Let's break this down.
Umask= is documented in man systemd.exec. You can find which man page it's documented in by checking man systemd.directives. It's documented as:
"Controls the file mode creation mask. "
The output you see in /proc/<pid>/status is documented in man proc. It's documented as:
"Process umask".
So first, it's not clear that what your checking is the right test of the systemd directive you set. A better test would be to look at a file created by Docker. What umask was created as?
Second, check that your systemd directive actually took hold. Review the output of:
systemd-analyze dump
Search in the output for Docker, and from there you can find the Umask that systemd has set for the Docker service. Does systemd see your umask as you expect?
Your systemd syntax appears correct, so I think this may be a misunderstanding about what the Umask= directive does.