Pawniard, Bisharp, and Kingambit in Pokécology (English version)

First is 2 Pawniard and a Bisharp battling a Fraxure over sharpening stones next to a river. While not stated here, I’m guessing that these disputes usually end with Fraxure being eaten by Pawniard and Bisharp since it is outnumbered.

Next is 2 different armies of Pawniard and Bisharp each led by a Kingambit clashing. Since it’s not explained either, I’m curious about how each side tells friend from foe when all individuals of the same stage look seemingly identical. Perhaps they distinguish by pheromones?