Phlogopite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Phlogopite
Formula:
KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Colour:
Brown, gray, green, yellow, or reddish brown
Lustre:
Vitreous, Pearly
Hardness:
2 - 3
Specific Gravity:
2.78 - 2.85
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1841 by Johann Friedrich August Breithaupt from the Greek φλογωποζ "phlogopos" for "resembling fire", in allusion to the red tint of the original specimens.
Mica Group. Biotite-Phlogopite Series.
The hydroxyl analogue of Fluorophlogopite and the magnesium analogue of Hendricksite. Also, generally the micas on the Phlogopite end (magnesium end) of the Biotite-Phlogopite Series, including Phlogopite, Fluorophlogopite, Eastonite, and Hendricksite.
A wide-spread member of the mica group occurring especially in crystalline, dolomitic marbles associated with spinel, diopside and members of the humite subgroup. Redefined as the OH end-member by the IMA Mica Subcommittee in 1998.
May alter to vermiculite.
The hydroxyl analogue of Fluorophlogopite and the magnesium analogue of Hendricksite. Also, generally the micas on the Phlogopite end (magnesium end) of the Biotite-Phlogopite Series, including Phlogopite, Fluorophlogopite, Eastonite, and Hendricksite.
A wide-spread member of the mica group occurring especially in crystalline, dolomitic marbles associated with spinel, diopside and members of the humite subgroup. Redefined as the OH end-member by the IMA Mica Subcommittee in 1998.
May alter to vermiculite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3193
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3193:2
Similar Names
| Phlogopite-2O | A structural variant |
IMA Classification of Phlogopite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA status notes:
Redefined by the IMA
Approval year:
1998
Classification of Phlogopite
9.EC.20
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
C : Phyllosilicates with mica sheets, composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
E : Phyllosilicates
C : Phyllosilicates with mica sheets, composed of tetrahedral and octahedral nets
71.2.2b.1
71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
2 : Sheets of 6-membered rings with 2:1 layers
71 : PHYLLOSILICATES Sheets of Six-Membered Rings
2 : Sheets of 6-membered rings with 2:1 layers
16.8.6
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
8 : Aluminosilicates of Mg and alkalis
16 : Silicates Containing Aluminum and other Metals
8 : Aluminosilicates of Mg and alkalis
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Phl | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Phl | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279. |
| Phl | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
| Phl | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Phl | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
| Phl | Warr (2020) | Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30 |
Physical Properties of Phlogopite
Vitreous, Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
sub-metallic on cleavage
Colour:
Brown, gray, green, yellow, or reddish brown
Streak:
White
Hardness:
2 - 3 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Flexible
Cleavage:
Perfect
on {0001}
on {0001}
Fracture:
Micaceous
Density:
2.78 - 2.85 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.79 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Phlogopite
Type:
Biaxial (-)
RI values:
nα = 1.53 - 1.573 nβ = 1.557 - 1.617 nγ = 1.558 - 1.618
2V:
Calculated: 16° to 20°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.028 - 0.045
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Dispersion:
r < v distinct
Pleochroism:
Visible
Comments:
X= yellow
Y=Z= brownish red, green, yellow
Y=Z= brownish red, green, yellow
Chemistry of Phlogopite
Mindat Formula:
KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Element Weights:
Common Impurities:
Mn,Ba,Cr,Na,Ti,Ni,Zn,Ca,Li,Rb,H2O
Age distribution
Recorded ages:
Paleoproterozoic to Quaternary : 2030 ± 30 Ma to 0.064 ± 0.025 Ma - based on 107 recorded ages.
Sample ages:
| Sample ID | Recorded age | Geologic Time | Dating method |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0.176 ± 0.03 to 0.064 ± 0.025 Ma | Pleistocene | Ar-Ar |
| 2 | 8.6 ± 0.3 Ma | Miocene | K-Ar |
| 3 | 19.3 ± 1.5 to 13.3 ± 0.8 Ma | Miocene | Ar-Ar |
| 4 | 28.0 Ma | Oligocene | K-Ar |
| 5 | 69.7 ± 0.2 Ma | Late/Upper Cretaceous | Ar-Ar |
| 6 | 80.4 to 78.6 Ma | Late/Upper Cretaceous | |
| 7 | 122.5 ± 0.7 Ma | Early/Lower Cretaceous | K-Ar |
| 8 | 126.6 ± 9.4 Ma | Early/Lower Cretaceous | Ar-Ar |
| 9 | 130.8 ± 1 Ma | Early/Lower Cretaceous | |
| 10 | 131.8 ± 0.9 Ma | Early/Lower Cretaceous | Ar-Ar |
| 11 | 180 to 177 Ma | Early Jurassic | K-Ar |
| 12 | 250.2 ± 1.9 Ma | Early/Lower Triassic | Ar-Ar |
| 13 | 355 ± 10 Ma | Mississippian | Rb-Sr |
| 14 | 402 to 380 Ma | Devonian | K-Ar |
| 15 | 500 to 450 Ma | Paleozoic | Pb |
| 16 | 537 ± 16 Ma | Terreneuvian | K-Ar |
| 17 | 808.5 ± 1.3 Ma | Tonian | Ar-Ar |
| 18 | 1070 ± 22 Ma | Stenian | Rb-Sr isochron |
| 19 | 1429 to 1145 ± 6 Ma | Mesoproterozoic | Rb-Sr |
| 20 | 2030 ± 30 to 1790 ± 30 Ma | Paleoproterozoic | K-Ar |
Sample references:
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
| 1 | 2 | 3 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SiO2 | 40.72 % | 38.69 % | 39.79 % |
| Al2O3 | 17.05 % | 16.85 % | 15.58 % |
| Fe2O3 | 1.68 % | ||
| FeO | 2.73 % | 12.28 % | 2.92 % |
| MnO | 0.02 % | 0.15 % | 0.03 % |
| MgO | 24.18 % | 15.74 % | 23.32 % |
| TiO2 | 1.04 % | 0.95 % | 2.53 % |
| CaO | 1.19 % | 0.07 % | 0.02 % |
| Na2O | 0.55 % | 0.27 % | 0.27 % |
| K2O | 6.74 % | 9.25 % | 10.56 % |
| F | 0.96 % | 1.39 % | |
| H2O+ | 3.38 % | ||
| H2O- | 0.06 % | ||
| Cr2O3 | 0.10 % | 0.03 % | |
| BaO | 0.04 % | ||
| Cl | 0.02 % | ||
| H2O | 3.57 % | ||
| O=F,Cl | –0.59 % | ||
| Total: | 100.3 % | 94.35 % | 100.07 % |
Empirical formulas:
| Sample ID | Empirical Formula |
|---|---|
| 2 | (K0.87Na0.04) Σ0.91 (Mg1.73 Fe0.76 Mn0.01 Ti0.05Al0.33)Σ2.88(Al1.14Si2.86)Σ4.00O10OH2 |
Sample references:
Crystallography of Phlogopite
Polytype:
Formula:
Crystal System:
Class (H-M)
Space Group:
Space Group Setting:
Cell Parameters:
Ratio:
Unit Cell Volume (calc):
Z:
Comment:
| Phlogopite-1M | Phlogopite-1Md | Phlogopite-2M1 | Phlogopite-3T |
|---|---|---|---|
| KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 | KMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| Monoclinic | Monoclinic | Trigonal | |
| 2/m - Prismatic | 2/m - Prismatic | 3 2 - Trapezohedral | |
| B2/m | B2/b | P31 2 1 | |
| C2/m | C2/c | ||
| a = 5.3078(4) Å, b = 9.1901(5) Å, c = 10.1547(8) Å β = 100.08(1)° | a = 5.3273(2) Å, b = 9.2231(3) Å, c = 20.1964(8) Å β = 95.121(2)° | a = 5.3235(2) Å, c = 30.188(2) Å | |
| a:b:c = 0.578 : 1 : 1.105 | a:b:c = 0.578 : 1 : 2.19 | a:c = 1 : 5.671 | |
| V 487.69 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell) | V 988.37 ų | V 740.90 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell) | |
| 2 | |||
| Sample Bu3_1 of Scordari et al. (2012). | Schingaro et al. (2013). |
Crystallographic forms of Phlogopite
Crystal Atlas:
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Phlogopite no.100 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Phlogopite no.127 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Phlogopite no.128 - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0019915 | Phlogopite | Schingaro E, Lacalamita M, Scordari F, Mesto E (2013) 3T-phlogopite from Kasenyi kamafugite (SW Uganda): EPMA, XPS, FTIR, and SCXRD study American Mineralogist 98 709-717 | 2013 | Kasenyi kamafugite, southwest Uganda | 0 | 293 | |
| 0020824 | Phlogopite | Scordari F, Schingaro E, Lacalamita M, Mesto E (2012) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas-2M_1 from Bunyaruguru kamafugite (southwest Uganda) American Mineralogist 97 430-439 | 2012 | southwest Uganda | 0 | 293 | |
| 0020823 | Phlogopite | Scordari F, Schingaro E, Lacalamita M, Mesto E (2012) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas-2M_1 from Bunyaruguru kamafugite (southwest Uganda) American Mineralogist 97 430-439 | 2012 | southwest Uganda | 0 | 293 | |
| 0020822 | Phlogopite | Scordari F, Schingaro E, Lacalamita M, Mesto E (2012) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas-2M_1 from Bunyaruguru kamafugite (southwest Uganda) American Mineralogist 97 430-439 | 2012 | southwest Uganda | 0 | 293 | |
| 0020821 | Phlogopite | Scordari F, Schingaro E, Lacalamita M, Mesto E (2012) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas-2M_1 from Bunyaruguru kamafugite (southwest Uganda) American Mineralogist 97 430-439 | 2012 | southwest Uganda | 0 | 293 | |
| 0020820 | Phlogopite | Scordari F, Schingaro E, Lacalamita M, Mesto E (2012) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas-2M_1 from Bunyaruguru kamafugite (southwest Uganda) American Mineralogist 97 430-439 | 2012 | southwest Uganda | 0 | 293 | |
| 0017716 | Phlogopite | Zema M, Ventruti G, Lacalamita M, Scordari F (2010) Kinetics of Fe-oxidation/deprotonation process in Fe-rich phlogopite under isothermal conditions American Mineralogist 95 1458-1466 |  | 2010 | Mt. Vulture, Potenza, Italy | 0 | 293 |
| 0017715 | Phlogopite | Zema M, Ventruti G, Lacalamita M, Scordari F (2010) Kinetics of Fe-oxidation/deprotonation process in Fe-rich phlogopite under isothermal conditions American Mineralogist 95 1458-1466 | | 2010 | Mt. Vulture, Potenza, Italy | 0 | 293 |
| 0017714 | Phlogopite | Zema M, Ventruti G, Lacalamita M, Scordari F (2010) Kinetics of Fe-oxidation/deprotonation process in Fe-rich phlogopite under isothermal conditions American Mineralogist 95 1458-1466 | | 2010 | Mt. Vulture, Potenza, Italy | 0 | 293 |
| 0017713 | Phlogopite | Zema M, Ventruti G, Lacalamita M, Scordari F (2010) Kinetics of Fe-oxidation/deprotonation process in Fe-rich phlogopite under isothermal conditions American Mineralogist 95 1458-1466 | | 2010 | Mt. Vulture, Potenza, Italy | 0 | 293 |
| 0017712 | Phlogopite | Zema M, Ventruti G, Lacalamita M, Scordari F (2010) Kinetics of Fe-oxidation/deprotonation process in Fe-rich phlogopite under isothermal conditions American Mineralogist 95 1458-1466 | | 2010 | Mt. Vulture, Potenza, Italy | 0 | 293 |
| 0004636 | Phlogopite | Nazzareni S, Comodi P, Bindi L, Safonov O G, Litvin Y A, Perchuk L L (2008) Synthetic hypersilicic Cl-bearing mica in the phlogopite-celadonite join: a mulitmethodical characterization of the missing link between di- and tri- octahedral micas at high pressures American Mineralogist 93 1429-1436 | | 2008 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
| 0004555 | Phlogopite | Ventruti G, Zema M, Scordari F, Pedrazzi G (2008) Thermal behavior of a Ti-rich phlogopite from Mt. Vulture (Potenza, Italy): An in situ X-ray single-crystal diffraction study American Mineralogist 93 632-643 | | 2008 | trioctahedral mica, Cava St. Antonia, Mt. Vulture, Potenza, Italy | 0 | 293 |
| 0004554 | Phlogopite | Ventruti G, Zema M, Scordari F, Pedrazzi G (2008) Thermal behavior of a Ti-rich phlogopite from Mt. Vulture (Potenza, Italy): An in situ X-ray single-crystal diffraction study American Mineralogist 93 632-643 | | 2008 | trioctahedral mica, Cava St. Antonia, Mt. Vulture, Potenza, Italy | 0 | 293 |
| 0004553 | Phlogopite | Ventruti G, Zema M, Scordari F, Pedrazzi G (2008) Thermal behavior of a Ti-rich phlogopite from Mt. Vulture (Potenza, Italy): An in situ X-ray single-crystal diffraction study American Mineralogist 93 632-643 | | 2008 | trioctahedral mica, Cava St. Antonia, Mt. Vulture, Potenza, Italy | 0 | 293 |
| 0004552 | Phlogopite | Ventruti G, Zema M, Scordari F, Pedrazzi G (2008) Thermal behavior of a Ti-rich phlogopite from Mt. Vulture (Potenza, Italy): An in situ X-ray single-crystal diffraction study American Mineralogist 93 632-643 | | 2008 | trioctahedral mica, Cava St. Antonia, Mt. Vulture, Potenza, Italy | 0 | 293 |
| 0004551 | Phlogopite | Ventruti G, Zema M, Scordari F, Pedrazzi G (2008) Thermal behavior of a Ti-rich phlogopite from Mt. Vulture (Potenza, Italy): An in situ X-ray single-crystal diffraction study American Mineralogist 93 632-643 | | 2008 | trioctahedral mica, Cava St. Antonia, Mt. Vulture, Potenza, Italy | 0 | 293 |
| 0004550 | Phlogopite | Ventruti G, Zema M, Scordari F, Pedrazzi G (2008) Thermal behavior of a Ti-rich phlogopite from Mt. Vulture (Potenza, Italy): An in situ X-ray single-crystal diffraction study American Mineralogist 93 632-643 | | 2008 | trioctahedral mica, Cava St. Antonia, Mt. Vulture, Potenza, Italy | 0 | 293 |
| 0004549 | Phlogopite | Ventruti G, Zema M, Scordari F, Pedrazzi G (2008) Thermal behavior of a Ti-rich phlogopite from Mt. Vulture (Potenza, Italy): An in situ X-ray single-crystal diffraction study American Mineralogist 93 632-643 | | 2008 | trioctahedral mica, Cava St. Antonia, Mt. Vulture, Potenza, Italy | 0 | 293 |
| 0004548 | Phlogopite | Ventruti G, Zema M, Scordari F, Pedrazzi G (2008) Thermal behavior of a Ti-rich phlogopite from Mt. Vulture (Potenza, Italy): An in situ X-ray single-crystal diffraction study American Mineralogist 93 632-643 | | 2008 | trioctahedral mica, Cava St. Antonia, Mt. Vulture, Potenza, Italy | 0 | 293 |
| 0004547 | Phlogopite | Ventruti G, Zema M, Scordari F, Pedrazzi G (2008) Thermal behavior of a Ti-rich phlogopite from Mt. Vulture (Potenza, Italy): An in situ X-ray single-crystal diffraction study American Mineralogist 93 632-643 | | 2008 | trioctahedral mica, Cava St. Antonia, Mt. Vulture, Potenza, Italy | 0 | 293 |
| 0004530 | Phlogopite | Matarrese S, Schingaro E, Scordari F, Stoppa F, Rosatelli G, Pedrazzi G, Ottolini L (2008) Crystal chemistry of phlogopite from Vulture-S. Michele Subsynthem volcanic rocks (Mt. Vulture, Italy) and volcanological implications Mt. Vulture, Italy American Mineralogist 93 426-437 | | 2008 | Masseria Saraceno pyroclastic flow, Vulture-San Michele Subsynthem, | 0 | 293 |
| 0004529 | Phlogopite | Matarrese S, Schingaro E, Scordari F, Stoppa F, Rosatelli G, Pedrazzi G, Ottolini L (2008) Crystal chemistry of phlogopite from Vulture-S. Michele Subsynthem volcanic rocks (Mt. Vulture, Italy) and volcanological implications Mt. Vulture, Italy American Mineralogist 93 426-437 | | 2008 | Masseria Saraceno pyroclastic flow, Vulture-San Michele Subsynthem, | 0 | 293 |
| 0004528 | Phlogopite | Matarrese S, Schingaro E, Scordari F, Stoppa F, Rosatelli G, Pedrazzi G, Ottolini L (2008) Crystal chemistry of phlogopite from Vulture-S. Michele Subsynthem volcanic rocks (Mt. Vulture, Italy) and volcanological implications Mt. Vulture, Italy American Mineralogist 93 426-437 | | 2008 | Masseria Saraceno pyroclastic flow, Vulture-San Michele Subsynthem, | 0 | 293 |
| 0004527 | Phlogopite | Matarrese S, Schingaro E, Scordari F, Stoppa F, Rosatelli G, Pedrazzi G, Ottolini L (2008) Crystal chemistry of phlogopite from Vulture-S. Michele Subsynthem volcanic rocks (Mt. Vulture, Italy) and volcanological implications Mt. Vulture, Italy American Mineralogist 93 426-437 | | 2008 | Masseria Saraceno pyroclastic flow, Vulture-San Michele Subsynthem, | 0 | 293 |
| 0004526 | Phlogopite | Matarrese S, Schingaro E, Scordari F, Stoppa F, Rosatelli G, Pedrazzi G, Ottolini L (2008) Crystal chemistry of phlogopite from Vulture-S. Michele Subsynthem volcanic rocks (Mt. Vulture, Italy) and volcanological implications Mt. Vulture, Italy American Mineralogist 93 426-437 | | 2008 | Masseria Saraceno pyroclastic flow, Vulture-San Michele Subsynthem, | 0 | 293 |
| 0004525 | Phlogopite | Matarrese S, Schingaro E, Scordari F, Stoppa F, Rosatelli G, Pedrazzi G, Ottolini L (2008) Crystal chemistry of phlogopite from Vulture-S. Michele Subsynthem volcanic rocks (Mt. Vulture, Italy) and volcanological implications Mt. Vulture, Italy American Mineralogist 93 426-437 | | 2008 | Masseria Saraceno pyroclastic flow, Vulture-San Michele Subsynthem, | 0 | 293 |
| 0004306 | Phlogopite | Laurora A, Brigatti M F, Mottana A, Malferrari D, Caprilli E (2007) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas in alkaline and subalkaline volcanic rocks: A case study from Mt. Sassetto (Tolfa district, Latium, central Italy) American Mineralogist 92 468-480 | | 2007 | Mt. Sassetto, Tolfa district, Latium, Italy | 0 | 293 |
| 0004305 | Phlogopite | Laurora A, Brigatti M F, Mottana A, Malferrari D, Caprilli E (2007) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas in alkaline and subalkaline volcanic rocks: A case study from Mt. Sassetto (Tolfa district, Latium, central Italy) American Mineralogist 92 468-480 | | 2007 | Mt. Sassetto, Tolfa district, Latium, Italy | 0 | 293 |
| 0004304 | Phlogopite | Laurora A, Brigatti M F, Mottana A, Malferrari D, Caprilli E (2007) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas in alkaline and subalkaline volcanic rocks: A case study from Mt. Sassetto (Tolfa district, Latium, central Italy) American Mineralogist 92 468-480 | | 2007 | Mt. Sassetto, Tolfa district, Latium, Italy | 0 | 293 |
| 0004303 | Phlogopite | Laurora A, Brigatti M F, Mottana A, Malferrari D, Caprilli E (2007) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas in alkaline and subalkaline volcanic rocks: A case study from Mt. Sassetto (Tolfa district, Latium, central Italy) American Mineralogist 92 468-480 | | 2007 | Mt. Sassetto, Tolfa district, Latium, Italy | 0 | 293 |
| 0004302 | Phlogopite | Laurora A, Brigatti M F, Mottana A, Malferrari D, Caprilli E (2007) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas in alkaline and subalkaline volcanic rocks: A case study from Mt. Sassetto (Tolfa district, Latium, central Italy) American Mineralogist 92 468-480 | | 2007 | Mt. Sassetto, Tolfa district, Latium, Italy | 0 | 293 |
| 0004298 | Phlogopite | Laurora A, Brigatti M F, Mottana A, Malferrari D, Caprilli E (2007) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas in alkaline and subalkaline volcanic rocks: A case study from Mt. Sassetto (Tolfa district, Latium, central Italy) American Mineralogist 92 468-480 | | 2007 | Mt. Sassetto, Tolfa district, Latium, Italy | 0 | 293 |
| 0004297 | Phlogopite | Laurora A, Brigatti M F, Mottana A, Malferrari D, Caprilli E (2007) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas in alkaline and subalkaline volcanic rocks: A case study from Mt. Sassetto (Tolfa district, Latium, central Italy) American Mineralogist 92 468-480 | | 2007 | Mt. Sassetto, Tolfa district, Latium, Italy | 0 | 293 |
| 0004296 | Phlogopite | Laurora A, Brigatti M F, Mottana A, Malferrari D, Caprilli E (2007) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas in alkaline and subalkaline volcanic rocks: A case study from Mt. Sassetto (Tolfa district, Latium, central Italy) American Mineralogist 92 468-480 | | 2007 | Mt. Sassetto, Tolfa district, Latium, Italy | 0 | 293 |
| 0004295 | Phlogopite | Laurora A, Brigatti M F, Mottana A, Malferrari D, Caprilli E (2007) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas in alkaline and subalkaline volcanic rocks: A case study from Mt. Sassetto (Tolfa district, Latium, central Italy) American Mineralogist 92 468-480 | | 2007 | Mt. Sassetto, Tolfa district, Latium, Italy | 0 | 293 |
| 0004294 | Phlogopite | Laurora A, Brigatti M F, Mottana A, Malferrari D, Caprilli E (2007) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas in alkaline and subalkaline volcanic rocks: A case study from Mt. Sassetto (Tolfa district, Latium, central Italy) American Mineralogist 92 468-480 | | 2007 | Mt. Sassetto, Tolfa district, Latium, Italy | 0 | 293 |
| 0004293 | Phlogopite | Laurora A, Brigatti M F, Mottana A, Malferrari D, Caprilli E (2007) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas in alkaline and subalkaline volcanic rocks: A case study from Mt. Sassetto (Tolfa district, Latium, central Italy) American Mineralogist 92 468-480 | | 2007 | Mt. Sassetto, Tolfa district, Latium, Italy | 0 | 293 |
| 0004292 | Phlogopite | Laurora A, Brigatti M F, Mottana A, Malferrari D, Caprilli E (2007) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas in alkaline and subalkaline volcanic rocks: A case study from Mt. Sassetto (Tolfa district, Latium, central Italy) American Mineralogist 92 468-480 | | 2007 | Mt. Sassetto, Tolfa district, Latium, Italy | 0 | 293 |
| 0004291 | Phlogopite | Laurora A, Brigatti M F, Mottana A, Malferrari D, Caprilli E (2007) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas in alkaline and subalkaline volcanic rocks: A case study from Mt. Sassetto (Tolfa district, Latium, central Italy) American Mineralogist 92 468-480 | | 2007 | Mt. Sassetto, Tolfa district, Latium, Italy | 0 | 293 |
| 0004004 | Phlogopite | Mesto E, Schingaro E, Scordari F, Ottolini L (2006) An electron microprobe analysis, secondary ion mass spectrometry and single crystal X-ray diffraction study of phlogopites from Mt. Vulture, Potenza, Italy: Consideration of cation partioning American Mineralogist 91 182-190 | | 2006 | Mt. Vulture, Potenza, Italy | 0 | 293 |
| 0004003 | Phlogopite | Mesto E, Schingaro E, Scordari F, Ottolini L (2006) An electron microprobe analysis, secondary ion mass spectrometry and single crystal X-ray diffraction study of phlogopites from Mt. Vulture, Potenza, Italy: Consideration of cation partioning American Mineralogist 91 182-190 | | 2006 | Mt. Vulture, Potenza, Italy | 0 | 293 |
| 0004002 | Phlogopite | Mesto E, Schingaro E, Scordari F, Ottolini L (2006) An electron microprobe analysis, secondary ion mass spectrometry and single crystal X-ray diffraction study of phlogopites from Mt. Vulture, Potenza, Italy: Consideration of cation partioning American Mineralogist 91 182-190 | | 2006 | Mt. Vulture, Potenza, Italy | 0 | 293 |
| 0005752 | Phlogopite | Brigatti M F, Medici L, Poppi L, Vaccaro C (2001) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas - 1M from the Alto Paranaiba Igneous Province, Southeastern Brazil The Canadian Mineralogist 39 1333-1345 | | 2001 | Alto Paranaiba Igneous Province, Southeastern Brazil | 0 | 293 |
| 0005751 | Phlogopite | Brigatti M F, Medici L, Poppi L, Vaccaro C (2001) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas - 1M from the Alto Paranaiba Igneous Province, Southeastern Brazil The Canadian Mineralogist 39 1333-1345 | | 2001 | Alto Paranaiba Igneous Province, Southeastern Brazil | 0 | 293 |
| 0005750 | Phlogopite | Brigatti M F, Medici L, Poppi L, Vaccaro C (2001) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas - 1M from the Alto Paranaiba Igneous Province, Southeastern Brazil The Canadian Mineralogist 39 1333-1345 | | 2001 | Alto Paranaiba Igneous Province, Southeastern Brazil | 0 | 293 |
| 0005749 | Phlogopite | Brigatti M F, Medici L, Poppi L, Vaccaro C (2001) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas - 1M from the Alto Paranaiba Igneous Province, Southeastern Brazil The Canadian Mineralogist 39 1333-1345 | | 2001 | Alto Paranaiba Igneous Province, Southeastern Brazil | 0 | 293 |
| 0005748 | Phlogopite | Brigatti M F, Medici L, Poppi L, Vaccaro C (2001) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas - 1M from the Alto Paranaiba Igneous Province, Southeastern Brazil The Canadian Mineralogist 39 1333-1345 | | 2001 | Alto Paranaiba Igneous Province, Southeastern Brazil | 0 | 293 |
| 0005747 | Phlogopite | Brigatti M F, Medici L, Poppi L, Vaccaro C (2001) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas - 1M from the Alto Paranaiba Igneous Province, Southeastern Brazil The Canadian Mineralogist 39 1333-1345 | | 2001 | Alto Paranaiba Igneous Province, Southeastern Brazil | 0 | 293 |
| 0005746 | Phlogopite | Brigatti M F, Medici L, Poppi L, Vaccaro C (2001) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas - 1M from the Alto Paranaiba Igneous Province, Southeastern Brazil T-O3 given as 1.663, but I compute 1.647 The Canadian Mineralogist 39 1333-1345 | | 2001 | Alto Paranaiba Igneous Province, Southeastern Brazil | 0 | 293 |
| 0005745 | Phlogopite | Brigatti M F, Medici L, Poppi L, Vaccaro C (2001) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas - 1M from the Alto Paranaiba Igneous Province, Southeastern Brazil The Canadian Mineralogist 39 1333-1345 | | 2001 | Alto Paranaiba Igneous Province, Southeastern Brazil | 0 | 293 |
| 0005744 | Phlogopite | Brigatti M F, Medici L, Poppi L, Vaccaro C (2001) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas - 1M from the Alto Paranaiba Igneous Province, Southeastern Brazil The Canadian Mineralogist 39 1333-1345 | | 2001 | Alto Paranaiba Igneous Province, Southeastern Brazil | 0 | 293 |
| 0005602 | Phlogopite | Russell R L, Guggenheim S (1999) The crystal structures of near-end-member phlogopite at high temperatures and heat-treated Fe-rich phlogopite: The influence of the O, OH, F site The Canadian Mineralogist 37 711-720 | | 1999 | White Well, Australia | 0 | 293 |
| 0005601 | Phlogopite | Russell R L, Guggenheim S (1999) The crystal structures of near-end-member phlogopite at high temperatures and heat-treated Fe-rich phlogopite: The influence of the O, OH, F site The Canadian Mineralogist 37 711-720 | | 1999 | White Well, Australia | 0 | 293 |
| 0005600 | Phlogopite | Russell R L, Guggenheim S (1999) The crystal structures of near-end-member phlogopite at high temperatures and heat-treated Fe-rich phlogopite: The influence of the O, OH, F site The Canadian Mineralogist 37 711-720 | | 1999 | White Well, Australia | 0 | 293 |
| 0005599 | Phlogopite | Russell R L, Guggenheim S (1999) The crystal structures of near-end-member phlogopite at high temperatures and heat-treated Fe-rich phlogopite: The influence of the O, OH, F site The Canadian Mineralogist 37 711-720 | | 1999 | White Well, Australia | 0 | 293 |
| 0005598 | Phlogopite | Russell R L, Guggenheim S (1999) The crystal structures of near-end-member phlogopite at high temperatures and heat-treated Fe-rich phlogopite: The influence of the O,OH,F site The Canadian Mineralogist 37 711-720 | | 1999 | Silver Crater mine, Ontario, Canada | 0 | 293 |
| 0005597 | Phlogopite | Russell R L, Guggenheim S (1999) The crystal structures of near-end-member phlogopite at high temperatures and heat-treated Fe-rich phlogopite: The influence of the O, OH, F site The Canadian Mineralogist 37 711-720 | | 1999 | Silver Crater mine, Ontario, Canada | 0 | 293 |
| 0003534 | Phlogopite | Comodi P, Fumagalli P, Montagnoli M, Zanazzi P F (2004) A single-crystal study on the pressure behavior of phlogopite and petrological implications American Mineralogist 89 647-653 | | 2004 | 0.0001 | 293 | |
| 0002928 | Phlogopite | Redhammer G J, Roth G (2002) Single-crystal structure refinements and crystal chemistry of synthetic trioctahedral micas KM3(Al,Si)4O10(OH)2, where M = Ni, Mg, Co, Fe, Al American Mineralogist 87 1464-1476 | | 2002 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002926 | Phlogopite | Redhammer G J, Roth G (2002) Single-crystal structure refinements and crystal chemistry of synthetic trioctahedral micas KM3(Al,Si)4O10(OH)2, where M = Ni, Mg, Co, Fe, Al American Mineralogist 87 1464-1476 | | 2002 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002925 | Phlogopite | Redhammer G J, Roth G (2002) Single-crystal structure refinements and crystal chemistry of synthetic trioctahedral micas KM3(Al,Si)4O10(OH)2, where M = Ni, Mg, Co, Fe, Al American Mineralogist 87 1464-1476 | | 2002 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002924 | Phlogopite | Redhammer G J, Roth G (2002) Single-crystal structure refinements and crystal chemistry of synthetic trioctahedral micas KM3(Al,Si)4O10(OH)2, where M = Ni, Mg, Co, Fe, Al American Mineralogist 87 1464-1476 | | 2002 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002923 | Phlogopite | Redhammer G J, Roth G (2002) Single-crystal structure refinements and crystal chemistry of synthetic trioctahedral micas KM3(Al,Si)4O10(OH)2, where M = Ni, Mg, Co, Fe, Al American Mineralogist 87 1464-1476 | | 2002 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002922 | Phlogopite | Redhammer G J, Roth G (2002) Single-crystal structure refinements and crystal chemistry of synthetic trioctahedral micas KM3(Al,Si)4O10(OH)2, where M = Ni, Mg, Co, Fe, Al American Mineralogist 87 1464-1476 | | 2002 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002921 | Phlogopite | Redhammer G J, Roth G (2002) Single-crystal structure refinements and crystal chemistry of synthetic trioctahedral micas KM3(Al,Si)4O10(OH)2, where M = Ni, Mg, Co, Fe, Al American Mineralogist 87 1464-1476 | | 2002 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002920 | Phlogopite | Redhammer G J, Roth G (2002) Single-crystal structure refinements and crystal chemistry of synthetic trioctahedral micas KM3(Al,Si)4O10(OH)2, where M = Ni, Mg, Co, Fe, Al American Mineralogist 87 1464-1476 | | 2002 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002919 | Phlogopite | Redhammer G J, Roth G (2002) Single-crystal structure refinements and crystal chemistry of synthetic trioctahedral micas KM3(Al,Si)4O10(OH)2, where M = Ni, Mg, Co, Fe, Al American Mineralogist 87 1464-1476 | | 2002 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002918 | Phlogopite | Redhammer G J, Roth G (2002) Single-crystal structure refinements and crystal chemistry of synthetic trioctahedral micas KM3(Al,Si)4O10(OH)2, where M = Ni, Mg, Co, Fe, Al American Mineralogist 87 1464-1476 | | 2002 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002917 | Phlogopite | Redhammer G J, Roth G (2002) Single-crystal structure refinements and crystal chemistry of synthetic trioctahedral micas KM3(Al,Si)4O10(OH)2, where M = Ni, Mg, Co, Fe, Al American Mineralogist 87 1464-1476 | | 2002 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0002225 | Phlogopite | Hawthorne F C, Teertstra D K, Cerny P (1999) Crystal-structure refinement of a rubidian cesian phlogopite American Mineralogist 84 778-781 | | 1999 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001822 | Phlogopite | Brigatti M F, Medici L, Saccani E, Vaccaro C (1996) Crystal chemistry and petrologic significance of Fe3+-rich phlogopite from the Tapira carbonatite complex, Brazil American Mineralogist 81 913-927 | | 1996 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001821 | Phlogopite | Brigatti M F, Medici L, Saccani E, Vaccaro C (1996) Crystal chemistry and petrologic significance of Fe3+-rich phlogopite from the Tapira carbonatite complex, Brazil American Mineralogist 81 913-927 | | 1996 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001820 | Phlogopite | Brigatti M F, Medici L, Saccani E, Vaccaro C (1996) Crystal chemistry and petrologic significance of Fe3+-rich phlogopite from the Tapira carbonatite complex, Brazil American Mineralogist 81 913-927 | | 1996 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001819 | Phlogopite | Brigatti M F, Medici L, Saccani E, Vaccaro C (1996) Crystal chemistry and petrologic significance of Fe3+-rich phlogopite from the Tapira carbonatite complex, Brazil American Mineralogist 81 913-927 | | 1996 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001818 | Phlogopite | Brigatti M F, Medici L, Saccani E, Vaccaro C (1996) Crystal chemistry and petrologic significance of Fe3+-rich phlogopite from the Tapira carbonatite complex, Brazil American Mineralogist 81 913-927 | | 1996 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001817 | Phlogopite | Brigatti M F, Medici L, Saccani E, Vaccaro C (1996) Crystal chemistry and petrologic significance of Fe3+-rich phlogopite from the Tapira carbonatite complex, Brazil American Mineralogist 81 913-927 | | 1996 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001816 | Phlogopite | Brigatti M F, Medici L, Saccani E, Vaccaro C (1996) Crystal chemistry and petrologic significance of Fe3+-rich phlogopite from the Tapira carbonatite complex, Brazil American Mineralogist 81 913-927 | | 1996 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001815 | Phlogopite | Brigatti M F, Medici L, Saccani E, Vaccaro C (1996) Crystal chemistry and petrologic significance of Fe3+-rich phlogopite from the Tapira carbonatite complex, Brazil American Mineralogist 81 913-927 | | 1996 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001814 | Phlogopite | Brigatti M F, Medici L, Saccani E, Vaccaro C (1996) Crystal chemistry and petrologic significance of Fe3+-rich phlogopite from the Tapira carbonatite complex, Brazil American Mineralogist 81 913-927 | | 1996 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001813 | Phlogopite | Brigatti M F, Medici L, Saccani E, Vaccaro C (1996) Crystal chemistry and petrologic significance of Fe3+-rich phlogopite from the Tapira carbonatite complex, Brazil American Mineralogist 81 913-927 | | 1996 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001812 | Phlogopite | Brigatti M F, Medici L, Saccani E, Vaccaro C (1996) Crystal chemistry and petrologic significance of Fe3+-rich phlogopite from the Tapira carbonatite complex, Brazil American Mineralogist 81 913-927 | | 1996 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001811 | Phlogopite | Brigatti M F, Medici L, Saccani E, Vaccaro C (1996) Crystal chemistry and petrologic significance of Fe3+-rich phlogopite from the Tapira carbonatite complex, Brazil American Mineralogist 81 913-927 | | 1996 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001810 | Phlogopite | Brigatti M F, Medici L, Saccani E, Vaccaro C (1996) Crystal chemistry and petrologic significance of Fe3+-rich phlogopite from the Tapira carbonatite complex, Brazil American Mineralogist 81 913-927 | | 1996 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0006500 | Phlogopite | Brigatti M F, Poppi L (1993) Crystal chemistry of Ba-rich trioctahedral micas-1M European Journal of Mineralogy 5 857-871 | 1993 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006499 | Phlogopite | Brigatti M F, Poppi L (1993) Crystal chemistry of Ba-rich trioctahedral micas-1M European Journal of Mineralogy 5 857-871 | 1993 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006498 | Phlogopite | Brigatti M F, Poppi L (1993) Crystal chemistry of Ba-rich trioctahedral micas-1M European Journal of Mineralogy 5 857-871 | 1993 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006497 | Phlogopite | Brigatti M F, Poppi L (1993) Crystal chemistry of Ba-rich trioctahedral micas-1M European Journal of Mineralogy 5 857-871 | 1993 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006496 | Phlogopite | Brigatti M F, Poppi L (1993) Crystal chemistry of Ba-rich trioctahedral micas-1M European Journal of Mineralogy 5 857-871 | 1993 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006495 | Phlogopite | Brigatti M F, Poppi L (1993) Crystal chemistry of Ba-rich trioctahedral micas-1M European Journal of Mineralogy 5 857-871 | 1993 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0006494 | Phlogopite | Brigatti M F, Poppi L (1993) Crystal chemistry of Ba-rich trioctahedral micas-1M European Journal of Mineralogy 5 857-871 | 1993 | 0 | 293 | ||
| 0000114 | Phlogopite | Steinfink H (1962) Crystal structure of a trioctahedral mica: Phlogopite American Mineralogist 47 886-889 | | 1962 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0000077 | Phlogopite | Pabst A (1955) Redescription of the single layer structure of the micas American Mineralogist 40 967-974 | | 1955 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0000026 | Phlogopite | Hendricks S B, Jefferson M E (1939) Polymorphism of the micas with optical measurements American Mineralogist 24 729-771 | | 1939 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0000025 | Phlogopite | Hendricks S B, Jefferson M E (1939) Polymorphism of the micas with optical measurements American Mineralogist 24 729-771 | | 1939 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0000024 | Phlogopite | Hendricks S B, Jefferson M E (1939) Polymorphism of the micas with optical measurements American Mineralogist 24 729-771 | | 1939 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0003535 | Phlogopite | Comodi P, Fumagalli P, Montagnoli M, Zanazzi P F (2004) A single-crystal study on the pressure behavior of phlogopite and petrological implications American Mineralogist 89 647-653 | | 2004 | 1.2 | 293 | |
| 0003536 | Phlogopite | Comodi P, Fumagalli P, Montagnoli M, Zanazzi P F (2004) A single-crystal study on the pressure behavior of phlogopite and petrological implications American Mineralogist 89 647-653 | | 2004 | 3.2 | 293 | |
| 0003537 | Phlogopite | Comodi P, Fumagalli P, Montagnoli M, Zanazzi P F (2004) A single-crystal study on the pressure behavior of phlogopite and petrological implications American Mineralogist 89 647-653 | | 2004 | 5 | 293 | |
| 0003538 | Phlogopite | Comodi P, Fumagalli P, Montagnoli M, Zanazzi P F (2004) A single-crystal study on the pressure behavior of phlogopite and petrological implications American Mineralogist 89 647-653 | | 2004 | 6 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 9.94 Å | (100) |
| 3.348 Å | (100) |
| 2.614 Å | (30) |
| 2.011 Å | (30) |
| 3.390 Å | (20) |
| 2.513 Å | (16) |
| 2.429 Å | (16) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 2: Planetesimal differentiation and alteration | 4.566-4.550 |
| 6 : Secondary asteroid phases | 4.566-4.560 |
| Stage 3a: Earth’s earliest Hadean crust | >4.50 |
| 7 : Ultramafic igneous rocks | |
| High-𝑇 alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 31 : Thermally altered carbonate, phosphate, and iron formations | |
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 35 : Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks | |
| 36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks | |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 38 : Ophiolites | |
| 40 : Regional metamorphism (greenschist, amphibolite, granulite facies) |
Geological Setting:
Contact and regional metamorphic limestones and dolomites, ultramafic rocks.
Synonyms of Phlogopite
Other Language Names for Phlogopite
Varieties of Phlogopite
| Barium-bearing phlogopite | A barian Phlogopite with at least 1% BaO. Originally reported from Mansjöberg, Los, Ljusdal, Hälsingland, Sweden. |
| Barytbiotite | Mica group. A barian variety of Phlogopite (not Biotite). Originally reported from Schelingen, Kaiserstuhl, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. |
| Chrome Phlogopite | A Cr-bearing phlogopite. |
| Chromium-bearing Phlogopite | A chromium-bearing phlogopite. |
| Fluor-bearing Phlogopite | A F-bearing variety of phlogopite. |
| Iron-bearing Phlogopite | Much so-called Biotite is actually Ferroan Phlogopite. |
| Manganese-bearing Phlogopite | A manganese-bearing variety of phlogopite. Visually indistinguishable from alurgite and other mica. |
| Titanium-bearing Phlogopite | A variety of phlogopite containing titanium. |
| Vanadium-bearing phlogopite | |
| Zinc- and Manganese-bearing Phlogopite | From peralkaline phonolites of Ukraine, in a groundmass together with hendricksite. Has some tainiolite component in composition. |
Relationship of Phlogopite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Biotite:
| Annite | KFe2+3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Eastonite | KMg2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Fluorannite | KFe2+3(Si3Al)O10F2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Fluorophlogopite | KMg3(Si3Al)O10F2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Fluorotetraferriphlogopite | KMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)F2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Oxyphlogopite | K(Mg,Ti,Fe)3[(Si,Al)4O10](O,F)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Siderophyllite | KFe2+2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 | Mon. |
| Tetraferriannite | KFe2+3(Si3Fe3+)O10(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Tetraferriphlogopite | KMg3(Si3Fe3+)O10(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 531 photos of Phlogopite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 143 photos of Phlogopite associated with Diopside | CaMgSi2O6 |
| 132 photos of Phlogopite associated with Spinel | MgAl2O4 |
| 101 photos of Phlogopite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 98 photos of Phlogopite associated with Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| 95 photos of Phlogopite associated with Tridymite | SiO2 |
| 91 photos of Phlogopite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 82 photos of Phlogopite associated with Lazurite | Na7Ca(Al6Si6O24)(SO4)(S3) · H2O |
| 78 photos of Phlogopite associated with Corundum | Al2O3 |
| 74 photos of Phlogopite associated with Sapphirine | Mg4(Mg3Al9)O4[Si3Al9O36] |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.EC. | Meifuite | KFe6(Si7Al)O19(OH)4Cl2 |
| 9.EC. | Balestraite | KLi2V5+Si4O12 |
| 9.EC.05 | Talc | Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.05 | Minnesotaite | Fe2+3Si4O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.05 | Willemseite | Ni3Si4O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.9.EC. | Voloshinite | Rb(LiAl1.5◻0.5)(Al0.5Si3.5)O10F2 |
| 9.EC.10 | Fluorluanshiweiite | KLiAl1.5(Si3.5Al0.5)O10F2 |
| 9.EC.10 | Garmite | CsLiMg2(Si4O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.10 | Gorbunovite | CsLi2(Ti,Fe)Si4O10(F,OH,O)2 |
| 9.EC.10 | Ferripyrophyllite | Fe3+Si2O5(OH) |
| 9.EC.10 | Manganiceladonite | K(MgMn3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.10 | Luanshiweiite | KLiAl1.5(Si3.5Al0.5)O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.10 | Pyrophyllite | Al2Si4O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Paragonite | NaAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Ferroaluminoceladonite | K(Fe2+Al◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Nanpingite | CsAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH,F)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Ferroceladonite | K(Fe2+Fe3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Ganterite | Ba0.5(Na,K)0.5Al2(Si2.5Al1.5)O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Kreiterite | CsLi2Fe3+(Si4O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Roscoelite | KV3+2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Aluminoceladonite | K(MgAl◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Tobelite | (NH4)Al2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Tainiolite | KLiMg2(Si4O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Celadonite | K(MgFe3+◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Chromceladonite | K(MgCr◻)(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Montdorite | KFe2+1.5Mn2+0.5Mg0.5Si4O10(F,OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Chromphyllite | KCr2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Boromuscovite | KAl2(BSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | 'UM1988-22-SiO:AlCaFFeHKLiMg' | KLiMgAl2Si3O10F2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Chernykhite | (Ba,Na)(V3+,Al,Mg)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.15 | Muscovite | KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Masutomilite | K(LiAlMn2+)[AlSi3O10]F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Oxyphlogopite | K(Mg,Ti,Fe)3[(Si,Al)4O10](O,F)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | 'Chloroferrokinoshitalite' | (Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3(Al2Si2O10)(Cl,OH,F)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Siderophyllite | KFe2+2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Sokolovaite | CsLi2Al(Si4O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Hendricksite | KZn3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Tetraferriphlogopite | KMg3(Si3Fe3+)O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Fluorannite | KFe2+3(Si3Al)O10F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Aspidolite | NaMg3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Suhailite | (NH4)Fe2+3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Ephesite | NaLiAl2(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Norrishite | KLiMn3+2(Si4O10)O2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Yangzhumingite | KMg2.5(Si4O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Orlovite | KLi2Ti(Si4O10)OF |
| 9.EC.20 | Tetraferriannite | KFe2+3(Si3Fe3+)O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Shirokshinite | K(NaMg2)(Si4O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Trilithionite | K(Li1.5Al1.5)(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Polylithionite | KLi2Al(Si4O10)(F,OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Shirozulite | KMn2+3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Preiswerkite | NaMg2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Fluorophlogopite | KMg3(Si3Al)O10F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Wonesite | (Na,K,◻)(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH,F)4 |
| 9.EC.20 | 'UM2004-49-SiO:AlCsFHKLi' | (Cs,K)(Al,Li)2.6((Si,Al)4O10)(F,OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Fluorotetraferriphlogopite | KMg3(Fe3+Si3O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Annite | KFe2+3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.20 | Eastonite | KMg2Al(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.22 | 'Pimelite' | Ni3Si4O10(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 9.EC.30 | Margarite | CaAl2(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Kinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Mg,Mn2+,Al)3(Al2Si2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Ferrokinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3(Al2Si2O10)(OH,F)2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Clintonite | CaAlMg2(SiAl3O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Oxykinoshitalite | (Ba,K)(Mg,Ti,Fe3+,Fe2+)3((Si,Al)4O10)(O,OH,F)2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Fluorokinoshitalite | BaMg3(Al2Si2O10)F2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Bityite | CaLiAl2(AlBeSi2O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.35 | Anandite | (Ba,K)(Fe2+,Mg)3((Si,Al,Fe)4O10)(S,OH)2 |
| 9.EC.40 | Montmorillonite | (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.40 | Beidellite | (Na,Ca0.5)0.3Al2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.40 | Volkonskoite | Ca0.3(Cr,Mg,Fe)2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 9.EC.40 | Nontronite | Na0.3Fe2((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.40 | Kurumsakite | (Zn,Ni,Cu)8Al8V5+2Si5O35 · 27H2O (?) |
| 9.EC.40 | Yakhontovite | (Ca,Na)0.5(Cu,Fe,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 · 3H2O |
| 9.EC.45 | Swinefordite | Li(Al,Li,Mg)3((Si,Al)4O10)2(OH,F)4 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.45 | Hectorite | Na0.3(Mg,Li)3(Si4O10)(F,OH)2 |
| 9.EC.45 | Zincsilite | Zn3Si4O10(OH)2 · 4H2O (?) |
| 9.EC.45 | Hanjiangite | Ba2CaV3+Al(H2AlSi3O12)(CO3)2F |
| 9.EC.45 | Spadaite | MgSiO2(OH)2 · H2O (?) |
| 9.EC.45 | Ferrosaponite | Ca0.3(Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 9.EC.45 | Stevensite | (Ca,Na)xMg3-x(Si4O10)(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.45 | Saponite | Ca0.25(Mg,Fe)3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.45 | Sauconite | Na0.3Zn3((Si,Al)4O10)(OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 9.EC.50 | Vermiculite | Mg0.7(Mg,Fe,Al)6(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4 · 8H2O |
| 9.EC.52 | 'Tarasovite' | near NaKAl11Si13O40(OH)9 · 3H2O |
| 9.EC.55 | Clinochlore | Mg5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Borocookeite | (LiAl4◻)[BSi3O10](OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Franklinfurnaceite | Ca2Fe3+Mn2+3Mn3+(Zn2Si2O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Pennantite | Mn2+5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Vakhrushevaite | Mg5Cr(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Nimite | Ni5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Cookeite | (LiAl4◻)[AlSi3O10](OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Gonyerite | Mn2+5Fe3+(Fe3+Si3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Chamosite | Fe2+5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | 'Orthochamosite' | (Fe2+,Mg,Fe3+)5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH,O)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Baileychlore | Zn5Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Sudoite | Mg2Al3(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Glagolevite | Na(Mg,Al)6(AlSi3O10)(OH,O)8 |
| 9.EC.55 | Donbassite | Al4.33(AlSi3O10)(OH)8 |
| 9.EC.60 | Dozyite | Mg7Al2(Al2Si4O15)(OH)12 |
| 9.EC.60 | Rectorite | (Na,Ca)Al4((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 · 2H2O |
| 9.EC.60 | Corrensite | (Mg,Fe)9((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)10 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.60 | Aliettite | Ca0.2Mg6((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 · 4H2O |
| 9.EC.60 | Karpinskite | (Ni,Mg)2Si2O5(OH)2 (?) |
| 9.EC.60 | Lunijianlaite | Li0.7Al6.2(AlSi7O20)(OH,O)10 |
| 9.EC.60 | Tosudite | Na0.5(Al,Mg)6((Si,Al)8O18)(OH)12 · 5H2O |
| 9.EC.60 | Hydrobiotite | K(Mg,Fe2+)6((Si,Al)8O20)(OH)4 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.60 | Saliotite | (Li,Na)Al3(AlSi3O10)(OH)5 |
| 9.EC.60 | Kulkeite | Mg8Al(AlSi7O20)(OH)10 |
| 9.EC.60 | Brinrobertsite | Na0.3Al4(Si4O10)2(OH)4 · 3.5 H2O |
| 9.EC.65 | Macaulayite | (Fe,Al)24Si4O43(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.70 | Burckhardtite | Pb2(Fe3+Te6+)[AlSi3O8]O6 |
| 9.EC.75 | Niksergievite | (Ba,Ca)2Al3(AlSi3O10)(CO3)(OH)6 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.75 | Ferrisurite | (Pb,Ca)2.4Fe3+2(Si4O10)(CO3)1.7(OH)3 · nH2O |
| 9.EC.75 | Surite | (Pb,Ca)3(Al,Fe2+,Mg)2((Si,Al)4O10)(CO3)2(OH)2 |
| 9.EC.80 | Kegelite | Pb8Al4(Si8O20)(SO4)2(CO3)4(OH)8 |
Radioactivity
Radioactivity:
| Element | % Content | Activity (Bq/kg) | Radiation Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uranium (U) | 0.0000% | 0 | α, β, γ |
| Thorium (Th) | 0.0000% | 0 | α, β, γ |
| Potassium (K) | 9.3702% | 2,905 | β, γ |
For comparison:
- Banana: ~15 Bq per fruit
- Granite: 1,000–3,000 Bq/kg
- EU exemption limit: 10,000 Bq/kg
Note: Risk is shown relative to daily recommended maximum exposure to non-background radiation of 1000 µSv/year. Note that natural background radiation averages around 2400 µSv/year so in reality these risks are probably extremely overstated! With infrequent handling and safe storage natural radioactive minerals do not usually pose much risk.
Interactive Simulator:
Note: The mass selector refers to the mass of radioactive mineral present, not the full specimen, also be aware that the matrix may also be radioactive, possibly more radioactive than this mineral!
Activity: –
| Distance | Dose rate | Risk |
|---|---|---|
| 1 cm | ||
| 10 cm | ||
| 1 m |
The external dose rate (D) from a radioactive mineral is estimated by summing the gamma radiation contributions from its Uranium, Thorium, and Potassium content, disregarding daughter-product which may have a significant effect in some cases (eg 'pitchblende'). This involves multiplying the activity (A, in Bq) of each element by its specific gamma ray constant (Γ), which accounts for its unique gamma emissions. The total unshielded dose at 1 cm is then scaled by the square of the distance (r, in cm) and multiplied by a shielding factor (μshield). This calculation provides a 'worst-case' or 'maximum risk' estimate because it assumes the sample is a point source and entirely neglects any self-shielding where radiation is absorbed within the mineral itself, meaning actual doses will typically be lower. The resulting dose rate (D) is expressed in microsieverts per hour (μSv/h).
D = ((AU × ΓU) + (ATh × ΓTh) + (AK × ΓK)) / r2 × μshield
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Phlogopite in petrology
An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.
- Igneous rock
- Normal crystalline igneous rock
- Exotic crystalline igneous rock
- Carbonatite
- Melilite-bearing rock
- Lamproite
- Kajanite
- Olivine lamproite
- Diopside-leucite-phlogopite lamproite
- Diopside-sanidine-phlogopite lamproite
- Diopside-madupitic lamproite
- Diopside-leucite lamproite
- Diopside-leucite-richterite-madupitic lamproite
- Leucite-phlogopite lamproite
- Hyalo-olivine-diopside-phlogopite lamproite
- Olivine-diopside-richterite-madupitic lamproite
- Hyalo-enstatite-phlogopite lamproite
- Enstatite-sanidine-phlogopite lamproite
- Lamprophyre
- Kimberlite
- Igneous rock of restricted mineralogy
- Kamafugite
- Metamorphic rock
Internet Links for Phlogopite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3193.html
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References for Phlogopite
Reference List:
Yoder, H.S., Eugster, H.P. (1954) Phlogopite synthesis and stability range. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 6 (4) 157-185 doi:10.1016/0016-7037(54)90049-6
Levinson, A. A., Heinrich, E. Wm. (1954) Studies in the mica group; single crystal data on phlogopites, biotites, and manganophyllites. American Mineralogist, 39 (11-12) 937-945
Yoder, Hatten S. (1957) Experimental Studies on Micas: A Synthesis. Clays and Clay Minerals, 6 (1) 42-60 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1957.0060105
Crowley, M. S., Roy, Rustum (1964) Crystalline solubility in the muscovite and phlogopite groups. American Mineralogist, 49 (3-4) 348-362
Chaussidon, J. (1970) Stretching Frequencies of Structural Hydroxyls of Hectorite and K-Depleted Phlogopite as Influenced by Interlayer Cation and Hydration. Clays and Clay Minerals, 18 (3) 139-149 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1970.0180303
Hazen, Robert M., Burnham, and Charles W. (1973) The crystal structures of one-layer phlogopite and annite. American Mineralogist, 58 (9-10) 889-900
DAWSON, J. B., SMITH, J. V. (1975) Chemistry and origin of phlogopite megacrysts in kimberlite. Nature, 253 (5490). 336-338 doi:10.1038/253336b0
Robert, J.-L (1976) Phlogopite solid solutions in the system K2O-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O. Chemical Geology, 17. 195-212 doi:10.1016/0009-2541(76)90035-8
Robert, J.-L. (1976) Titanium solubility in synthetic phlogopite solid solutions. Chemical Geology, 17. 213-227 doi:10.1016/0009-2541(76)90036-x
Hazen, Robert M., Finger, Larry W. (1978) The crystal structures and compressibilities of layer minerals at high pressure. II. Phlogopite and chlorite. American Mineralogist, 63 (3-4) 293-296
Evans, S., Raftery, E. (1980) X-ray photoelectron studies of titanium in biotite and phlogopite. Clay Minerals, 15 (3) 209-217 doi:10.1180/claymin.1980.015.3.01
Gaspar, J.C., Wyllie, P.J. (1982) Barium phlogopite from the Jacupiranga carbonatite, Brazil. American Mineralogist, 67 (9-10) 997-1000
Guggenheim, Stephen, Kato, Toshio (1984) Kinoshitalite and Mn phlogopites: Trial refinements in subgroup symmetry and further refinement in ideal symmetry. Mineralogical Journal, 12 (1) 1-5 doi:10.2465/minerj.12.1
Knurr, Rick A.; Bailey, S. W. (1986) Refinement of Mn-Substituted Muscovite and Phlogopite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 34 (1). 7-16 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1986.0340102
Wagner, Christiane, Velde, Danielle, Mokhtari, Abdelkader (1987) Sector-zoned phlogopites in igneous rocks. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 96 (2) 186-191 doi:10.1007/bf00375232
Montana, Art, Brearley, Mark (1989) An appraisal of the stability of phlogopite in the crust and in the mantle. American Mineralogist, 74 (1-2) 1-4
Heathcote, Richard C., Mccormick, George R. (1989) Major-cation substitution in phlogopite and evolution of carbonatite in the Potash Sulphur Springs complex, Garland County, Arkansas. American Mineralogist, 74 (1-2) 132-140
Hiroi, Yoshikuni, Harada-kondo, Hiroko, Ogo, Yoshie (1992) Cuprian manganoan phlogopite in highly oxidized Mineoka siliceous schists from Kamogawa, Boso Peninsula, central Japan. American Mineralogist, 77 (9-10) 1099-1106
Redhammer, G.J.; Dachs, E.; Amthauer, G. (1995) Mössbauer spectroscopic and x-ray powder diffraction studies of synthetic micas on the join annite KFe3AlSi3O10(OH)2-phlogopite KMg3AlSi3O10(OH)2. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 22 (5). 282-294 doi:10.1007/bf00202768
Rieder, M., Cavazzini, G., D’Yakonov, Y.S., Frank-Kamenetskii, V.A., Gottardt, G., Guggenheim, S., Koval, P.V., Muller, G., Neiva, A.M.R., Radoslovich, E.W., Robert, J.L., Sassi, F.P., Takeda, H., Weiss, Z., Wones, D.R. (1998) Nomenclature of the micas. The Canadian Mineralogist, 36 (3) 905-912
Costa, Fidel, Dungan, Michael A., Singer, Brad S. (2001) Magmatic Na-rich phlogopite in a suite of gabbroic crustal xenoliths from Volcán San Pedro, Chilean Andes: Evidence for a solvus relation between phlogopite and aspidolite. American Mineralogist, 86 (1) 29-35 doi:10.2138/am-2001-0104
Grégoire, M., Bell, D., Le Roex, A. (2002) Trace element geochemistry of phlogopite-rich mafic mantle xenoliths: their classification and their relationship to phlogopite-bearing peridotites and kimberlites revisited. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 142 (5) 603-625 doi:10.1007/s00410-001-0315-8
Comodi, P., Fumagalli, P., Montagnoli, M., Zanazzi, P.F. (2004) A single-crystal study on the pressure behavior of phlogopite and petrological implications. American Mineralogist, 89 (4) 647-653 doi:10.2138/am-2004-0420
Redhammer, G. J., Amthauer, G., Lottermoser, W., Bernroider, M., Tippelt, G., Roth, G. (2005) X-ray powder diffraction and 57Fe – Mössbauer spectroscopy of synthetic trioctahedral micas {K}[Me3]⟨TSi3⟩O10(OH)2, Me = Ni2+, Mg2+, Co2+, Fe2+; T = Al3+, Fe3+. Mineralogy and Petrology, 85 (1-2). 89-115 doi:10.1007/s00710-005-0096-2
Brigatti, Maria Franca, Caprilli, Enrico, Funiciello, Renato, Giordano, Guido, Mottana, Annibale, Poppi, Luciano (2005) Crystal chemistry of ferroan phlogopites from the Albano maar lake (Colli Albani volcano, central Italy) European Journal of Mineralogy, 17 (4) 611-622 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2005/0017-0611
Laurora, Angela, Malferrari, Daniele, Brigatti, Maria Franca, Mottana, Annibale, Caprilli, Enrico, Giordano, Guido, Funiciello, Renato (2009) Crystal chemistry of trioctahedral micas in the top sequences of the Colli Albani volcano, Roman Region, central Italy. Lithos, 113 (3) 507-520 doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2009.05.030
Langner, Ramona, Fechtelkord, Michael (2012) Aluminium ordering and clustering in synthetic phlogopite: OH/F influence on the Al-content of phlogopite studied by NMR spectroscopy. European Journal of Mineralogy, 24 (5) 798-814 doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2012/0024-2227
Aspiotis, Stylianos, Schlüter, Jochen, Redhammer, Günther J., Mihailova, Boriana (2022) Non-destructive determination of the biotite crystal chemistry using Raman spectroscopy: how far we can go? European Journal of Mineralogy, 34 (6). 573-590 doi:10.5194/ejm-34-573-2022
Localities for Phlogopite
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- World class for species or very significant.Quick NavTopAbout PhlogopiteUnique IdentifiersSimilar NamesIMA Classification Classification Mineral SymbolsPhysical Properties Optical Data Chemistry Age distributionChemical AnalysisCrystallography Crystallographic forms Crystal StructureX-Ray Powder DiffractionGeological EnvironmentSynonymsOther LanguagesVarietiesRelationshipsCommon AssociatesStrunz-MindatRadioactivityOther InformationPhlogopite in petrologyInternet Links References Localities Locality List
In den Dellen quarries, Mendig, Mendig, Mayen-Koblenz, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany