Valleriite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Valleriite
Johan G. Wallerius
Formula:
(Fe2+,Cu)4(Mg,Al)3S4(OH,O)6
Colour:
Dark gray-bronze-yellow
Lustre:
Metallic, Sub-Metallic
Hardness:
1 - 1½
Specific Gravity:
3.14
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Member of:
Name:
Named after Johan Gottschalk Wallerius (Vallerius) (11 July 1709, Närke, Sweden – 16 November 1785, Uppsala, Sweden), chemist and mineralogist at the University of Uppsala, Sweden. He was the first chair of chemistry, medicine, and pharmacy in 1750. He had numerous publications on chemical, mineralogical, and geological subjects.
See http://www.mindat.org/mesg-6-153088.html for discussion on origin of the name and the false attribution to Goran Wallerius (1683-1742), Swedish mining engineer.
See http://www.mindat.org/mesg-6-153088.html for discussion on origin of the name and the false attribution to Goran Wallerius (1683-1742), Swedish mining engineer.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
4136
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:4136:8
Similar Names
| Fullerite | C60 |
IMA Classification of Valleriite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
2[(Fe,Cu)S] · 1.53[(Mg,Al)(OH)2]
Classification of Valleriite
2.FD.30
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
F : Sulfides of arsenic, alkalies; sulfides with halide, oxide, hydroxide, H2O
D : With O, OH, H2O
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
F : Sulfides of arsenic, alkalies; sulfides with halide, oxide, hydroxide, H2O
D : With O, OH, H2O
2.14.1.1
2 : SULFIDES
14 : Hydroxysulfides and Hydrated Sulfides
2 : SULFIDES
14 : Hydroxysulfides and Hydrated Sulfides
4.7
4 : Oxysulphides
4 : Oxysulphides
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Val | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Val | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Valleriite
Metallic, Sub-Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Dark gray-bronze-yellow
Streak:
Black
Hardness:
1 - 1½ on Mohs scale
Comment:
Less than graphite
Cleavage:
Very Good
{0001}
{0001}
Density:
3.14 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.21 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Valleriite
Anisotropism:
Strong, golden yellow
Reflectivity:
| Wavelength | R1 (%) | R2 (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 400nm | 10.5% | 11.1% |
| 420nm | 10.8% | 11.3% |
| 440nm | 10.7% | 12.7% |
| 460nm | 10.6% | 14.2% |
| 480nm | 10.5% | 15.8% |
| 500nm | 10.5% | 17.3% |
| 520nm | 10.3% | 18.8% |
| 540nm | 10.3% | 20.1% |
| 560nm | 10.3% | 21.3% |
| 580nm | 10.2% | 22.4% |
| 600nm | 10.3% | 23.4% |
| 620nm | 10.3% | 24.4% |
| 640nm | 10.3% | 25.1% |
| 660nm | 10.4% | 25.8% |
| 680nm | 10.3% | 26.4% |
| 700nm | 10.3% | 26.9% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 26.9%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Pleochroism:
Strong
Comments:
Pale yellow to deep brown.
Chemistry of Valleriite
Mindat Formula:
(Fe2+,Cu)4(Mg,Al)3S4(OH,O)6
Element Weights:
Common Impurities:
Ni,Ca,K,Na,Si
Crystallography of Valleriite
Crystal System:
Trigonal
Cell Parameters:
a = 64.46 Å, c = 34.10 Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 0.529
Unit Cell V:
122,705.95 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
390
Comment:
Point Group: 3 2/m or 3m.; Space Group: R3m or R3m.
Crystal Structure
Load
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0018019 | Valleriite | Hiller J (1939) Zur Kristallstruktur des Valleriits _cod_database_code 1011125 Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 101 425-434 |  | 1939 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 11.39 Å | (100) |
| 5.71 Å | (100) |
| 3.27 Å | (60) |
| 3.80 Å | (50) |
| 3.23 Å | (50) |
| 2.846 Å | (50) |
| 1.885 Å | (50) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
| 13 : Hadean serpentinization | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] |
Type Occurrence of Valleriite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland, II–14152.
Other Language Names for Valleriite
Relationship of Valleriite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Valleriite Group:
| Ekplexite | (Nb,Mo,W)S2 · (Mg1-xAlx)(OH)2+x | Trig. |
| Ferrotochilinite | Fe2+6(Fe2+,Mg)5S6(OH)10 | Mon. |
| Ferrovalleriite | 2(Fe,Cu)S · 1.5Fe(OH)2 | Trig. |
| Haapalaite | (Fe2+,Ni)2(Mg,Fe2+)1.61S2(OH)3.22 | Hex. |
| Tochilinite | Fe2+5-6(Mg,Fe2+)5S6(OH)10 | Mon. |
| Yushkinite | (Mg,Al)V4+S2(OH)2 | Trig. 3m (3 2/m) : P3m1 |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 50 photos of Valleriite associated with Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 26 photos of Valleriite associated with Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| 24 photos of Valleriite associated with Bornite | Cu5FeS4 |
| 22 photos of Valleriite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 10 photos of Valleriite associated with Iowaite | Mg6Fe3+2(OH)16Cl2 · 4H2O |
| 7 photos of Valleriite associated with Sphalerite | ZnS |
| 6 photos of Valleriite associated with Vyalsovite | FeCaAlS(OH)5 |
| 6 photos of Valleriite associated with Chlorite Group | |
| 4 photos of Valleriite associated with Serpentine Subgroup | D3[Si2O5](OH)4 |
| 4 photos of Valleriite associated with Dypingite | Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2 · 5H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 2.FD. | Ferrovalleriite | 2(Fe,Cu)S · 1.5Fe(OH)2 |
| 2.FD.05 | Kermesite | Sb2S2O |
| 2.FD.10 | Viaeneite | (Fe,Pb)4S8O |
| 2.FD.20 | Erdite | NaFeS2 · 2H2O |
| 2.FD.25 | Coyoteite | NaFe3S5 · 2H2O |
| 2.FD.30 | Yushkinite | (Mg,Al)V4+S2(OH)2 |
| 2.FD.30 | Ekplexite | (Nb,Mo,W)S2 · (Mg1-xAlx)(OH)2+x |
| 2.FD.30 | Haapalaite | (Fe2+,Ni)2(Mg,Fe2+)1.61S2(OH)3.22 |
| 2.FD.35 | Kaskasite | (Mo,Nb)S2 · (Mg1-xAlx)(OH)2+x |
| 2.FD.35 | Manganokaskasite | (Mo,Nb)S2 · (Mn1-xAlx)(OH)2+x |
| 2.FD.35 | Tochilinite | Fe2+5-6(Mg,Fe2+)5S6(OH)10 |
| 2.FD.35 | Ferrotochilinite | Fe2+6(Fe2+,Mg)5S6(OH)10 |
| 2.FD.40 | Wilhelmramsayite | Cu3FeS3 · 2H2O |
| 2.FD.45 | Vyalsovite | FeCaAlS(OH)5 |
| 2.FD.50 | Bazhenovite | Ca8S2(S3)(S2O3)(OH)12 · 20H2O |
| 2.FD.55 | 'UM2004-56-OS:BiCuPb' | PbCu4Bi4S2(O,OH,H2O)16 (?) |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Valleriite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-4136.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Valleriite
Reference List:
Evans, Howard T., Allmann, Rudolf (1968) The crystal structure and crystal chemistry of valleriite. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials, 127 (1) 73-93 doi:10.1524/zkri.1968.127.1-4.73
Iiishi, Kazuaki, Tomisaka, Takeshi, Kato, Toshio, Takeno, and Setsuo (1970) Syntheses of valleriite. American Mineralogist, 55 (11-12) 2107-2109
Harris, D. C., Cabri, L. J., Stewart, and J. M. (1970) A "valleriite-type" mineral from Noril'sk, Western Siberia. American Mineralogist, 55 (11-12) 2110-2114
Chistyakova, N. I.; Gubaidulina, T. V.; Rusakov, V. S. (2006) Mössbauer investigations of natural and synthetic tochilinite and valleriite. Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, 56 (S3). E123-E131 doi:10.1007/s10582-006-0478-7
McCollom, Thomas M., Hoehler, Tori, Fike, David A., Houghton, Jennifer L., Bell, Aaron, Klein, Frieder, Moskowitz, Bruce, Solheid, Peter (2024) Formation of mixed-layer sulfide-hydroxide minerals from the Tochilinite-Valleriite group during experimental serpentinization of olivine. American Mineralogist, 109 (1) 61-72 doi:10.2138/am-2022-8625
Localities for Valleriite
Showing 306 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| KOSTADINOFF |
| FERRACUTTI +1 other reference |
Australia | |
| McClatchie & Sylvester (1970) |
| McKinnon et al. (2005) |
| Buchwald (1975) |
| Ramdohr (1950) |
| Ramdohr (1950) | |
| Ramdohr (1950) | |
| Ramdohr (1950) | |
| Ramdohr (1950) |
| Ramdohr (1950) | |
| Ramdohr (1950) | |
| Ramdohr (1950) | |
| Munro-Smith (2006) |
| Bottrill & Sorrell 2007 +1 other reference |
| Ralph Bottrill collection | |
| Groves |
| Bussat (1980) |
| Nickel et al. (1976) |
| McQueen (1981) |
| Marston (1984) |
| John Barry (1974) | |
| Marston (1984) |
| Marston (1984) | |
| Grguric et al. (2013) |
| Grguric (2003) |
| Frater (1983) |
| Copper Mineralisation in Western ... |
Austria | |
| Huber et al. (1977) |
| Feuerbach et al. (1969) +1 other reference | |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Auer (1995) | |
| Unger (1969) +1 other reference |
| Archiv f.Lagerstättenforschung |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Postl (1981) |
| Exel (1993) |
Brazil | |
| Marchetto (1990) |
| Menezes et al. (1984) |
Canada | |
| personal correspondence with Giles ... +1 other reference |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| the world's largest besshi-type ... +2 other references | |
| Nixon et al. (1998) +2 other references |
| Chamberlain et al. (1965) |
| Harris et al. (1984) |
| Ames et al. (2003) |
| Canadian Mineralogist 7:85 | |
| 157-158. +1 other reference | |
| Caglioti (2023) |
| Sabina (2003) |
| Mineral Record (1976) |
| Mineral Record (1976) | |
| SIGEOM systeme d'information geominiere ... |
| Mineralienkabinet J. de Fourestier |
| Sabina (1987) +1 other reference |
| Sabina (1973) |
| Tenney et al. (1967-1980) | |
| Tenney et al. (1967-1980) +2 other references | |
| Petruk et al. (1971) | |
Chile | |
| Anglo American plc |
China | |
| Cai et al. (2009) |
| Zhaowen Xu et al. (2007) |
| Junwu Lu and Yuanfa Xia (2001) |
| Ruiqi Wang (1977) +2 other references |
| Nansheng Chen (1996) |
| Guanghui Li et al. (2010) |
| Siwei He and Minyun Sun (1986) |
| Nansheng Chen (1996) |
| Bingjian Xiao (2000) +1 other reference |
| Yunhuai Lin (1986) |
| USGS Open-File Report 03-220 |
| Matsuda (1969) |
| Song et al. (2020) |
| Zhimin Zhu et al. (2009) | |
| Jingwen Mao et al. (2007) |
| Zhuangzhi Qian et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Zuoheng Zhang et al. (2007) |
| Zhou et al. (2001) |
| Kaiji Yu (1981) |
| Nansheng Chen (1996) |
Cuba | |
| Lazarenkov et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
Cyprus | |
| Thalhammer et al. (1986) |
| Foose et al. (1985) +2 other references |
Czech Republic | |
| Ackerman et al. (2025) |
| Pašava et al. (2003) | |
| HAK (1962) |
DR Congo | |
| Deliens (1996) |
Egypt | |
| Helmy et al. (2001) |
| Helmy (2005) | |
| Helmy et al. (1995) |
Finland | |
| Hytönen (1999) |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2006 ... +2 other references |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2007 ... +1 other reference |
| Jupperi Aarre 1997. The magnetite ... |
| Yara International |
| Häkli et al. (1985) +1 other reference |
| Eilu (2003) +1 other reference |
France | |
| De Ascençao Guedes et al. (2000) |
| Azias (1968) |
| Picot et al. (1982) | |
| Azias (1968) |
| Azias (1968) | |
| Azias (1968) |
| Azias (1968) | |
Germany | |
| Frenzel (1953) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Rank (1985) |
| Weiß (1990) |
| |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Herbst (1969) |
| Baumann et al. (2000) |
| Ackermand et al. (1973) |
| Witzke et al. (1998) |
Greece | |
| Kanellopoulos et al. (2024) |
Greenland | |
| Pauly (1958) |
| Bøggild (1953) | |
| |
Guatemala | |
| Econ Geol (1980) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll & Jánosi. Minerals of Hungary |
| Szakáll et al. (1996) |
| Szakáll & Jánosi. Minerals of Hungary | |
India | |
| Ahmed et al. (2018) |
Indonesia | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Iraq | |
| Al-Hermezi et al. (1986) |
Italy | |
| Antofilli et al. (1983) |
| Biagioni et al. (2020) |
| Collected by C. Balestra and probed by ... |
| Giuseppe Pipino - L'antica miniera di Monte Ramazzo e i suoi minerali - Rivista Mineralogica Italiana et al. (1986) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Bedognè et al. (2006) |
| Prete (1995) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) | |
| Gruppo Mineralogico Valchiusella et al. (2005) |
| Novarese (1920) +1 other reference |
| - (n.d.) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| and Beiträge zur Geologie der Schweiz +1 other reference |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Caboni et al. (2018) |
| Exel (1987) |
| Exel (1987) +6 other references |
| Exel (1987) | |
| Exel (1987) |
| Dessau G. |
| De Michele (1974) |
Japan | |
| Schoeman (1996) +1 other reference |
| Muramatsu et al. (1975) |
| Harada et al. (2016) | |
| Matsukuma (1962) |
| Matsukuma (1962) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Takechi et al. (2003) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Lobanov et al. (2012) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
Kosovo | |
| Féraud J. (1979) |
Madagascar | |
| Behier (1963) |
Montenegro | |
| Ivan Jurković (2007) |
| Ivan Jurković (2007) | |
| Ivan Jurković (2007) |
| biomine.brgm.fr (2015) |
Morocco | |
| Weiß (2006) |
| ONA |
North Macedonia | |
| Central Asia Metals PLC |
| RMZ - Materials and Geoenvironment Vol 52 No. 3 pp 535-548 (2006) |
| Singer et al. (2008) +4 other references |
Norway | |
| Pedersen (1979) |
| Ramdohr (1938) |
| F.M. Vokes (1963) +1 other reference |
| Foslie (1950) |
| Saager (1967) |
| Flood (1964) |
| Oosterom (1956) |
| Vokes (1957) |
| - (2024) |
| - (2024) | |
| - (2015) | |
| - (2024) | |
| Jøsang (1964) |
| Jøsang (1964) | |
| Jøsang (1964) |
| Jøsang (1964) | |
| Jøsang (1964) | |
| Jøsang (1964) | |
| Jøsang (1964) | |
| - (2024) |
| Pinet et al. (1985) |
Peru | |
| De Montreuil (1971) |
Poland | |
| Janeczek et al. (1991) |
| Siuda (2001) | |
| Mochnacka et al. (2009) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Georg Horninger (1940) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
Romania | |
| Cook et al. (2001) |
| Cook et al. (2001) |
| Szakáll (2002) |
Russia | |
| Melekestseva (2005) |
| Spiridonov et al. (the South Urals) |
| Yudovskaya et al. (2016) |
| Barkov et al. (2019) |
| Alexander V. Dedeev et al (2002) +1 other reference |
| Genkin et al. (1986) +1 other reference |
| Nornickel |
| Pekov (1998) |
| Am Min 66:638-639 +4 other references | |
| Gerald K. Czamanske et al. (1992) | |
| Pekov (1998) | |
| Anthony et al. (2016) +3 other references |
| Mikhailova et al. (2015) | |
| ... | |
| Kravtsova et al. (2002) |
| Grant et al. (2001) |
| Vasilenko (2001) | |
| Warren J. Nokleberg et al (1996) |
| Ivashchenko et al. (2011, September) |
| USGS Open File Report 2005-1252 p26 |
| Антонов (2003) |
| Vikent’ev et al. (2006) |
| Grabezhev et al. (2007) |
| Gillen et al. (Eds.) |
| Cox et al. (2003) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2014) |
Serbia | |
| Slobodan A. Radosavljević et al. (2013) | |
| Radosavljevic-Mihajlovic et al. (2007) | |
| Radosavljević-Mihajlović et al. (2017) | |
| Cissarz et al. (1957) |
| RTB Bor |
Slovakia | |
| Lexa et al. (1999) +2 other references |
| Duda et. all. |
| Ďuďa R. (2001) | |
South Africa | |
| Tischler et al. (1981) |
| McCreesh et al. (2018) |
| Heinrich (1970) +4 other references |
| Du Plessis (2019) | |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Günther (2013) |
| Cairncross (2004) +1 other reference |
Sri Lanka | |
| Samarakoon et al. (2021) |
Sweden | |
| |
| Bowell et al. (2026) |
| Sandström et al. (2011) |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
| Öfvers. KVA handl. (1870) |
| Gatedal (n.d.) |
| Gatedal (2003) | |
| Sandström et al. (2009) |
| Gatedal (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Östra Värmlands Mineral Society | |
| Boliden Group |
| Ödman (1939) |
| |
| Nysten (1990) |
| Juve (1974) |
| Kresten (1990) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Dietrich (1972) |
| Köppel (1966) |
| Köppel (1966) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Meisser et al. (1990) |
Tajikistan | |
| Xinjiang Tacheng International Resources Ltd. |
Turkey | |
| Akbulut et al. (2010) |
| Akinci (2009) |
| Kines (1969) |
| Akinci (2009) |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Babkine et al. (1968) +1 other reference |
Ukraine | |
| Bobrov et al. (2006, August) +1 other reference |
USA | |
| Perry (1969) +2 other references |
| Pinch (1977) +1 other reference |
| Pinch (1978) |
| Dunning et al. (2002) |
| California Geology: 48 (5) +1 other reference |
| California Geology: 48 (5) | |
| Rocks & Minerals: 64:202 |
| Cook (1978) |
| King et al. (1994) |
| Rainville et al. (1976) +1 other reference |
| Thompson et al. (1998) |
| Li +3 other references |
| Desautels et al. (2007) |
| Anthony et al. (1990) |
| A Listing of North Carolina Minerals- ... | |
| Rocks & Min. Vol. 71 (1996) +1 other reference |
| Aleksandrov (2005) |
| Milton et al. (1958) +1 other reference |
Zimbabwe | |
| Williams (1979) |
| Frei (2005) |
| Eales (1964) |
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Palabora Mine, Phalaborwa, Ba-Phalaborwa Local Municipality, Mopani District Municipality, Limpopo, South Africa