Some of this radiation was energetic enough to again start stripping electrons from the hydrogen atoms in the surrounding
intergalactic medium. As galaxy formation took hold, bubbles of ionized gas grew around new galaxies, spreading outward like some sort of disease.
Ostriker et al., "Baryons in the warm-hot
intergalactic medium," The Astrophysical Journal, vol.
Radio absorption by the
intergalactic medium. Astrophys.
These stars' thick coronas could pack electrons tightly enough to have the same effect on passing radio waves as billions of light-years of the mostly empty
intergalactic medium.
"The ultraluminous nature of this quasar will allow us to make unprecedented measurements of the temperature, ionization state and metal content of the
intergalactic medium at the epoch of reionization."
We all come across turbulence on a daily basis, for example every time we mix milk and coffee, or in gasoline-air mixture in combustion engines, or in the diluted hot plasma of the
intergalactic medium.
John Ellis of CERN in Geneva cautions that effects of spacetime graininess on photon speed can't easily be distinguished from other effects, such as light scattering in the
intergalactic medium.
They burned very hot but not for very long, and when they exploded as supernovae, they enriched the interstellar and
intergalactic medium with metals, which facilitated the formation of the next generation of stars.
The goals of its three original Key Projects--measuring the expansion rate of the universe, using distant Cepheids to probe the
intergalactic medium, and carrying out a statistical survey of remote galaxies by taking pictures of random fields of view-- were fully achieved and even surpassed.
Astronomers believed that early star-forming galaxies could have provided enough of the right kind of radiation to evaporate the fog, or turn the neutral hydrogen
intergalactic medium into the charged hydrogen plasma that remains today.
Other subjects are magnetic fields in compact objects, the magnetized interstellar medium and the galactic center, magnetic fields in galaxies and the
intergalactic medium, and magnetic fields in the early universe.
