Hanksite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Hanksite
Henry G. Hanks
Formula:
Na22K(SO4)9(CO3)2Cl
Colour:
Colourless to grey, yellow or almost black; colourless in transmitted light
Lustre:
Vitreous, Dull
Hardness:
3 - 3½
Specific Gravity:
2.562
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Name:
Named by William Earl Hidden in 1885 in honor of Henry Garber Hanks (12 May 1826, Cleveland, Ohio, USA - 19 June 1907, Alameda County, California, USA) for service as first state mineralogist of California.
The mineral was on display, by Hanks, at the 1884 World's Industrial and Cotton Centennial Exposition at New Orleans, labelled as thenardite but noted by Hidden to be something different.
A crystal of the mineral was examined by Dana and Penfield in 1883, but the source locality was unknown so they waited to publish until more was found.
The mineral was on display, by Hanks, at the 1884 World's Industrial and Cotton Centennial Exposition at New Orleans, labelled as thenardite but noted by Hidden to be something different.
A crystal of the mineral was examined by Dana and Penfield in 1883, but the source locality was unknown so they waited to publish until more was found.
Type Locality:
This page provides mineralogical data about Hanksite.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1815
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1815:5
IMA Classification of Hanksite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
KNa22(SO4)9(CO3)2Cl
First published:
1885
Classification of Hanksite
7.BD.30
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
B : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, without H2O
D : With only large cations
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
B : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) with additional anions, without H2O
D : With only large cations
32.3.1.1
32 : COMPOUND SULFATES
3 : Anhydrous Compound Sulfates containing Hydroxyl or Halogen
32 : COMPOUND SULFATES
3 : Anhydrous Compound Sulfates containing Hydroxyl or Halogen
12.2.2
12 : Carbonates with other anions
2 : Carbonates with sulphate
12 : Carbonates with other anions
2 : Carbonates with sulphate
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Hks | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Hanksite
Vitreous, Dull
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Colourless to grey, yellow or almost black; colourless in transmitted light
Streak:
White
Hardness:
3 - 3½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
Good on {0001}
Good on {0001}
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven
Density:
2.562 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.585 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Hanksite
Type:
Uniaxial (-)
RI values:
nω = 1.481 nε = 1.461
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.020
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars.
Surface Relief:
Moderate
Chemistry of Hanksite
Mindat Formula:
Na22K(SO4)9(CO3)2Cl
Element Weights:
Crystallography of Hanksite
Crystal System:
Hexagonal
Class (H-M):
6/m - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
P63/m
Cell Parameters:
a = 10.4896(3) Å, c = 21.2415(6) Å
Ratio:
a:c = 1 : 2.025
Unit Cell V:
2024.11 ų
Z:
2
Morphology:
Large, short prismatic [0001] to tabular {0001} crystals to 20 cm; also as quartzoids with large {1012}; {1010} striated horizontally; crystals frequently in interpenetrating groups.
Comment:
Cell parameters from Callegari et al (2018)
Crystallographic forms of Hanksite
Crystal Atlas:
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Hanksite - {110}, {113}, {001}
Hanksite - {110}, {113}, {001}, {223}
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by
www.smorf.nl.
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Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0020675 | Hanksite | Kato K, Saalfeld H (1972) The crystal structure of hanksite, KNa22[Cl(CO3)2(SO4)9] and its relation to the K2SO4 I structure type Acta Crystallographica B28 3614-3617 |  | 1972 | Searles Lake, San Bernardino County, California | 0 | 293 |
| 0000383 | Hanksite | Araki T, Zoltai T (1973) The crystal structure of hanksite American Mineralogist 58 799-801 |  | 1973 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 3.812 Å | (100) |
| 3.531 Å | (75) |
| 2.787 Å | (72) |
| 3.425 Å | (60) |
| 2.618 Å | (47) |
| 2.930 Å | (31) |
| 1.907 Å | (22) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 25 : Evaporites (prebiotic) |
Geological Setting:
Lacustrine evaporite deposits.
Type Occurrence of Hanksite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Barrel shaped crystals. Roughly spherical aggregates composed of randomly oriented, interpenetrating tabular crystals.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Natural History Museum, Paris, France, 87.281.
Natural History Museum, Vienna, Austria, E4854/8.
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, 81217.
Natural History Museum, Vienna, Austria, E4854/8.
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, 81217.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Lacustrine evaporite deposit.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Other Language Names for Hanksite
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 7.BD. | Hasanovite | KNa(MoO2)(SO4)2 |
| 7.BD. | Kennygayite | [Pb4O2(OH)2](SO4) |
| 7.BD. | Adanite | Pb2(Te4+O3)(SO4) |
| 7.BD. | Cadsulfohite | Cd2(SO4)(OH)2 |
| 7.BD. | Hyblerite | Pb4Bi2(SO4)2(CO3)O4 |
| 7.BD. | Zanelliite | PbCu9[AsO3.5(OH)0.5]2(AsO4)2(OH)9(H2O)3 |
| 7.BD. | Evanichite | Pb6Cr3+(Cr6+O4)2(SO4)(OH)7FCl |
| 7.BD.05 | Sulphohalite | Na6(SO4)2FCl |
| 7.BD.10 | Galeite | Na15(SO4)5F4Cl |
| 7.BD.10 | Schairerite | Na21(SO4)7ClF6 |
| 7.BD.15 | Kogarkoite | Na3(SO4)F |
| 7.BD.20 | Aiolosite | Na4Bi(SO4)3Cl |
| 7.BD.20 | Caracolite | Na3Pb2(SO4)3Cl |
| 7.BD.20 | Cesanite | Na3Ca2(SO4)3(OH) |
| 7.BD.25 | Burkeite | Na6(CO3)(SO4)2 |
| 7.BD.35 | Cannonite | Bi2(SO4)O(OH)2 |
| 7.BD.40 | Lanarkite | Pb2(SO4)O |
| 7.BD.45 | Grandreefite | Pb2(SO4)F2 |
| 7.BD.50 | Itoite | Pb3Ge4+(SO4)2O2(OH)2 |
| 7.BD.55 | Chiluite | Bi3Te6+Mo6+O10.5 |
| 7.BD.60 | Hectorfloresite | Na9(SO4)4(IO3) |
| 7.BD.65 | Pseudograndreefite | Pb6(SO4)F10 |
| 7.BD.70 | Sundiusite | Pb10(SO4)O8Cl2 |
Radioactivity
Radioactivity:
| Element | % Content | Activity (Bq/kg) | Radiation Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uranium (U) | 0.0000% | 0 | α, β, γ |
| Thorium (Th) | 0.0000% | 0 | α, β, γ |
| Potassium (K) | 2.4984% | 775 | β, γ |
For comparison:
- Banana: ~15 Bq per fruit
- Granite: 1,000–3,000 Bq/kg
- EU exemption limit: 10,000 Bq/kg
Note: Risk is shown relative to daily recommended maximum exposure to non-background radiation of 1000 µSv/year. Note that natural background radiation averages around 2400 µSv/year so in reality these risks are probably extremely overstated! With infrequent handling and safe storage natural radioactive minerals do not usually pose much risk.
Interactive Simulator:
Note: The mass selector refers to the mass of radioactive mineral present, not the full specimen, also be aware that the matrix may also be radioactive, possibly more radioactive than this mineral!
Activity: –
| Distance | Dose rate | Risk |
|---|---|---|
| 1 cm | ||
| 10 cm | ||
| 1 m |
The external dose rate (D) from a radioactive mineral is estimated by summing the gamma radiation contributions from its Uranium, Thorium, and Potassium content, disregarding daughter-product which may have a significant effect in some cases (eg 'pitchblende'). This involves multiplying the activity (A, in Bq) of each element by its specific gamma ray constant (Γ), which accounts for its unique gamma emissions. The total unshielded dose at 1 cm is then scaled by the square of the distance (r, in cm) and multiplied by a shielding factor (μshield). This calculation provides a 'worst-case' or 'maximum risk' estimate because it assumes the sample is a point source and entirely neglects any self-shielding where radiation is absorbed within the mineral itself, meaning actual doses will typically be lower. The resulting dose rate (D) is expressed in microsieverts per hour (μSv/h).
D = ((AU × ΓU) + (ATh × ΓTh) + (AK × ΓK)) / r2 × μshield
Fluorescence of Hanksite
Pale yellow under LW UV.
Other Information
Notes:
Readily soluble in water. Saline taste.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Hanksite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1815.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Hanksite
Reference List:
Hidden, W.E. (1885) On hanksite, a new anhydrous sulphato-carbonate of sodium, from San Bernardino County, California. American Journal Of Science, S. 3 Vol. 30. 133-135
Hidden, W.E. (1885) On hanksite, a new anhydrous sulphato-carbonate of sodium, from San Bernardino County, California. American Journal Of Science, S. 3 Vol. 30. 133-135
Goßner, B.; Koch, I. (1931) Über das Kristallgitter von Langbeinit, Northupit und Hanksit. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, 80 (1-6). 455-464 doi:10.1524/zkri.1931.80.1.455
Ramsdell, Lewis S. (1939) Composition, space group and unit cell of hanksite. American Mineralogist, 24 (2) 109-115
Murdoch, Joseph (1951) Notes on California Minerals: nuevite=samarskite; trona and hanksite; gaylussite. American Mineralogist, 36 (3-4) 358-361
Kato, K., Saalfeld, H. (1972) The crystal structure of hanksite, KNa22[Cl(Co3)2(SO4)9] and its relation to the K2SO4I structure type. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry, 28 (12) 3614-3617 doi:10.1107/s0567740872008441
Araki, Takaharu, Zoltai, and Tibor (1973) The crystal structure of hanksite. American Mineralogist, 58 (7-8) 799-801
Lane, M. D. (2007) Mid-infrared emission spectroscopy of sulfate and sulfate-bearing minerals. American Mineralogist, 92 (1) 1-18 doi:10.2138/am.2007.2170
Palaich, S. E. M., Manning, C. E., Schauble, E., Kavner, A. (2013) Spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction investigation of the behavior of hanksite and tychite at high pressures, and a model for the compressibility of sulfate minerals. American Mineralogist, 98 (8) 1543-1549 doi:10.2138/am.2013.4384
Callegari, Athos Maria, Boiocchi, Massimo, Zema, Michele, Tarantino, Serena Chiara (2018) The crystal structure of hanksite, Na22 K(CO3)2 (SO4)9 Cl, refined from high-resolution X-ray diffraction data. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Abhandlungen Journal of Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 195 (2) 115-122 doi:10.1127/njma/2018/0113
Localities for Hanksite
Showing 16 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Mineralogical Magazine 71 (2007) |
Canada | |
| Shang (2000) |
| Greengrass et al. (1999) | |
China | |
| Zhenmi Liu (2000) |
Russia | |
| Kasatkin et al. (2014) |
Sweden | |
| Kresten (1990) |
Uganda | |
| Kasedde et al. (2014) |
USA | |
| trona +3 other references |
| trona +5 other references | |
| Arliguie M collection |
| American Journal of Science (1885) +8 other references |
| Smith (1957) +1 other reference | |
| Collection of NHM |
| Murdoch et al. (1966) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
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Trona Mine, Trona, Argus District, Argus Range, San Bernardino County, California, USA