseveltite | Bi(AsO4) |
| 8.AD.60 | Chursinite | [Hg2]2+Hg2+2[AsO4]2 |
| 8.AD.65 | Clinobisvanite | Bi(VO4) |
| 8.AD.70 | Gurimite | Ba3(VO4)2 |
| 8.AD.75 | Picaite | NaCa[AsO3OH][AsO2(OH)2] |
Other Information
Magnetism:
Paramagnetic
Notes:
Very slightly attacked or impervious to acids, depending on the composition.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
An ore of yttrium.
Internet Links for Xenotime-(Y)
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-4333.html
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References for Xenotime-(Y)
Reference List:
Berzelius, J. (1824) Undersökning af några Mineralier. 1. Phosphorsyrad Ytterjord. Kungliga Svenska vetenskapsakademiens handlingar, S. 3 Vol. 12. Kungl. Svenska vetenskapsakademien. 334-228
Beudant, François-Sulpice (1832) Traité élémentaire de minéralogie. Deuxiéme Edition [Elementary Treatise on Mineralogy. Second Edition] (2nd ed.) Vol. 2 - Tome II [Volume II]. Chez Verdière. p.552
Gastil, R. G. (1954) An occurrence of authigenic xenotime. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 24 (4). 280-281 doi:10.2110/jsr.24.280
Milligan, W.O., Mullica, D.F., Beall, G.W., Boatner, L.A. (1982) Structural investigations of YPO4, ScPO4, and LuPO4. Inorganica Chimica Acta, 60. 39-43 doi:10.1016/s0020-1693(00)91148-4
Ni, Yunxiang, Hughes, John M., Mariano, Anthony N. (1995) Crystal chemistry of the monazite and xenotime structures. American Mineralogist, 80 (1) 21-26 doi:10.2138/am-1995-1-203
HEINRICH, W., REHS, G., FRANZ, G. (1997) Monazite-xenotime miscibility gap thermometry. I. An empirical calibration. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 15 (1) 3-16 doi:10.1111/j.1525-1314.1997.t01-1-00052.x
Masau, M., Černý, P., Chapman, R. (2000) Dysprosian xenotime-(Y) from the Annie Claim #3 granitic pegmatite, southeastern Manitoba, Canada; evidence of the tetrad effect? The Canadian Mineralogist, 38 (4). 899-905 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.38.4.899
Pyle, J. M. (2001) Monazite-xenotime-garnet equilibrium in metapelites and a new monazite-garnet thermometer. Journal of Petrology, 42 (11) 2083-2107 doi:10.1093/petrology/42.11.2083
Förster, H.-J. (2006) Composition and origin of intermediate solid solutions in the system thorite–xenotime–zircon–coffinite. Lithos, 88 (1) 35-55 doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2005.08.003
Hetherington, Callum J., Jercinovic, Michael J., Williams, Michael L., Mahan, Kevin (2008) Understanding geologic processes with xenotime: Composition, chronology, and a protocol for electron probe microanalysis. Chemical Geology, 254 (3) 133-147 doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.05.020
Talla, D., Beran, A., Skoda, R., Losos, Z. (2011) On the presence of OH defects in the zircon-type phosphate mineral xenotime, (Y,REE)PO4. American Mineralogist, 96 (11) 1799-1808 doi:10.2138/am.2011.3757
Bastos Neto, A. C.; Pereira, V. P.; Pires, A. C.; Barbanson, L.; Chauvet, A. (2012) Fluorine-Rich Xenotime from the World-Class Madeira Nb-Ta-Sn Deposit Associated with the Albite-Enriched Granite at Pitinga, Amazonia, Brazil. The Canadian Mineralogist, 50 (6). 1453-1466 doi:10.3749/canmin.50.6.1453
Rustad, J. R. (2012) Density functional calculations of the enthalpies of formation of rare-earth orthophosphates. American Mineralogist, 97 (5) 791-799 doi:10.2138/am.2012.3948
Lenz, Christoph, Nasdala, Lutz, Talla, Dominik, Hauzenberger, Christoph, Seitz, Roland, Kolitsch, Uwe (2015) Laser-induced REE3+ photoluminescence of selected accessory minerals — An “advantageous artefact” in Raman spectroscopy. Chemical Geology, 415. 1-16 doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2015.09.001
Chelgani, S. Chehreh, Rudolph, M., Leistner, T., Gutzmer, J., Peuker, Urs A. (2015) A review of rare earth minerals flotation: Monazite and xenotime. International Journal of Mining Science and Technology, 25 (6). 877-883 doi:10.1016/j.ijmst.2015.09.002
Matysová, Petra, Götze, Jens, Leichmann, Jaromír, Škoda, Radek, Strnad, Ladislav, Drahota, Petr, Grygar, Tomáš Matys (2016) Cathodoluminescence and LA-ICP-MS chemistry of silicified wood enclosing wakefieldite – REEs and V migration during complex diagenetic evolution. European Journal of Mineralogy, 28 (5) 869-887 doi:10.1127/ejm/2016/0028-2556
Anthony, John W., Bideaux, Richard A., Bladh, Kenneth W., Nichols, Monte C. - Eds. (2016) Handbook of Mineralogy. https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/
Turner, David J., Rivard, Benoit, Groat, Lee A. (2016) Visible and short-wave infrared reflectance spectroscopy of REE phosphate minerals. American Mineralogist, 101 (10) 2264-2278 doi:10.2138/am-2016-5692
Budzyń, Bartosz, Sláma, Jiří (2019) Partial resetting of U–Pb ages during experimental fluid-induced re-equilibration of xenotime. Lithos, 346. 105163 doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2019.105163
Ondrejka, Martin, Molnárová, Alexandra, Putiš, Marián, Bačík, Peter, Uher, Pavel, Voleková, Bronislava, Milovská, Stanislava, Mikuš, Tomáš, Pukančík, Libor (2022) Hellandite-(Y)–hingganite-(Y)–fluorapatite retrograde coronae: a novel type of fluid-induced dissolution–reprecipitation breakdown of xenotime-(Y) in the metagranites of Fabova Hoľa, Western Carpathians, Slovakia. Mineralogical Magazine, 86 (4) 586-605 doi:10.1180/mgm.2022.7
Localities for Xenotime-(Y)
Showing 1,218 localities.
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(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
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All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
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Rodetti, Meana di Susa, Metropolitan City of Turin, Piedmont, Italy