Communication Problems

This study comprehensively analyzes the effectiveness of the services provided to disabled people in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) within the legislation framework and the communication barriers experienced by these individuals. The research examines how disability affects individuals' participation in social life and how TRNC legislation limits this participation. While attention is drawn to the communication difficulties faced by disabled people, especially those living in rural areas, it is emphasized that technological innovations and updating existing legislation are of critical importance in solving these problems. The article provides recommendations for education, awareness programs and policy changes to improve services for people with disabilities. This study aims to serve as an essential resource for developing disability policies in TRNC.

Background & Objective:The aim of the present study is to compare the effects of home-based pulmonary rehabilitation nursing care on Fatigue and QOL in patients with COPD. This study was a semi experimental research. The samples were consisted of 36 patients who were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria into control and experimental groups through random block sampling. For each of the experimental group 3 sessions of 1 hour raining over three consecutive days were done individually and it continuous up to 7 days after the patients discharged from the hospital. However, the control group was under the regular manner. Fatigue and quality of life in both groups before the intervention and 7 weeks after discharge using the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and quality of life questionnaire SF-12 were compared. The data were analyzed through inferential and descriptive statistic (Independent and paired t-test, chi-square and covariance analysis). Results: Eta squared values obtained in this experiment also showed that the effect of home-based pulmonary rehabilitation program on fatigue (89%) is greater than the quality of life (50%), respectively. As the findings indicate, the effect of home-based pulmonary rehabilitation nursing care, which has the decreasing factor on fatigue is more than the quality of life in patients with COPD.

Kazue Okamoto's research focuses on Intercultural Management and Japanese management in overseas Japanese companies. Her doctoral research examines the challenges in achieving an integrative approach to people management in Japanese companies in Australia. She is also a lecturer in Japanese.

Objectives Family caregiving of older adults is a stressful and challenging job that may lead to psychological problems for the caregivers. This study aims to identify the psychological needs and problems of the family caregivers of older adults. Methods & Materials This is a review study using the thematic synthesis approach, which was conducted based on the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) checklist. This study reviewed qualitative articles in Persian and English published up to August 2024. Relevant articles were identified from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, MagIran, Scientific Information Database (SID), and Noormags. Ultimately, 16 studies (13 in English and three in Persian) were selected for the final review. Results Two main categories of psychological problems and psychological needs emerged. Psychological problems consisted of six sub-themes: Neglecting personal needs and weakening of individual identity, interference of caregiving role with life and recreational activities, drowning in negative and unpleasant emotions, heavy caregiving burden and disruption of other life roles, lack of intimate relationships, decreased well-being and health, and sleep disturbances. The psychological needs included four subthemes: Need for support, need to address mental health conditions, need for empathy and appreciation, and need for a temporary break from caregiving. Conclusion The results contribute to a deeper understanding of the psychological problems and needs of caregivers of older adults and emphasize the necessity of paying more attention to their mental health. The findings can be useful in developing comprehensive supportive policies and programs for this group.

Objective: Stress and coping techniques are one of the challenging issues in sports psychology; therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral stress management on stress perception and coping skills of volleyball players. Method: The research method was an experimental type with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. A sample of 24 volleyball athletes was selected from among the athletes of different sports according to the entry criteria, using available sampling method from the research community, which included all the volleyball players of Sabzevar city. Half of the people who were in the experimental group were trained in cognitive behavioral stress management in 8 sessions over a period of two months. During this period, the control group did not receive any training. The required data were collected through the Perceived Stress Questionnaire of Cohen et al. (1983) and the Coping Scale of Frydenberg & Lewis (1993), in two stages before the intervention and after the intervention. To analyze the data, multivariate covariance analysis (MANCOVA) and univariate covariance analysis (ANCOVA) were used using SPSS23 software. Results: The results showed that cognitive-behavioral stress management training has been able to significantly increase the perceived stress and adaptive coping skills of the experimental group volleyball players compared to the control group in the post-test phase. Conclusions: According to the results of the research, it can be said that stress management training can have an effect on the stress of volleyball players. According to the available sampling method, it is suggested that a similar research should be conducted in athletes of different sports fields for the external validity of the research.

Objectives This study aims to determine the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy on caregiver burden and psychological flexibility in caregivers of elderly individuals with Alzheimer disease (AD). Methods & Materials The semi-experimental research method and the statistical population consisted of caregivers of elderly patients with AD referred to neurology clinics in Tehran, Iran, in the spring of 2023. A total of thirty participants were selected using the purposive sampling method and randomly assigned to two groups, namely an experimental and a control group. Subsequently, the treatment focused on compassion was implemented in an experimental group in eight 90-min sessions over 8 weeks. The second edition acceptance and action questionnaire-II (AAQ-2) and the caregiver burden inventory (CBI) questionnaire were completed as pre-test, post-test, and follow-up phases. The analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to analyze the data with SPSS software, version 23. Results Compassion-focused therapy was effective in caregiving stress and psychological flexibility in caregivers of the elderly with AD. The amount of F index for the effect of the group on lack of time, interruption in growth, physical pressure, social pressure, and emotional pressure was 12.64, 19.23, 19.06, 21.26, and 27.06, respectively. Also, the F index related to psychological flexibility was equal to 19.28. The significance level of all cases was less than 0.05, and the effect size was greater than 0.4. Conclusion It is recommended for clinical and health psychologists to support the caregiver's family in their role and improve their mental health in the above cases through intervention programs based on treatment focused on compassion so that by improving mental health, they can be more efficient in the treatment process of elderly patients with the AD.

Objectives The incidence of cancers, especially stomach, colorectal, and esophageal cancers, is increasing in the Iranian elderly population. At present, family members often identify the needs of cancer patients and provide their main care. Therefore, the present study determines the relationship between caregiver burden and quality of life in the caregivers of elderly patients with digestive system cancers referred to selected hospitals in Tehran City, Iran, in 2023. Methods & Materials This was a descriptive-analytical study. In this article, the relationship between caregiver burden and quality of life was investigated in 270 caregivers of elderly patients with digestive system cancers referred to selected hospitals in Tehran City, Iran, in 2023. Sampling was done using a cluster sampling method, and the time limit was from March to December 2023. In this research, personal and social profile questionnaires, Zarit care burden questionnaire, and cancer caregiver quality of life index were used. The data were analyzed using the SPSS software, version 22, along with statistical tests. Descriptive statistics, one-sample t test, and univariate linear regression were used, and P<0.05 was considered significant in all stages. Results The average score of caregiver burden among those caring for elderly patients with gastrointestinal cancer was 30.63±14.10, indicating the average care burden in the caregivers of elderly patients with gastrointestinal cancer(P<0.001) The average score of quality of life in the caregivers of elderly patients with gastrointestinal cancer was 70.39±18.12, reflecting a low quality of life score (P<0.001). A significant negative relationship was observed between caregiver's care burden and caregiver's quality of life (P<0.001), meaning that as caregiver burden increases, quality of life decreases. Caregiver burden accounted for 30% of the variation in quality of life. Caregiver burden was significantly associated with increasing average age (P=0.04), number of children (P=0.03), duration of care (P=0.002), retired caregivers (P=0.03), and living with others (P=0.03). On the other hand, the average social support increases (P=0.002), and this increase has been significant. Quality of life scores significantly declined among older caregivers (P=0.001), had more children (P=0.001), were retired (P=0.04), lived with a spouse (P=0.01), had low to moderate social support (P=0.001), or had chronic conditions such as depression, arthritis, diabetes, asthma, or angina pectoris (P=0.003). Conclusion Caregiving burden can play an effective role in reducing the quality of life of caregivers of the elderly with gastrointestinal cancer, and by reducing the caregiving pressure, we can observe an increase in the quality of life of caregivers of the elderly.

Introduction: Spouses of veterans indirectly suffer from the effects of war due to stress. They endure significant psychological pressures throughout their lives, highlighting the importance of spiritual self-protection in coping with life's challenges. Objective: To examine how spirituality education affects the caregiving burden of spouses of veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Material and Method: This classical experimental study involved 30 participants, randomly assigned to intervention)15(and control)15(groups, conducted in 2023 among the wives of stress veterans after a wartime incident in Torbat Heydarieh city. The intervention group received six training sessions based on Mary White's self-care model, while the control group received standard counseling care. Data was collected through a self-reported care questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS 21, employing paired t-tests, independent t-tests, and ANOVA, with a significance level set at 0.05. Results: The covariance test, after accounting for the pre-test effect, revealed a significant difference)P=0.007, Eta=0.24(, indicating that 24% of the reduction in care burden can be attributed to spiritual self-care.Discussion and Conclusion: The results indicate that spiritual self-care can alleviate the care burden on veterans' wives. This effective, low-cost approach enhances the quality of care for spouses of veterans while reducing their overall burden.

would like to express my heartfelt appreciation for his support, advice, encouragement, and in particular his dedication and patience in giving up his time to read my numerous drafts towards the completion of this thesis. This thesis would not have been possible without his dedicated supervision. My grateful thanks also go to Associate Professor Graham Pratt who was my principal supervisor when I started my PhD candidature. He then kindly offered to be my associate supervisor after his retirement. He provided me with support and encouragement, which helped me to continue the journey of this dissertation. In addition I would like to express my appreciation to Dr John Crawford who kindly agreed to be my associate supervisor while my supervisor was on study leave. He provided me with valuable advice regarding the research design of my thesis. My gratitude also goes to Dr Keiko Morita, who provided me with important guidance, in particular, concerning the methodology of my thesis. I am also grateful to the School of Management, at the University of Technology, Sydney, for providing me with the opportunity of pursuing my PhD. My appreciation goes to a number of areas of generous support the School provided including workshops, facilities, financial support, and helpful staff. I owe much to my employer, the University of New South Wales, for facilitating my research interest to a great extent, and providing me with strong encouragement and assistance to complete my thesis. Associate Professor Chihiro Thomson and Ms Hiromi Masumi-So, for their care, i support and encouragement. They assisted me with access to Japanese organizations in Australia. Without their generous support, access to a number of Japanese organizations that participated in this thesis would not have been possible. My sincere gratitude goes to all staff of Japanese organizations that participated in this research, for their generosity in spending their time assisting me with the research during their busy work schedules. In addition, I would like to express my appreciation to all my friends for their invaluable warm friendship and encouragement, including Taeko Watanabe, Akane Fukuyama, Sestina Santos, Kikuko Nakamura, and Dr Satomi Kawaguchi. Most importantly, my thesis would never have been completed without the unfailing support of all my family members. The support of my brother, Professor Eiji Okamoto, was my inspiration to enter the academic arena. The sustained and warm encouragement and the moral support of the whole family is the engine in all aspects of my life which enabled me to embark on, and complete, the journey of my PhD thesis. Head Office: Head Office of the company where informants work. They are mostly located in Tokyo. In this dissertation, Head Office also includes any branch offices of the company which are located in Japan. These branch offices in Japan have some association with offshore offices in Australia. This includes cases where Japanese expatriate staff are sent from a branch office in Japan, and where an office in Japan influences business activity of a branch office in Australia. For example, company in Japan imports products from Australia, and staff in the office in Japan provide instructions and directions on business matters to a branch office in Australia Staff: People who work for Japanese companies which participated in this study. All companies have offshore office(s) in Australia. The term 'staff' in this dissertation includes all types of groups categorized in this study such as Japanese staff (JS) and non-Japanese local staff (NJLS). It includes all types of positions held in Australia. Japanese nationals working in the company. It includes people in all positions in the company. Namely, Japanese expatriate staff (JEXS) and Local Japanese staff (LJS). Japanese expatriate staff (JEXS): Japanese nationals who are sent from Head Office in Japan. It includes all types of positions held in Australia, namely, Japanese expatriates in managerial positions (JEXM) and Japanese expatriate employees (JEXE). Japanese expatriates in managerial positions (JEXM): Japanese nationals who are sent from Head Office in Japan and hold a managerial position in Australia. Japanese expatriate employees (JEXE): Japanese nationals who are sent from Head Office in Japan and do not hold a managerial position in Australia. Local Japanese staff (LJS): Japanese nationals who are employed locally. This includes local Japanese managers (LJM) and local Japanese employees (LJE). Xll Local Japanese managers (LJM): Japanese nationals employed locally who hold a managerial position in Australia. Local Japanese employees (LJE): Japanese nationals employed locally who do not hold a managerial position in Australia. Non-Japanese local staff (NJLS): People who are not Japanese nationals and are hired as local staff. This includes non-Japanese local managers (NJLM) and non-Japanese local employees (NJLE). Non-Japanese local managers (NJLM): People who are not Japanese nationals, and are hired locally and hold managerial positions in the company in Australia. Non-Japanese local employees (NJLE): People who are not Japanese nationals, and are hired locally and do not hold a managerial position in the company in Australia.

Objectives Alzheimer disease is a progressive chronic disease that causes complete dependence of the patient and the need for round-the-clock care and creates challenges for caregivers and families that need to be investigated and recognized. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the care challenges of caregivers of older people with Alzheimer disease in 2022. Methods & Materials A narrative review study was conducted using the Persian keywords "caregiver and Alzheimer disease" and English keywords "Alzheimer disease, caregiver and carer" in PubMed, Embase, ProQuest, SID, and IranDoc from 2017 to 2022. Out of 4594 articles, 27 were evaluated and analyzed using the Gifford quality assessment criteria. Results Following a review of the articles, it was determined that the most common caregiving issues faced by older Alzheimer patients were divided into two categories: 1) Individual challenges, which included psychological subcategories, lack of information, physical and occupational, and workload and 2) Family challenges, which included subcategories economic, marital, social relationship disruption and lack of emotional relationships obtained. Conclusion Caring for older people with Alzheimer causes many care challenges for their caregivers. Therefore, in addition to treating and caring for older people with Alzheimer, it is necessary to pay attention to the challenges of the caregivers and plan to empower and solve their challenges in the health and treatment systems.

Bu çalışmanın iki amacı vardır. Çalışmanın ilk amacı, tercih edilen öğretim elemanlarının uzmanlık alanları arasında anlamlı farklılık olup olmadığını tespit etmektir. Çalışmanın ikinci amacı, ilköğretim matematik öğretmen adaylarının ilk ve son tercihlerine dayalı olarak öğretim elemanlarının benimsenen ve benimsenmeyen özelliklerini tespit etmek olmuştur. Çalışma 2010-2011 eğitim öğretim yılı birinci döneminde bir eğitim fakültesinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmaya basit tesadüfi örnekleme tekniği ile seçilen 134 4.sınıf ilköğretim matematik öğretmen adayı katılmıştır. İlköğretim matematik öğretmen adayları tarafından seçilen 10 öğretim elemanın uzmanlık alanları ki-kare testi ile analiz edilmiştir. Nitel veriler içerik analizi yapılarak incelenmiştir. Benimsenen ve benimsenmeyen öğretim elemanı özellikleri şu temalar altında toplanmıştır: (1)Kişisel özellikler, (2)iletişim becerileri, (3)dersin işlenişine yönelik özellikler, (4)sınıf yönetimi, (5)konu alanına yönelik özellikler ve (6)ölçme ve değerlendirme özellikleridir. Anahtar Sözcükler: İlköğretim matematik öğretmen adayları, öğretim elemanı özellikleri, öğretmen yetiştirme.

Language is a fundamental tool which enables us to communicate with and learn from others. When children have difficulties to develop language this impedes their social-emotional development. In this thesis, we examined the level and development of psychosocial problems in children and adolescents with and without Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) and examined the underlying mechanisms causing these problems. Specifically, we examined whether the severity of communication problems explained higher levels of psychosocial problems, or whether these relations were mediated by children’s emotional competence, that is the ability to recognize, understand, regulate and express emotions in socially accepted ways.
We found that problems in emotional competence have a marked effect on the development of psychosocial problems of children with DLD, which even overshadows the severity of their communication difficulties. However, when children have more emotional competence or develop their emotional competence as they become older, these psychosocial problems are likely to decrease. Positive social interactions with peers enable children with and without DLD to improve their emotional competence.
Parents and professionals should be aware of the difficulties in emotional competence of children with DLD and recognize how these problems may affect their behavior. It is important to acknowledge that children with (a history of) DLD who have missed opportunities to learn early in life, may continue to experience problems later on, or again experience problems when the communicative and social demands of the environment change. Parents and professionals should help children with DLD to gain insight in their own and other’s emotions and adaptive emotion communication by providing explanations, elaborations and nuances in the context of emotional experiences.

Background & Aims The family caregivers of stroke patients experience a high care burden that has negative effects on their lives. Resilience is a factor that seems to be able to help them adapt to these conditions. The present study aims to determine the role of resilience in predicting the care burden of family caregivers of stroke patients.
Materials & Methods In this descriptive-correlational study with a cross-sectional design, 194 family caregivers of stroke patients in Besat Hospital in Hamedan, Iran, in 2023 participated. The patients had moderate disability (A score of 61-90 based on the Barthel index). Participants were selected by a convenience sampling method. Data collection tools included a demographic form, Novak and Guest’s care burden inventory, and the Connor-Davidson resilience scale. Data analysis was done in SPSS software, version 25 using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation test, and linear regression analysis. 
Results The age of caregivers was 42.53 years; 52% were male and 26.8% had a high school diploma. The mean scores of care burden and resilience were 86.35±13.09 and 42.56±10.38, respectively. The relationship between care burden and resilience was inverse and significant (P<0.05, r=-0.185). Resilience was found to be the predictor of care burden (β=-0.233).
Conclusion Given that resilience is one of the effective factors in reducing the care burden of the family caregivers of stroke patients, it is recommended that health care providers, by identifying effective strategies, help caregivers of these patients to strengthen their resilience to reduce their care burden and help them in caring for their patients.

Objective This study aims to determine the effectiveness of yoga exercises in reducing perceived stress and improving the organizational resilience of nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods This is a controlled randomized controlled trial. The study population consists of all nurses from the corona ward at Shahid Mohammadi Hospital in Bandar Abbas, southern Iran. Participants were 22 eligible nurses with the highest perceived stress scale (PSS) score who were randomly assigned to two groups of intervention (n=11) and control (n=11). The Connor-Davidson resilience scale was used to measure their organizational resilience before and after the intervention. Statistical analyses, including one-way analysis of variance and chi-square test, were conducted in SPSS software, version 20. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results In the intervention group, the mean PSS score decreased and organizational resilience improved compared to the control group after yoga exercises. The difference between pre-test and post-test scores were significant (P<0.05). Conclusion A four-week yoga intervention can significantly reduce perceived stress and improve the resilience in nurses. As an accessible and low-cost intervention, yoga can help improve the mental health of nurses and potentially increase the overall quality of health care.

Objective Individuals with chronic mental disorders face various challenges, which are not merely confined to the individual but also involve family caregivers and specialists in the field. Psychological and social rehabilitation assists in improving the functioning of individuals with mental disorders and facilitates their return to mainstream life. This study aims to investigate the challenges encountered in the rehabilitation process of these individuals. Materials & Methods This study employed a qualitative directional content analysis method. The sample consisted of 13 individuals with chronic mental illnesses, 3 family members, and 6 specialists with experience in patient care. Following ethical approval and obtaining informed consent, in-depth, unstructured interviews were conducted, aligning with the research objectives. Purposeful sampling and maximum diversity strategies were utilized to select and invite participants subjected to in-depth, semistructured interviews. Data analysis followed Granheim and Lundman's approach. Results The analysis of the interviews revealed that the essence of this study is "striving to respond to weakened identity." The categories and subcategories extracted in this study include social limitations (social exclusion, societal negligence), instability (turbulent lifestyle, family as an overlooked entity, and economic pressures), therapeutic challenges (treatment inconsistency, therapist-related challenges, the complex nature of the illness, and postdischarge concerns), structural and macro challenges (social media neglect, incomplete perspectives, financial and credibility challenges) and loss of agency and volition (identity weakening, lack of balance between independence and support). Conclusion The rehabilitation of individuals with chronic mental disorders faces various challenges at individual, interpersonal, familial, organizational and structural levels. Strengthening the psychological and social aspects of rehabilitation can provide a better and more sustainable basis for treatment for these patients. Enhancing the roles and interventions of psychological and social rehabilitation teams, coordinating therapeutic interventions, supporting the families of patients, socializing behaviors toward these patients and their families, and paying more attention to the psychological and social rehabilitation of patients can result in better short-term and long-term outcomes for various stakeholders involved in the rehabilitation process.

Hypertension and cognitive disorders are common problems in older adults, and their prevalence is increasing with the aging of the population. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating cognitive function in older adults with high blood pressure and older adults without high blood pressure. This study was of causal-comparative type. The statistical population included all older patients with hypertension referred to Farshchian Heart Hospital in Hamedan, Iran. In the present study, sampling was not conducted and eligible patients were examined using the census method and all eligible patients in 2021 who met the inclusion criteria were included in the study and for each patient a control person who did not have high blood pressure was selected (200 people in experimental group and 200 people in the control group). To evaluate cognitive function, Folstein et al.'s Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) was used. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 24 software. The results showed that cognitive impairment in older patients with high blood pressure was significantly higher than in those without high blood pressure. Moreover, cognitive impairment was significantly higher in women and patients living in rural areas, in divorced and widowed patients, and in patients with high blood pressure with a history of diabetes and stroke. This indicates the effects of high blood pressure on brain function. According to the results, it is necessary to design and implement treatment protocols for older adults with high blood pressure to improve their cognitive function.

Objectives Family members have a significant role in caregiving for older patients with cancer. These caregivers are exposed to a significant caregiving burden. Therefore, it is necessary to support them. In this regard, it is important to know their needs. The present study aimed to explore the support needs of family caregivers of older patients with cancer in Iran. Methods & Materials This descriptive qualitative study was conducted during 2020-2022. Thirty-one participants including family caregivers of older patients with cancer, family members of family caregivers, and healthcare providers were purposefully recruited from healthcare centers in Tehran, Iran. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews until data saturation. Data analysis was performed using Graneheim and Lundman's content analysis method. Lincoln and Guba's criteria were used to evaluate the trustworthiness of the data. Results The analysis led to the identification of six main themes, including the need for informational support, the need for physical support, the need to get rid of psychological insecurity, the need for improve spirituality, the need for practical support and the need for the help of a care team. Conclusion Considering the multiple support needs of family caregivers of older patients with cancer in Iran, policymakers, healthcare planners, and healthcare providers should design and implement various interventions based on these needs by using a caregiver-centered approach to support these caregivers.

Objectives Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a chronic musculoskeletal pain syndrome characterized by extensive pain, tender points, fatigue, and sleep disturbance, with unknown etiology. This study aims to investigate the effect of cognitive-behavioral stress management (CBSM) therapy on pain perception, chronic fatigue and cognitive empowerment of women with FMS.
Methods This is randomized clinical trial with a pre-test/post-test design. The study population consists of all women suffering from FMS who visited the rheumatology specialists in Tabriz, Iran, in 2023. Of these, 36 eligible patients were selected using a convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned to two groups of 18 including intervention (received CBSM therapy at 10 sessions of 90 minutes) and control (no intervention). Data collection tools included McGill pain questionnaire, the Chalder fatigue scale, and Thomas and Velthouse’s psychological empowerment scale. Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used to compare the groups.
Results The results of MANCOVA showed a significant difference in the components of pain perception (Sensory, affective, evaluative, and miscellaneous), chronic fatigue (psychological and physical), and cognitive empowerment (competence, self-determination, impact, meaning) between the two groups in the posttest phase (P<0.05).
Conclusion The CBSM therapy can improve pain perception, reduce chronic fatigue, and increase psychological empowerment of women with FMS.

Objectives Population aging is accompanied by an increase in the elderly's demand for long-term care, which is mainly provided by family caregivers. Providing quality elderly care, while maintaining the health of caregivers, requires recognition of facilitators and the educational needs. Therefore, this study aims to investigate facilitators of elderly care at home and the educational needs of the family caregivers of older adults in the south of Tehran, Iran. Methods & Materials This is a qualitative study using the conventional content analysis method. To collect data, we conducted semi-structured telephone interviews. Seventeen family caregivers aged ≥18 years with at least one month of caregiving experience and at least six hours of caregiving per week were selected using purposive and snowball sampling methods until data saturation from January to April 2021. After transcribing the recorded interviews, the data were entered into the MAXQDA 2018 software and analyzed. Results Personal factors included personal characteristics of caregivers, Capability in caregiving, perceived benefits of caregiving, and self-care activities of caregivers. Interpersonal factors included proper relationship with older adults, older adults' partial dependence on caregivers, cooperation and support of family members, and receiving others' support. Supportive environments included physical environment, receiving support from work environments and organizations providing elderly care services. The most important educational needs of family caregivers were the needs to learn how to prepare nutritious foods for the elders, the way to nourish older adults with dysphagia, and how to move the physically disabled older adults. Conclusion Family caregivers of older adults in the south of Tehran should have access to affordable elderly care and home care services based on their educational needs that require planned support from service providers.

1 MSc, Department of Nursing, Kamaali Hospital, Karaj, Iran 2 Associate Professor, Iranian Research Center on Aging, Department of Nursing Education, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran 3 Instructor, Department of Nursing, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran 4 Associate Professor, Department of Biostatistics, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran * Corresponding author: Farahnaz Mohammadi Shahboulaghi, Associate Professor, Iranian Research Center on Aging, Department of Nursing Education, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: [email protected]

1 MSc, Department of Nursing, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2 Instructor, Department of Nursing, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Scienc, Tehran, Iran 3 Professor, Department of Nursing, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran 4 Associate Professor, Department of Biostatistics, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran * Corresponding author: Abolfazl Rahgoi, Instructor, Department of Nursing, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Scienc, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: ab.rahgoi @uswr.ac.ir

Background & Objective: Imam Khomeini relief committee as a supportive organization, sponsors many clienteles. Many problems and difficulties of life today are inevitable for people in the community, especially those in the community covered by the relief committee, are always struggling with problems because of poverty and other issues. It seems necessary to developing and strengthening the skills and abilities that that in difficult circumstances guarantee the mental health of these individuals and increase their satisfaction and quality of life. Given the chronic poverty and social harms of these people, it is necessary to implement interventions to improve the quality of life and their general health. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of life skills training program on improving the quality of life and general health of families under the auspices of Imam Khomeini relief committee. Methods: To achieve this aim, a quasi-experimental research with pre-test post-test design with control group was used. Among all families covered by Fouman and Shaft cities Imam Khomeini relief committee in the 2015-2016, 32 people chose. They had the lowest score in quality of life and the highest scores in mental health respectively in the questionnaire consisted of 26-World Health Organization quality of life instrument-short form and 28-General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28). They were selected purposely/ randomly and divided into two groups of 16 people (experimental and control). Ten sessions of life skills group training were performed on experimental group in daily basis for 2 hours. The types of skills taught in these sessions included: problem solving, decision making, creative thinking, critical thinking, emotional regulation, effective communication, effective interpersonal relationships, coping with stress, empathy and self-awareness. After that, general health and quality of life in participants were measured in three stages. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to examine the research objectives for data processing by SPSS-20 software. Results: In this study, 9 women (56.2%) and 7 men (43.8%) were included in the experimental group. Also, for the control group, 10 men (62.5%) and 6 women (37.5%) were present. Chi-square test with Yates correction to compare gender distribution between the two groups of experimental and control subjects showed no significant difference in the frequency distribution of gender (χ 2 =0.719,df=1, p=0.13). Results of independent t-test for comparing the mean age of two groups revealed no significant difference between the two groups (t=0.322, df=30, p=0.841). The result of Chi square test for the education variable indicated that there was no difference between the two groups of experimental and control subjects in terms of educational levels (χ 2 =0.168,df=2, p=0.186). These findings suggest that the two groups of experimentation and control are equivalent. The findings showed that the experimental and control groups had a significant difference in terms of mental health and quality of life in three stages: pre-test, post-test and follow-up (p<0.001). In the mental health variable, the difference in mean of the experimental group in contrast to control group was significant in the pre-test (-1.34), post-test (-20.14) and follow-up (-19.01) (p<0.001). Therefore, the experimental group mean in these three stages was significantly less than the mean of the control group. In addition, in the quality of life variable, the difference between in mean of experimental group in contrast to control group was significant in the pre-test (-11), posttest (-22) and follow-up (-25.73) (p<0.001). As a result, the mean of the control group in the pre-test was significantly higher than the experimental group and the mean of the experimental group in the post-test and follow-up stages was significantly higher than the mean of the control group. Therefore, according to the research findings, life skills training has a positive and significant effect on improving the quality of life and general health of the clienteles in the Imam Khomeini relief committee (p<0.001). Conclusions: Based on the basic logic of life skills training, it is assumed that these training (psychological capacity) will enhance in subjects and as a result, improve the general and specific capabilities of individuals to effectively and efficiently challenge with psychosocial stresses and situations of difficult life. Life skills training help clienteles by developing and enhancing these abilities to coping and adaptability skills and it eventually improves the quality of life and mental health. Life skills training can be effective in improving the quality of life and general health of clienteles, and the results of interventions are still valid for two months.

Objectives Increased problems associated with aging and cardiovascular disorders can negatively influence the elderly empowerment in lifestyle management. Cardiovascular diseases impose economic, social, and psychological burdens in the form of direct and indirect health costs, which results in the loss of empowerment and quality of life in the elderly population. Therefore, it is important to develop a valid and reliable instrument that can effectively measure the empowerment of elderly patients with cardiovascular disease to receive social support. Methods & Materials In this descriptive study, the psychometric design of the questionnaire was developed and evaluated based on the following four steps: (1) the concept of empowering the elderly patients with cardiovascular disease in receiving social support was clearly defined after reviewing certain related books and articles; (2) the questionnaire items were designed using resources in Iran and elsewhere; (3) the psychometrics, content validity, and face validity of the questionnaire were examined by ten experts from different universities; and (4) internal consistency of the questionnaire was checked by determining the Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and external reliability was checked by conducting test-retest. Results The empowerment of elderly patients' in receiving social support was determined in seven domains including awareness of personal changes, role playing, adaptation, independence, perceived satisfaction, being in control, and self-management. The primary version of the questionnaire was designed taking into account 35 items during the first and second stages. In the third and fourth stages of psychometric validity and reliability, four items were deleted from the questionnaire and the final version of the questionnaire consisted of 31 items. The content validity index and content validity ratio was reported to be 0.94 and 0.96, respectively. The internal and external reliability of the questionnaire was calculated as (r=0.90) and (r=0.83), respectively. Conclusion The final questionnaire had appropriate psychometric properties. The need for further studies is suggested to measure the other types of validity, such as structure validity of the questionnaire.

Objectives Caring for an adult child with schizophrenia is mostly done by the parents, who are often in old age. The physical conditions and age of elderly parents and the constant dependence of these patients on them may have a significant impact on the quality of care. The present study aims to investigate the lived experiences of Iranian elderly parents with adult children having schizophrenia. Methods & Materials This is a qualitative phenomenological study. Colaizzi's seven-step method was used for data analysis. Using a purposive sampling method and considering maximum diversity, 16 elderly parents of adults with schizophrenia were selected from among those referred to the treatment and support centers in Tehran, Iran. Data were collected using in-depth semi-structured interviews. The consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ) checklist was used in this study. Results Four main themes and 11 sub-themes were extracted. The theme of emotional burden included the sub-themes of "endless fear and worry", "regret and shame", and "sadness and anger". The theme of caring burden included the sub-themes of "impaired social and family relationships", "helplessness and ineffective support", and "challenges of the healthcare system". The theme of optimal and effective care included the sub-themes of "purposeful effort for the child's recovery" and "commitment and responsibility". The theme of coping strategies included the sub-themes of "spiritual coping strategy", "adaptive psychological strategies", and "maladaptive psychological strategies". Conclusion Caring for an adult child with schizophrenia brings is burdensome and have adverse psychological consequences for elderly parents. It is essential to support these parents to help them overcome psychological challenges during caregiving and use adaptive psychological coping strategies by providing psycho-educational interventions.

Introduction: Providing long-term care to Alzheimer&#39;s patients is associated with increased risk of physical and mental illness for caregivers. The purpose of this study was to determine the burden of caregiving burden and to investigate the relationship between anxiety, depression and burden burden in caregivers of elderly patients with Alzheimer&#39;s disease. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 315 caregivers aged 20 to 85 years who had direct care of the elderly with Alzheimer&#39;s disease for at least 6 months were selected by voluntary sampling. Data collection was done in 1398. The research environment was the Alzheimer&#39;s Society of Iran. Data were collected by Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Caregiver Stress Inventory (CBI) and analyzed by SPSS version 22. Frequency percentages, independent T-test, ANOVA were used to achieve the research objectives. Results: The majority of Alzheimer&#39;s caregivers endured moderate to severe c...

Background & Aims Caring for a patient undergoing hemodialysis is a stressful experience that causes a heavy care burden. With the outbreak of COVID-19, family caregivers of these patients had increased worry about the risk of infection in the dialysis centers. This fear can make their care burden heavier. This study aims to investigate the impact of coping skills training on the care burden experienced by family caregivers of patients undergoing hemodialysis. Materials & Methods This quasi-experimental study was conducted in 2020 on 60 family caregivers of patients undergoing hemodialysis at the Comprehensive Treatment Center for Special Diseases in Birjand, Iran. Participants were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. The intervention group received coping skills training in six sessions. All participants completed the Zarit burden interview before, immediately after, and one month after the intervention. The data were analyzed in SPSSsoftware, version 19. Results The two groups were homogeneous regarding demographic information (P>0.05). Both groups had a moderate to severe care burden before the intervention. A significant difference was reported in the care burden score of the intervention group after training (P<0.001). Conclusion Coping skills training can reduce the care burden of the family caregivers of patients undergoing hemodialysis. Therefore, coping skills training can be used by nursing managers to reduce the care burden of family caregivers of patients with hemodialysis.

Cancer is viewed as a great public health nuisance exerting negative effects on all physical, mental and social dimensions of the patients. One of the ways to cope with the diseases induced negative impacts is resilience. Thus the current research has been conducted with the goal to review the psychosocial dimensions related to resilience in cancer suffering patients. This research has been a narrative review study for compiling in which the researchers used the keywords such as “Cancer, Resilience, Psychological Factors, Social Factors, and Protective Factors in the available databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, Magiran, SID, Springer, Science Direct and ProQuest. Having searched all full data, finally 14 articles have been applied in order to prepare the present article. Reviewing the studies indicates that several psychosocial aspects are associated with the resilience of cancer suffering patients including optimism, personality factors and religion / spirituality, active ...

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of training skills in coping with stress on the quality of life of housewives. The research method was semiexperimental (pre-test and pos–test with a control group). Statistical population included housewives in Arak petrochemical company in 2009. A sample of 60 persons was selected through multiple random method and they were assigned to two experimental and control groups randomly, 30 persons each. For the experimental group, 8 sessions of 45 minutes per of coping with stress training skills programme were administered. The research instrument was Life Quality Questionnaireshort form (SF-36 Ware & Sherbourn, 1992). The data were analyzed by applying multiple analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). The results showed that coping with stress training skills has a meaningful effect on all subscales of life quality, except physical pain scale (P&lt;0.01).

Objective Cardiopulmonary arrest occurs at any time and place. Most of cardiac arrests happen in places outside the hospital without access to experienced people. If the family members have the ability of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, they can prevent brain death in the golden time. This study aims to assess the effect of virtual cardiopulmonary resuscitation training on the self-efficacy of family caregivers of patients with cardiovascular diseases. Methods This is a randomized controlled field trial that was conducted on 60 family caregivers of patients with cardiovascular diseases referred to the heart clinic of Razi Hospital in Birjand, Iran in 2021. They were selected by a random sampling method and were randomly divided into two groups of training (n=30) and control(n=30). They completed a demographic form and the Basic Resuscitation Skills Self-Efficacy Scale. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 20 using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, paired t-test, and chi-square test. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results The mean posttest score of self-efficacy in the training and control groups were 4.15±0.49 and 3.12±0.58, respectively, which was significantly different (P<0.001). There was no significant difference in the pretest score of self-efficacy between the training (2.97±0.82) and control (3.09±0.64) groups (P=0.53). Conclusion Virtual cardiopulmonary resuscitation training has a significant effect on increasing the selfefficacy of family caregivers of patients with cardiovascular diseases. Virtual education can be effective due to lower costs and higher efficiency. Therefore, it is recommended for planners to use this method of education in their policies for cardiovascular diseases.

1 MSc, Department of Nursing, Kamaali Hospital, Karaj, Iran 2 Associate Professor, Iranian Research Center on Aging, Department of Nursing Education, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran 3 Instructor, Department of Nursing, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran 4 Associate Professor, Department of Biostatistics, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran * Corresponding author: Farahnaz Mohammadi Shahboulaghi, Associate Professor, Iranian Research Center on Aging, Department of Nursing Education, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: [email protected]

Background: Being a chronic and prevalent disease in older adults, Alzheimer's disease requires extensive and long-term care from caregivers. The disease significantly increases the burden on family caregivers and can cause physical and mental disorders for them, ultimately hindering their ability to provide adequate care for the patients. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship between care burden and health anxiety among the family caregivers of the older adults with Alzheimer's disease. Materials and Methods: A correlational cross-sectional study enrolled 150 family caregivers who had been providing direct care to older adults with Alzheimer's disease for at least six months, chosen by continuous sampling. The study collected data using the Caregiver Burden Inventory (CBI) and Health Anxiety Inventory (HAI-18) at the Iranian Alzheimer's Association in 2021. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 25, employing independent t-tests, analysis of variance, and regression analysis. Results: The results indicated that 75 (50%) caregivers had a moderate level of health anxiety, while 43.3% of them reported being anxious about their health to a poor degree. Additionally, 46.6% and 43.3% of caregivers experienced moderate and intense care burden, respectively. Among the other variables studied such as age, sex, level of education, marital status, and economic status, only health anxiety was found to predict the care burden in caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease (P < 0.001). (CI95% Health anxiety: 52.80-58.81, CI95% Care burden: 71.89-79.90, R2: 11.9%). Conclusion: Since there is a significant relationship observed between health anxiety and care burden, it is important for health professionals and caregivers of older adults with Alzheimer's disease to prioritize the health of the caregivers. This requires special attention from healthcare providers.

Background and Objective: Type 2 diabetes is the most common chronic disease that makes a lot of restrictions for patients and their families. Therefore, improving the psychological characteristics of these people has been considered by many therapists. The present research aimed to determine the impact of acceptance and commitment group therapy on hardness and perceived stress coefficient in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: This experimental study was a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this research included all patients with type 2 diabetes who referred to health care centers of Ahvaz city in 2015. Totally 30 patients were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly divided into two equal groups. The experimental group received 8 sessions of 90 minutes by group therapy approach based on acceptance and commitment. Groups completed the perceived stress and hardness coefficient questionnaires. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance method. Results: The findings showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the variables of perceived stress and hardness coefficient. In the other words, the acceptance and commitment group therapy method significantly increased the hardness factor and decreased perceived stress among patients with type 2 diabetes. Conclusion: Considering the effect of group therapy based on acceptance and commitment on perceived stress and hardness, it is suggested counselors and therapists use this mentioned method to increase the hardness factor and reduce perceived stress in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Objective: This study examines the development of a resilience fostering program, and its effectiveness on psychological well-being in adolescents with externalizing and internalizing behavioral disorders. Method: In this developmental, and semiexperimental study, 58 adolescents (age mean = 12.77, SD = 0.88) participated. Neil & Dais’ Scale (2001), Achenbach’s Child Beha-vior Checklist (CBCL) Persian version(Minaei, 2004), Skehill’ General Well-being (2001), were respectively completed for resilience, behavioral disorders, and psychological well-being. Results: Covariance analysis revealed that the program could increase psychological well-being in the post test stage (P&lt;.05), but not in the follow-up. On the other hand, resilience was enhanced and kept both in post-test and follow-up stages (P&lt; .05). Conclusion: Accordingly, we can suggest that this program could improve psychological well-being, resilience, and behavioral disorders in some aspects.

Bu çalışmanın amacı üniversite öğrencilerinin görüşlerine göre, öğretim elemanlarının sergiledikleri istenmeyen davranışları belirlemektir. Araştırmanın örneklemini, 2012-2013 eğitim-öğretim yılında İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi, Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi ve Mühendislik Fakültesinde öğrenim görmekte olan 1.019 öğrenci oluşturmuştur. Araştırmanın verileri Öğretim Elemanlarında İstenmeyen Davranışlar (ÖEİD) ölçeği ile toplanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler analiz edilirken öncelikle betimsel istatistik hesaplamaları yapılmış, bağımsız değişkenler açısından yapılan analizlerde ise bağımsız gruplar için t testi ve tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA) ile gruplar arası farklılığı belirlemek içinde Scheffe testi yapılmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda cinsiyet, öğrenim görülen fakülte ve unvan değişkenleri açısından anlamlı farklılıklar olduğu belirlenmiştir. Erkek öğrenciler ile Mühendislik ve Fen Edebiyat Fakültesinde öğrenim gören öğrencilerin öğretim elemanlarının istenmeyen davranışlar sergilediği görüşüne daha fazla katıldığı belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca öğrencilerin öğretim elemanlarının öğretim üyelerinden daha çok istenmeyen davranış sergilediği görüşünde oldukları bulgulanmıştır.

Objectives This study aims to identify and prioritize the educational needs of older adults in Iran as a prerequisite for developing any educational intervention for them. Methods & Materials In this study, the interviews and content analysis were used to identify the needs, and the Delphi method was used to prioritize them. Three target groups were experts in the fields of education and geriatrics, caregivers of older adults, and older adults. Purposive sampling was used for sampling. The final samples consisted of 45 people. Results The results of content analysis by Sterberg's method, 13 themes were extracted which were sent to the participants for prioritization using the Delphi method. Finally, after two rounds, the participants agreed by 96% on the priority of the most needs, which were: 1) Health-promoting skills, 2) Management of negative emotions and feelings, 3) Self-knowledge, 4) Sense of satisfaction, 5) Interpersonal communication skills, and 6) Self-learning. Conclusion With age, physical health and negative emotions management skills decline and with the limitation of the circle of friends and relatives due to retirement or death, social health is also at risk. Proper knowledge about old age and acquiring self-learning skills are key elements to overcome the challenges of this period. The educational centers in Iran should provide education to older adults about health-promoting skills, how to manage negative emotions, knowledge about old age and self-learning skills, and communication skills.

Background and Objective: Today, the role of family members in caring for cancer patients is becoming more important. Numerous cancer-associated problems affect both the patients and their caregivers. Little information is available about the social support and spiritual health of caregivers of cancer patients; therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the spiritual health and social support status of family caregivers of cancer patients in northeastern Iran.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 265 family caregivers of cancer patients. The subjects were selected by convenience sampling from inpatient wards and outpatient clinics of Babol University of Medical Sciences in 2019. Data were collected using the Social Support Questionnaire (by Vaux), the Spiritual Well-Being Scale (by Paloutzian and Ellison), and a socio-demographic questionnaire.
Results: The mean scores of social support and spiritual health of family caregivers of cancer patients were 98.86±14.58 and 91.32±11.97, respectively, which are at a desirable level. The age of caregivers and the duration of cancer had no significant relationship with the score of spiritual health and social support.
Conclusion: According to our findings, family caregivers of cancer patients have a desirable level of social support and spiritual health.

Background & Aims According to the statistics, the number of older people in Iran is increasing. Considering the occurrence of major changes in old age and the high prevalence of stress, anxiety, and depression in the elderly, this study aims to examine the effect of coloring mandala patterns on depression, anxiety, and stress of older people in Tehran, Iran. Materials & Methods This is a quasi-experimental, single-group study (clinical trial) with a pre-test/post-test design. Participants were 40 older people referred to Yas Elderly Day Care Center in Tehran in 2021 who met the entry criteria and were selected non-randomly. They were asked to color the mandala patterns in 20 minutes (using colored pencils) for 4 consecutive weeks, two sessions per week. Their anxiety, depression, and stress were measured by the depression, anxiety, and stress scale-21 items (DASS-21) before and immediately after the intervention. The data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 23. Results Of 40 pa...

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of training skills in coping with stress on the quality of life of housewives. The research method was semi-experimental (pre-test and pos-test with a control group). Statistical population included housewives in Arak petrochemical company in 2009. A sample of 60 persons was selected through multiple random method and they were assigned to two experimental and control groups randomly, 30 persons each. For the experimental group, 8 sessions of 45 minutes per of coping with stress training skills programme were administered. The research instrument was Life Quality Questionnaireshort form (SF-36 Ware & Sherbourn, 1992). The data were analyzed by applying multiple analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). The results showed that coping with stress training skills has a meaningful effect on all subscales of life quality, except physical pain scale (P<0.01).

Objectives This study aimed to investigate the moderating role of resilience in the association between perceived stress and the burden of care among elderly caregivers at nursing homes in Tehran in 2016. Methods & Materials In this cross-sectional, correlational study, the data were collected from 142 caregivers engaged in nursing homes in Tehran, of which 50 were men and 92 were women, through the census sampling method. Research tools included the questionnaire of perceived stress-14 (PSS-14), Cohen et al., (1983), Zarit et al. (1986) Burden of care questionnaire, and connor and davidson resilience questionnaire (2003). The collected data were analyzed in SPSS software v. 20. The significance level was set at P&lt;0.05. Results The results showed that the average perceived stress score (35.11) was higher than the average (28). The burden of care was significantly positively associated with perceived stress (r&gt;0 or P=0.001), and there was a negative and significant relationship...

The end of each period of life and the beginning of a new period of it brings many challenges. Integrity against despair is one of the basic crises of the elderly and people on the threshold of old age, which can be solved by increasing wisdom and resilience. Therefore, it seems necessary to carry out some interventions with the aim of improving wisdom and resilience. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of solution-focused coaching (SFC) on the wisdom and resilience of elderly and middle-aged women. This was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design and a control group. The statistical population of the research included all elderly and middle-aged women clients of welfare centers and counseling centers in Isfahan, Iran in the fall of 2022. The sample consisted of 32 elderly and middle-aged women with an average age of 61.8 years in the experimental group and 62.1 in the control group, selected based on convenience sampling method and inclusion and exclusion criteria, and were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. The research measures were Ardelt's Wisdom Questionnaire as well as Connor-Davidson Resilience Questionnaire. Participants in the experimental group underwent eight 60-minute sessions of SFC, and the control group did not receive any intervention in the same time. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) in SPSS-22 software. The results revealed that SFC increases wisdom and resilience of elderly and middleaged women (P<0.05). Based on the results, it is recommended that counselors and psychologists take advantages of SFC in order to increase the resilience and wisdom of elderly and middle-aged women along with other methods.

Introduction: Psycho-education may positively impact the family caregivers of clients with severe mental disorders and promote in them such positive psychological states as resilience. The purpose of the present study is to examine the effect of virtual social network based psycho-education on resilience of the family caregivers of clients with severe mental disorders. Methods: The present research is a semi-experimental study in the form of a pre-test and two post-test with two control and test groups conducted in Iran Psychiatric Center in Tehran in 2017. 72 family caregivers of clients with severe mental disorders, with the age of 18 to 65, participated in the present study. To avoid the spread of the information, the control group was first studied and the test group was studied later. Sampling was conducted in a continuous and non-probable form. Data collection was conducted through demographic questionnaire and Conner-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-2003) before the study, immediately after the training, and 4 weeks after that. The virtual training (Psycho-education) was conducted through a telegram channel for four weeks. The data were analyzed by means of SPSS-24 software, and the independent T tests, couple T, and variances were analyzed by repetitive values. Results: The results of the study of the demographic features of samples showed that both groups were homogeneous. Based on the independent T test, the results showed that the change average of resilience score in both test and control groups had meaningful difference statistically, and that the average increased in the test group (P<0.001). Also, the results of the couple T test showed that the changes in resilience score in the test group had a meaningful difference statistically, and that the changes in post-test stage were greater than the pre-test stage; they were greater in the second post-test compared to the first post-test and pre-test stages (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The results of this research showed that the virtual social network based psycho-education promotes the resilience of family caregivers of clients with severe mental disorders. Given the low cost of, and fast access to, social networks, the contents of this training plan can be widely utilized for family caregivers.

Objective: Caring for children with cancer has many tensions that can lead to deep emotional and emotional problems such as stress, anxiety and depression in their caregivers. This study aims to examine the effect of spiritual group therapy on depression, anxiety and stress of the mothers of children with cancer. Methods: The is a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test/post-test design conducted on 24 mothers as caregivers of children with cancer selected from among those in the children’s cancer association in Ardebil, Iran. They were divided into two groups of intervention and control. The intervention group participated in 8 sessions of spiritual group therapy. Depression, anxiety and stress were evaluated before and after intervention using the 42-item Depression Anxiety Stress Scale. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test, independent t-test, paired t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Wilcoxon test in SPSS v. 25 software. Results: Mean±SD age of mothers in the intervention and...