Szlachta

adelsklass i kungariket Polen och senare i Polsk-litauiska samväldet

Szlachta (litauiska: šlėkta; "ätt") var adeln i kungariket Polen, storhertigdömet Litauen och Polsk-litauiska samväldet.[1][2] Det var den dominerande samhällsklassen i kungariket Polen och Polsk-litauiska samväldet, som utövade politiska rättigheter och makt.[3][4][5][6][7] Szlachta som klass skiljde sig väsentligt från den feodala adeln i Västeuropa.[8][9] En adelsman kallades szlachcic medan en adelsdam kallades szlachcianka. Szlachta-adeln avskaffades officiellt 1921 med den s.k. Marskonstitutionen.[2]

Szlachta i dräkter för vojvodskapen i kungariket Polen, storhertigdömet Litauen och Polsk-litauiska samväldet under 1600- och 1700-talen.

Historik

redigera

Ordet kommer från polska "szlachta" eller forntyska "slahta", vilket betyder ätt.

Szlachta ursprung är osäker och är föremål för flera olika teorier.[10] Szlachta säkrade en stor och ökad politisk makt samt rättigheter genom dess historia, med början hos kung Kasimir III:s styre mellan 1333 och 1370 i kungariket Polen[11] till nedgången och slutet för Polsk-litauiska samväldet under det sena 1700-talet. Bortsett från att förse soldater till armén, var dess viktigaste medborgerliga skyldigheter att välja monarken och fylla heders- och rådgivande roller vid hovet, som senare skulle utvecklas till den övre lagstiftande kammaren, Senaten. Szlachta[12] deltog också i styret av samväldet via den lägre lagstiftande kammaren, Sejm, som bestod av representanter valda vid lokala sejmiks (lokala församlingar för szlachta). Sejmiks uträttade olika styrande funktioner på lokal nivå, såsom att utse tjänstemän och övervaka rättslig och ekonomisk styrning samt skatteindrivning. Szlachta intog olika styrande positioner, inklusive vojvod, marskalk av vojvodskapet, kastalanen och starosta.[13]

År 1413 efter en serie av preliminära personalunioner mellan storhertigdömet Litauen och kungariket Polen, blev den litauiska och rutenska adeln formellt blev en del av szlachta-adeln.[14] Liksom Polsk-litauiska samväldet (1569–1795) utvecklade och expanderade territorieltt efter Lublinunionen (1569), växde dess medlemmar till att inkludera ledare för hertigdömet Preussen och Livland. Över tid ökade medlemmarna och kom att omfatta cirka 8–15 % av Polens befolkning,[15] vilket gjorde medlemskapet en valmanskår i kungavalen som var flera gånger större än de flesta adelsklasser i andra länder; i jämförelse utgjorde adeln i Italien och Frankrike 1 % under tidigmodern tid.[16]

Trost ofta enorma skillnader i välstånd och politiskt inflytande, fanns få legala skillnader mellan de stora magnaterna och lägre szlachta.[15] Den juridiska principen kring szlachtas jämlikhet fanns eftersom szlachtas marktitlar var avlingejord,[17] inte feodal, vilket inte innebar några krav om feodalt arbete åt en länsherre.[18][19] Till skillnad från absoluta monarkier som efter en tid tog makt i de flesta andra europeiska länder, var den polske kungen inte en aristokrat och inte överherre till szlachta-adeln.[18] Under de tre efterföljande delningarna av Polen mellan 1772 och 1795, började de flesta inom szlachta-adeln att förlora juridiska privilegier och social status, medan szlachta-eliten blev delar av de tre delande makternas adel.

Referenser

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  1. ”Szlachta”. www.ne.se. Nationalencyklopedin. https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/szlachta. Läst 16 december 2025.
  2. 1 2 ”Szlachta. Szlachta w Polsce” (på polska). encyklopedia.pwn.pl. https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/;4019673. Läst 16 december 2025.
  3. Davies, Ivor Norman Richard; Dawson, Andrew Hutchinson; Jasiewicz, Krzysztof; Kondracki, Jerzy Aleksander; Wandycz, Piotr Stefan (2 June 2017). ”Poland”. Encyclopædia Britannica. s. 15. https://www.britannica.com/place/Poland/The-Commonwealth. Läst 24 april 2021. ”Ranging from the poorest landless yeomen to the great magnates, the szlachta insisted on the equality of all its members. As a political nation it was more numerous (8–10 percent) than the electorate of most European states even in the early 19th century.”.
  4. Hutton, Richard Holt; Bagehot, Walter (January 1864). ”The Races of the Old World”. National Review (London, England: Robson and Levey): sid. 484. https://books.google.com/books?id=4u4RAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA484. Läst 9 oktober 2014. ”"These remark exactly express the view which we entertain in regard to the population of Poland. There we find an aristocracy of equals resting upon a basis of serfage, an upper caste drawing the rents of the land, monopolising the government, and composing the army of the country, and who, in the course of long centuries, have imparted much of their own spirit and ideas, and, with the license of a gay aristocracy, not a little of their blood also, to the subordinate population."”.
  5. Ross, M. (1835). ”A Descriptive View of Poland: Character, Manners, and Customs of the Poles”. A history of Poland from its foundation as a state to the present time; including a full account of the recent patriotic struggle to re-establish its independence. To which is prefixed, a descriptive view of the country, its natural history, cities and towns, and the manners and customs of its inhabitants. Newcastle upon Tyne, England: Pattison and Ross. Sid. 51. ”Once admitted within the pale of nobility, every honour of the state, and even the kingly office, was open, there being a perfect equality of civil rights.”
  6. Skwarczyński, Paweł (June 1956). ”The Problem of Feudalism in Poland up to the Beginning of the 16th Century”. The Slavonic and East European Review (Salisbury House, Station Road, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire county, England: Modern Humanities Research Association) 34 (83): sid. 299. ”As the knights owned their land, there was no room or need for any intermediaries between them and the king. All of them were equal before the king; but they were not king's tenants, and the king was not their overlord. Their relationship to the king was not feudal, i.e., based on feudal dependence, but rather it was regulated by public law. ... From the fact that the knights were equal before the king, the theory of equality was evolved, which later became one of the important features of the constitution.”.
  7. Zamoyski, Adam (1998). The Polish Way: A Thousand-year history of the Poles and their culture (Fourth Printing). New York: Hippocrene Books. Sid. 24. ISBN 0-7818-0200-8. https://archive.org/details/polishwaythousan00zamo/page/24. ”Polish society had evolved from clannish structures, and the introduction of Christianity and all that went with it did not alter these significantly. The feudal system which regulated society all over Europe was never introduced into Poland, and this fact cannot be stressed too heavily.”
  8. Zamoyski, Adam (2010) (på engelska). The Polish way: a thousand-year history of the Poles and their culture (12. pr). Hippocrene Books. sid. 12. ISBN 978-0-7818-0200-0. https://archive.org/details/polishwaythousan00zamo/page/55. Läst 16 december 2025. ”One cannot substitute the terms 'nobility' or 'gentry' for szlachta because it had little in common with those classes in other European countries either in origin, composition or outlook.”
  9. Dmowski, Roman Stanisław (1917). James Duff Duff. red (på engelska). RUSSIAN REALITIES & PROBLEMS. Cambridge, East of England, ENGLAND, UNITED KINGDOM. Cambridge University Press. sid. 92–92. https://archive.org/details/RussianRealitiesAndProblems. ”This military class was subdivided into clans, the members of each clan being bound together by strong ties of solidarity. Each clan had its name and crest. The Polish nobility, which sprang from this military class and which derived its family names from its landed properties (in the fifteenth century), had no family crests, of which there was only a limited number. Each of these bore a name which had been the old word of call of the clan. In many instances, one crest belonged to more than a hundred families. The clan system survived in this way throughout the whole of Polish history. It is evident that the warrior class in Poland had quite a different origin and a different legal and social position from that of the feudal nobility of Western Europe.”
  10. Davies, Norman (1982). God's playground. 1: The origins to 1795. Columbia University Press. sid. 207. ISBN 978-0-231-05351-8. Läst 16 december 2025
  11. Davies, Norman (1982). God's playground. 1: The origins to 1795. Columbia University Press. sid. 211. ISBN 978-0-231-05351-8. Läst 16 december 2025
  12. ”Poland - History, Culture, People | Britannica” (på engelska). Encyclopedia Britannica: s. 15. Arkiverad från originalet den 10 oktober 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20251010023003/https://www.britannica.com/place/Poland/The-Commonwealth. Läst 16 december 2025.
  13. Góralski, Zbigniew (1998) (på polska). Urzędy i godności w dawnej Polsce (Wyd. 2). Ludowa Spółdzielnia Wydawnicza. ISBN 978-83-205-4533-3. Läst 16 december 2025
  14. Davies, Norman (1982). God's playground. 1: The origins to 1795. Columbia Univ. Press. sid. 211. ISBN 978-0-231-05351-8. Läst 16 december 2025
  15. 1 2 ”Polen”. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 juni 2017. sid. 15. https://www.britannica.com/place/Poland/The-Commonwealth. Läst 16 december 2025. ”Ranging from the poorest landless yeomen to the great magnates, the szlachta insisted on the equality of all its members. As a political nation it was more numerous (8–10 percent) than the electorate of most European states even in the early 19th century.”
  16. Kamen, Henry (2008). Early modern European society (Reprint). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-15865-7. Läst 16 december 2025
  17. Skwarczyński, Paweł (1956) (på engelska). The Problem of Feudalism in Poland up to the Beginning of the 16th Century. "34". Modern Humanities Research Association. sid. 298. JSTOR 4204744. Läst 16 december 2025. ”The resistance to the royal policy was so strong however that by far the greater part of the land was held by the knights as allodial, not as feudal property, which is in striking contrast to the land conditions in England.”
  18. 1 2 Skwarczyński, Paweł (1956) (på engelska). The Problem of Feudalism in Poland up to the Beginning of the 16th Century. "34". Modern Humanities Research Association. sid. 299. JSTOR 4204744. Läst 16 december 2025. ”As the knights owned their land, there was no room or need for any intermediaries between them and the king. All of them were equal before the king; but they were not king's tenants, and the king was not their overlord. Their relationship to the king was not feudal, i.e., based on feudal dependence, but rather it was regulated by public law. ... From the fact that the knights were equal before the king, the theory of equality was evolved, which later became one of the important features of the constitution.”
  19. Zamoyski, Adam (2010). The Polish way: a thousand-year history of the Poles and their culture (12. pr). Hippocrene Books. sid. 24. ISBN 978-0-7818-0200-0. https://archive.org/details/polishwaythousan00zamo/page/24. Läst 16 december 2025