How to properly reference a global variable in nested functions in Python

Question

Let's say I have the following simple situation:

import pandas as pd

def multiply(row):
    global results
    results.append(row[0] * row[1])

def main():
    results = []
    df = pd.DataFrame([{'a': 1, 'b': 2}, {'a': 3, 'b': 4}, {'a': 5, 'b': 6}])
    df.apply(multiply, axis=1)
    print(results)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

This results in the following traceback:

Traceback (most recent call last):

  File "<ipython-input-2-58ca95c5b364>", line 1, in <module>
    main()

  File "<ipython-input-1-9bb1bda9e141>", line 11, in main
    df.apply(multiply, axis=1)

  File "C:\Users\bbritten\AppData\Local\Continuum\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pandas\core\frame.py", line 4262, in apply
    ignore_failures=ignore_failures)

  File "C:\Users\bbritten\AppData\Local\Continuum\Anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pandas\core\frame.py", line 4358, in _apply_standard
    results[i] = func(v)

  File "<ipython-input-1-9bb1bda9e141>", line 5, in multiply
    results.append(row[0] * row[1])

NameError: ("name 'results' is not defined", 'occurred at index 0')

I know that I can move results = [] to the if statement to get this example to work, but is there a way to keep the structure I have now and make it work?

Answer 1

You must declare results outside the functions like:

import pandas as pd

results = []

def multiply(row):
    # the rest of your code...

UPDATE

Also note that list in python is mutable, hence you don't need to specify it with global in the beginning of the functions. Example

def multiply(row):
    # global results -> This is not necessary!
    results.append(row[0] * row[1])

Answer 2

You must move results outside of the function. I don't think there is any other way without moving the variable out.

One way is to pass results as a parameter to multiply method.