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Template:Animalia

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Extant animal phyla
Domain
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukaryota
(major groups
Metamonada
Discoba
Diaphoretickes
Hacrobia
Cryptista
Rhizaria
Alveolata
Stramenopiles
Plants
Amorphea
Amoebozoa
Opisthokonta
Animalia
Fungi
Mesomycetozoea)
Animalia
  • Porifera (sponges)
  • Ctenophora (comb jellies)
ParaHoxozoa
(Planulozoa)
  • Placozoa (Trichoplax and relatives)
  • Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)
Bilateria (Triploblasts)
  • (see below↓)
The phylogeny of the animal root is disputed; see also
Eumetazoa
Benthozoa
Bilateria
Bilateria
  • Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)
  • Chordata (chordates)
Ambulacraria
  • Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)
  • Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)
Protostomia
Ecdysozoa
Scalidophora
  • Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)
  • Priapulida (penis worms)
N+L+P
Nematoida
  • Nematoda (roundworms)
  • Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)
L+P
  • Loricifera (corset animals)
Panarthropoda
  • Onychophora (velvet worms)
  • Arthropoda (arthropods)
  • Tardigrada (waterbears)
Spiralia
Gnathifera
  • Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
  • Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
M+S
  • Micrognathozoa (Limnognathia)
  • Syndermata
    • Rotifera (wheel animals)
    • Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)
Platytrochozoa
R+M
Rouphozoa
  • Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
  • Gastrotricha (hairybacks)
Mesozoa
  • Orthonectida
  • Dicyemida or Rhombozoa
  • Monoblastozoa (Salinella)†
Lophotrochozoa
  • Cycliophora (Symbion)
  • Annelida (segmented worms)
M+K
  • Mollusca (molluscs)
Kryptotrochozoa
  • Nemertea (ribbon worms)
Lophophorata
Bryozoa s.l.
  • Entoprocta or Kamptozoa
  • Ectoprocta (moss animals)
Brachiozoa
  • Brachiopoda (lamp shells)
  • Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
The phylogeny of Bilateria is disputed; see also
Nephrozoa
Deuterostomia
Xenambulacraria
Centroneuralia

Major groups
within phyla
  • Sponges
    • Demosponges
    • Glass sponges
    • Calcareous sponges
  • Cnidarians
    • Anthozoans inc. corals
    • Medusozoans inc. jellyfish
    • Myxozoans
  • Chordates
    • Lancelets
    • Tunicates
    • Vertebrates
  • Echinoderms
    • Sea lilies
    • Asterozoans inc. starfish
    • Echinozoans inc. sea urchins
  • Hemichordates
    • Acorn worms
    • Pterobranchs
  • Nematodes
    • Chromadorea
    • Enoplea
    • Secernentea
  • Arthropods
    • Chelicerates inc. arachnids
    • Myriapods
    • Crustaceans
    • Hexapods inc. insects
  • Platyhelminths
    • Turbellaria
    • Trematoda
    • Monogenea
    • Cestoda
  • Ectoproctans
    • Phylactolaemata
    • Stenolaemata
    • Gymnolaemata
  • Annelids
    • Polychaetes
    • Clitellata
    • Sipuncula
  • Molluscs
    • Gastropods
    • Cephalopods
    • Bivalves
    • Chitons
    • Tusk shells
Phyla with ≥1000 extant species bolded
Potentially dubious phyla †
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References

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  • Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Giribet, Gonzalo; Dunn, Casey W.; Hejnol, Andreas; Kristensen, Reinhardt M.; Neves, Ricardo C.; Rouse, Greg W.; Worsaae, Katrine; Sørensen, Martin V. (2011). "Higher-level metazoan relationships: recent progress and remaining questions". Organisms, Diversity and Evolution. 11 (2): 151–172. doi:10.1007/s13127-011-0044-4. S2CID 32169826.
  • Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Campbell, Lahcen; Brinkmann, Henner; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Longhorn, Stuart J.; Peterson, Kevin J.; Pisani, Davide; Philippe, Hervé; Telford, Maximilian J. (2011). "A congruent solution to arthropod phylogeny: phylogenomics, microRNAs and morphology support monophyletic Mandibulata". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 278 (1703): 298–306. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.0590. PMC 3013382. PMID 20702459.
  • Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Legg, David A. (2014). "Origins and early evolution of arthropods". Palaeontology. 57 (3): 457–468. Bibcode:2014Palgy..57..457E. doi:10.1111/pala.12105. S2CID 85045429.
  • Srivastava, Mansi; Begovic, Emina; Chapman, Jarrod; Putnam, Nicholas H.; Hellsten, Uffe; Kawashima, Takeshi; Kuo, Alan; Mitros, Therese; Salamov, Asaf; Carpenter, Meredith L.; Signorovitch, Ana Y.; Moreno, Maria A.; Kamm, Kai; Grimwood, Jane; Schmutz, Jeremy; Shapiro, Harris; Grigoriev, Igor V.; Buss, Leo W.; Schierwater, Bernd; Dellaporta, Stephen L.; Rokhsar, Daniel S. (21 August 2008). "The Trichoplax genome and the nature of placozoans". Nature. 454 (7207): 955–960. Bibcode:2008Natur.454..955S. doi:10.1038/nature07191. PMID 18719581. S2CID 4415492.
  • Ryan, J. F.; Pang, K.; Schnitzler, C. E.; Nguyen, A.-D.; Moreland, R. T.; Simmons, D. K.; Koch, B. J.; Francis, W. R.; Havlak, P.; Smith, S. A.; Putnam, N. H.; Haddock, S. H. D.; Dunn, C. W.; Wolfsberg, T. G.; Mullikin, J. C.; Martindale, M. Q.; Baxevanis, A. D. (13 December 2013). "The Genome of the Ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi and its Implications for Cell Type Evolution". Science. 342 (6164) 1242592. doi:10.1126/science.1242592. PMC 3920664. PMID 24337300.
  • Moroz, Leonid L.; Kocot, Kevin M.; Citarella, Mathew R.; Dosung, Sohn; Norekian, Tigran P.; Povolotskaya, Inna S.; Grigorenko, Anastasia P.; Dailey, Christopher; Berezikov, Eugene; Buckley, Katherine M.; Ptitsyn, Andrey; Reshetov, Denis; Mukherjee, Krishanu; Moroz, Tatiana P.; Bobkova, Yelena; Yu, Fahong; Kapitonov, Vladimir V.; Jurka, Jerzy; Bobkov, Yuri V.; Swore, Joshua J.; Girardo, David O.; Fodor, Alexander; Gusev, Fedor; Sanford, Rachel; Bruders, Rebecca; Kittler, Ellen; Mills, Claudia E.; Rast, Jonathan P.; Derelle, Romain; Solovyev, Victor V.; Kondrashov, Fyodor A.; Swalla, Billie J.; Sweedler, Jonathan V.; Rogaev, Evgeny I.; Halanych, Kenneth M.; Kohn, Andrea B. (21 May 2014). "The ctenophore genome and the evolutionary origins of neural systems". Nature. 510 (7503): 109–114. Bibcode:2014Natur.510..109M. doi:10.1038/nature13400. PMC 4337882. PMID 24847885.
  • Whelan, Nathan V.; Kocot, Kevin M.; Moroz, Leonid L.; Halanych, Kenneth M. (5 May 2015). "Error, signal, and the placement of Ctenophora sister to all other animals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (18): 5773–5778. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.5773W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1503453112. PMC 4426464. PMID 25902535.
  • Nesnidal, Maximilian P; Helmkampf, Martin; Meyer, Achim; Witek, Alexander; Bruchhaus, Iris; Ebersberger, Ingo; Hankeln, Thomas; Lieb, Bernhard; Struck, Torsten H; Hausdorf, Bernhard (17 November 2013). "New phylogenomic data support the monophyly of Lophophorata and an Ectoproct-Phoronid clade and indicate that Polyzoa and Kryptrochozoa are caused by systematic bias". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2013 (13): 253. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-253. PMC 4225663. PMID 24238092.
  • Struck, Torsten H.; Wey-Fabrizius, Alexandra R.; Golombek, Anja; Hering, Lars; Weigert, Anne; Bleidorn, Christoph; Klebow, Sabrina; Iakovenko, Nataliia; Hausdorf, Bernhard; Petersen, Malte; Kück, Patrick; Herlyn, Holger; Hankeln, Thomas (18 April 2014). "Platyzoan Paraphyly Based on Phylogenomic Data Supports a Noncoelomate Ancestry of Spiralia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 31 (7): 1833–49. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu143. PMID 24748651.
  • Suzuki, Takahito G.; Ogino, Kazutoyo; Tsuneki, Kazuhiko; Furuya, Hidetaka (25 January 2010). "Phylogenetic Analysis of Dicyemid Mesozoans (Phylum Dicyemida) From Innexin Amino Acid Sequences: Dicyemids Are Not Related to Platyhelminthes". Journal of Parasitology. 96 (3): 614–625. doi:10.1645/GE-2305.1. PMID 20557208. S2CID 25877334.
  • Petrov, N. B.; Aleshin, V. V.; Pegova, A. N.; Ofitserov, M. V.; Slyusarev, G. S. (29 December 2010). "New insight into the phylogeny of Mesozoa: Evidence from the 18S and 28S rRNA genes". Moscow University Biological Sciences Bulletin. 65 (4): 167–169. doi:10.3103/S0096392510040127. S2CID 45754938.
  • Wallberg, Andreas; Thollesson, Mikael; Farris, James S.; Jondelius, Ulf (2004). "The phylogenetic position of the comb jellies (Ctenophora) and the importance of taxonomic sampling". Cladistics. 20 (6): 558–578. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00041.x. PMID 34892961. S2CID 86185156.
  • Laumer, Christopher E.; Bekkouche, Nicolas; Kerbl, Alexandra; Goetz, Freya; Neves, Ricardo C.; Sørensen, Martin V.; Kristensen, Reinhardt M.; Hejnol, Andreas; Dunn, Casey W.; Giribet, Gonzalo; Worsaae, Katrine (3 August 2015). "Spiralian Phylogeny Informs the Evolution of Microscopic Lineages". Current Biology. 25 (15): 2000–2006. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.068. PMID 26212884. S2CID 12466595.
  • Yamasaki, Hiroshi; Fujimoto, Shinta; Miyazaki, Katsumi (30 June 2015). "Phylogenetic position of Loricifera inferred from nearly complete 18S and 28S rRNA gene sequences". Zoological Letters. 1: 18. doi:10.1186/s40851-015-0017-0. PMC 4657359. PMID 26605063.
  • Rouse, Greg W.; Wilson, Nerida G.; Carvajal, Jose I.; Vrijenhoek, Robert C. (4 February 2016). "New deep-sea species of Xenoturbella and the position of Xenacoelomorpha". Nature. 530 (7588): 94–97. Bibcode:2016Natur.530...94R. doi:10.1038/nature16545. PMID 26842060. S2CID 3870574.
  • Cannon, Johanna Taylor; Vellutini, Bruno Cossermelli; Smith, Julian; Ronquist, Fredrik; Jondelius, Ulf; Hejnol, Andreas (4 February 2016). "Xenacoelomorpha is the sister group to Nephrozoa". Nature. 530 (7588): 89–93. Bibcode:2016Natur.530...89C. doi:10.1038/nature16520. PMID 26842059. S2CID 205247296.
  • Howard, R.J.; Giacomelli, M.; Lozano-Fernandez, J.; Edgecombe, G.D.; Fleming, J.F.; Kristensen, R.M.; Ma, X.; Olesen, J.; Sørensen, M.V.; Thomsen, P.F.; Wills, M.A.; Donoghue, P.C.; Pisani, D. (2022). "The Ediacaran origin of Ecdysozoa: integrating fossil and phylogenomic data". Journal of the Geological Society. 179 (4). Bibcode:2022JGSoc.179..107H. doi:10.1144/jgs2021-107. S2CID 246494357.
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Last edited on 24 November 2024, at 03:50

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