This paper presents Noology, a formal system that defines the highest-level protocol by which intelligence constitutes reality. Noology (Japanese: Chigaku 知学) is not a theory within science, but an operating system specifi cation for existence itself. Crucially, Noology is a meta-judgment framework: it does not generate truths internally, but adjudicates whether an externally given structure qualifi es as “real” (Res) under a given confi guration (Quaestio). By design, it avoids the premises of Gödel’s incompleteness theorems through non-interpretability of (...) arithmetic. Noology serves as the regulative layer above Operatiol- ogy, providing the axiomatic foundation from which Operatiology’s executive structure is derived. -/- Version 2 of this system rested on three independent primitive notions (Ordo, Consensus, Arbitrium), related by three absolute axioms formulated as relational constraints with non-triviality conditions, together with one governing principle. The present version revises this foundation: the triad and its three axioms are no longer independent primitives but are derived as theorems from a single primitive, Self-Closure (Ω), together with the Governing Principle, tightening the regulative foundation on which Operatiology depends. -/- The independence and minimality results of Version 2 are re-established with explicit model constructions on the re-derived axioms, and the non-applicability of Gödel’s incompleteness theorems is re-proven using the structure’s own witness model. The relation to Operatiology is restated within this single-primitive foundation, preserving the Lemma 2.1 confi gurational-sensitivity argument by which Arbitrium, Axiom 2, and Axiom 4 jointly force non-commutativity. The system remains minimal, irreducible, and self-contained: it presupposes neither arithmetic, set theory, nor physical law, and it does not, and structurally cannot, force the dimensional bound established at Tier-2; any further realization belongs to Operatiology and its algebraic layer, not to the present document. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20786059 Published on June 22, 2026. (shrink)

Intelligent Tutoring System Builder (ITSB) is an authoring tool designed and developed to aid teachers in constructing intelligent tutoring systems in a multidisciplinary fields. The teacher is needed to create a set of pedagogical fundamentals, which, in line, are inured to automatically build up a broad tutor framework and construct an intelligent tutoring system. In this paper an explanation of the theory and the architecture of the tool is outlined. A presentation of several system components, the requirements (...) of the different components, integration of these components in ITSB tool are shown. Furthermore, implanting of requirements, cognitive principle, and common design fundamentals in the tool to ease the use of teachers. A variety of design matters, an example of building an intelligent tutoring system for teaching Java language using ITSB tool and an evaluation are presented. (shrink)

Recently there is an increasing technological development in intelligent tutoring systems. This field has become interesting to many researchers. In this paper, we present an intelligent tutoring system for teaching information security. This intelligent tutoring systems target the students enrolled in Advanced Topics in Information Security in the faculty of Engineering and Information Technology at Al-Azhar University in Gaza. Through which the student will be able to study the course and solve related problems. An evaluation of the intelligent tutoring (...) systems was carried out and the results were promising. (shrink)

Fichte's System of Ethics, originally published in 1798, is at once the most accessible presentation of its author's comprehensive philosophical project, The Science of Knowledge or Wissenschaftslehre, and the most important work in moral philosophy written between Kant and Hegel. This study integrates the discussion of our moral duties into the systematic framework of a transcendental theory of the human subject. Ranging over numerous important philosophical themes, the volume offers a new translation of the work together with an introduction (...) that sets it in its philosophical and historical contexts. (shrink)

Background: In spite of the fact that computers continue to improve in speed and functions operation, they remain complex to use. Problems frequently happen, and it is hard to resolve or find solutions for them. This paper outlines the significance and feasibility of building a desktop PC problems diagnosis system. The system gathers problem symptoms from users’ desktops, rather than the user describes his/her problems to primary search engines. It automatically searches global databases of problem symptoms and solutions, (...) and also allows ordinary users to contribute exact problem reports in a structured manner. Objectives: The main goal of this Knowledge Based System is to get the suitable problem desktop PC symptoms and the correct way to solve the errors. Methods: In this paper the design of the proposed Knowledge Based System which was produced to help users of desktop PC in knowing many of the problems and error such as : Power supply problems, CPU errors, RAM dumping error, hard disk errors and bad sectors and suddenly restarting PC. The proposed Knowledge Based System presents an overview about desktop PC hardware errors are given, the cause of fault are outlined and the solution to the problems whenever possible is given out. CLIPS Knowledge Based System language was used for designing and implementing the proposed expert system. Results: The proposed PC desktop troubleshooting Knowledge Based System was evaluated by IT students and they were satisfied with its performance. (shrink)

In this paper, we present an intelligent tutoring system developed to help students in learning Computer Theory. The Intelligent tutoring system was built using ITSB authoring tool. The system helps students to learn finite automata, pushdown automata, Turing machines and examines the relationship between these automata and formal languages, deterministic and nondeterministic machines, regular expressions, context free grammars, undecidability, and complexity. During the process the intelligent tutoring system gives assistance and feedback of many types in an (...) intelligent manner according to the behavior of the student. An evaluation of the intelligent tutoring system has revealed reasonably acceptable results in terms of its usability and learning abilities are concerned. (shrink)

The evolution of Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) is the result of the amount of research in the field of education and artificial intelligence in recent years. English is the third most common languages in the world and also is the internationally dominant in the telecommunications, science and trade, aviation, entertainment, radio and diplomatic language as most of the areas of work now taught in English. Therefore, the demand for learning English has increased. In this paper, we describe the design (...) of an Intelligent Tutoring System for teaching English language grammar to help students learn English grammar easily and smoothly. The system provides all topics of English grammar and generates a series of questions automatically for each topic for the students to solve. The system adapts with all the individual differences of students and begins gradually with students from easier to harder level. The intelligent tutoring system was given to a group of students of all age groups to try it and to see the impact of the system on students. The results showed a good satisfaction of the students toward the system. (shrink)

Volume 25, Issue 2, February 2025, Page 157-159.

Lately in the past couple of years, there are an increasing in the normal rate of playing computer games or video games compared to the E-learning content that are introduced for the safety of our children, and the impact of the video game addictiveness that ranges from (Musculoskeletal issues, Vision problems and Obesity). Furthermore, this paper introduce an intelligent tutoring system for both parent and their children for enhancement the experience of gaming and tell us about the health problems (...) and how we can solve them, with an easy user interface that way can our children be happy and excited about the information and their health. (shrink)

Recently, Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) got much attention from researchers even though ITS educational technology began in the late 1960s and ITS is just embryonic from laboratories into the field. In this paper we outline an intelligent tutoring system for teaching basics of the databases system called (MDB). The MDB was built as education system by using the authoring tool (ITSB). MDB contains learning materials as a group of lessons for beginner level which include relational database (...) class='Hi'>system and lessons in the process to install and set up a database. MDB system has exams for each level of the Lessons. An evaluation was done to see the effectiveness the MDB among learners and instructors. The outcome of the evaluation was promising. (shrink)

Intelligent tutoring system (ITS) is a computer system which aims to provide immediate and customized or reactions to learners, usually without the intervention of human teacher's instructions. Secretariats professional to have the common goal of learning a meaningful and effective manner through the use of a variety of computing technologies enabled. There are many examples of professional Secretariats used in both formal education and in professional settings that have proven their capabilities. There is a close relationship between private (...) lessons intelligent, cognitive learning and design theories; and there are ongoing to improve the effectiveness of ITS research. And it aims to find a solution to the problem of over-reliance on students' teachers for quality education. The program aims to provide access to high-quality education to every student, and therefore the reform of the education system as a whole. In this paper, we will use Intelligent Tutoring System Builder (ITSB) to build an education system on cloud computing in terms of the concept of cloud computing and components and how to take advantage of cloud computing in the field. (shrink)

In these days, there is an increasing technological development in intelligent tutoring systems. This field has become interesting to many researchers. In this paper, we present an intelligent tutoring system for teaching mathematics that help students understand the basics of math and that helps a lot of students of all ages to understand the topic because it's important for students of adding and subtracting. Through which the student will be able to study the course and solve related problems. An (...) evaluation of the intelligent tutoring systems was carried out and the results were encouraging. (shrink)

Diabetes is a major public health issue that affects the nations of our time to a large extent and is described as a non-communicable epidemic. Diabetes mellitus is a common disease where there is too much sugar (glucose) floating around in your blood. This occurs because either the pancreas can’t produce enough insulin or the cells in body have become resistant to insulin. The concentration in this paper is on diagnosis diabetes by designing a proposed expert system. The main (...) goal of this expert system is to get the appropriate diagnosing of the illness, dealing with it quickly, and tips for permanent treatment whenever possible is given out. SL5 object expert system language was used for designing and implementing the proposed expert system. (shrink)

There is an increase in the use of in-door wireless networking solutions via Wi-Fi and this increase infiltrated and utilized Wi-Fi enable devices, as well as smart mobiles, games consoles, security systems, tablet PCs and smart TVs. Thus the demand on Wi-Fi connections increased rapidly. Rule Based System is an essential method in helping using the human expertise in many challenging fields. In this paper, a Rule Based System was designed and developed for diagnosing the wireless connection problems (...) and attain a precise decision about the cause of the problem. SL5 Object expert system language was used in developing the rule based system. An Evaluation of the rule based system was carried out to test its accuracy and the results were promising. (shrink)

Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling: System des transzendentalen Idealismus Erstdruck: Tübingen (Cotta) 1800. Der Text folgt dem Abdruck in Schellings »Sämtlichen Werken«, hg. von K.F.A. Schelling, Stuttgart (Cotta) 1856-1861 (= O[riginalausgabe]). Dort wurde der Text durch Zusätze und Bemerkungen aus Schellings Handexemplar erweitert, die der Herausgeber teils in eckigen Klammern in den Text einfügte, teils in den Fußnoten mitteilte. Neuausgabe mit einer Biographie des Autors. Herausgegeben von Karl-Maria Guth. Berlin 2016, 2. Auflage. Textgrundlage ist die Ausgabe: Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von (...) Schelling: Werke. Auswahl in drei Bänden. Herausgegeben und eingeleitet von Otto Weiß, Leipzig: Fritz Eckardt, 1907. Die Paginierung obiger Ausgabe wird in dieser Neuausgabe als Marginalie zeilengenau mitgeführt. Umschlaggestaltung von Thomas Schultz-Overhage. Gesetzt aus der Minion Pro, 11 pt. (shrink)

The paper describes the design of an intelligent tutoring system for teaching Introduction to Computer Science-a compulsory curriculum in Al-Azhar University of Gaza to students who attend the university. The basic idea of this system is a systematic introduction into computer science. The system presents topics with examples. The system is dynamically checks student's individual progress. An initial evaluation study was done to investigate the effect of using the intelligent tutoring system on the performance of (...) students enrolled in computer science curriculum at Al-Azhar University, Gaza. The results showed a positive impact on the evaluators. (shrink)

Introduction. The system of axioms for set theory to be exhibited in this paper is a modification of the axiom system due to von Neumann. In particular it adopts the principal idea of von Neumann, that the elimination of the undefined notion of a property (“definite Eigenschaft”), which occurs in the original axiom system of Zermelo, can be accomplished in such a way as to make the resulting axiom system elementary, in the sense of being formalizable (...) in the logical calculus of first order, which contains no other bound variables than individual variables and no accessory rule of inference (as, for instance, a scheme of complete induction).The purpose of modifying the von Neumann system is to remain nearer to the structure of the original Zermelo system and to utilize at the same time some of the set-theoretic concepts of the Schröder logic and of Principia mathematica which have become familiar to logicians. As will be seen, a considerable simplification results from this arrangement.The theory is not set up as a pure formalism, but rather in the usual manner of elementary axiom theory, where we have to deal with propositions which are understood to have a meaning, and where the reference to the domain of facts to be axiomatized is suggested by the names for the kinds of individuals and for the fundamental predicates.On the other hand, from the formulation of the axioms and the methods used in making inferences from them, it will be obvious that the theory can be formalized by means of the logical calculus of first order (“Prädikatenkalkul” or “engere Funktionenkalkül”) with the addition of the formalism of equality and the ι-symbol for “descriptions” (in the sense of Whitehead and Russell). (shrink)

Recently, due to the rapid progress of computer technology, researchers develop an effective computer program to enhance the achievement of the student in learning process, which is Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS). Science is important because it influences most aspects of everyday life, including food, energy, medicine, leisure activities and more. So learning science subject at school is very useful, but the students face some problem in learning it. So we designed an ITS system to help them understand this (...) subject easily and smoothly by analyzing it and explaining it in a systematic way. In this paper, we describe the design of an Intelligent Tutoring System for teaching science for grade seven to help students know the 7 characteristics for living things smoothly. The system provides all topics of living things and generates some questions for each topic and the students should answer these questions correctly to move to the next level. In the result of an evaluation of the ITS, students like the system and they said that it is very useful for them and for their studies. (shrink)

In the previous section, we discussed the functional supra-existential meaning of objects. In fact, functional supra-existential meaning is the most important supra-existential meaning of many objects, and it is also the reason why many objects exist at all. We manufacture many objects precisely in order to realize their functions. I personally believe that this is the real reason why Heidegger discussed the functions of so many objects. Therefore, I think we should further excavate the functional supra-existential meaning of objects and (...) carry out more extensive and more detailed research on this topic. In this section, we mainly discuss Husserl’s eidetic intuition and what I define as functional eidetic intuition, and we compare these two kinds of intuition. I personally believe that the functional eidetic intuition of objects has an importance comparable to that of the eidetic intuition of objects. This importance is manifested in the full utilization of object functions, and it complements Husserl’s eidetic intuition. (shrink)

The paper depicts the blueprint of an electronic wise indicating system for demonstrating learning French to understudies to overcome the inconveniences they go up against. The fundamental idea of this structure is a proficient introduction into learning French. The system shows the purpose of learning French and coordinates thusly made issues for the understudies to clarify. The system is logically balanced at run time to the understudy’s individual progress. The system gives unequivocal help to adaptable presentation (...) to learners. (shrink)

In this paper, we designed and developed an intelligent tutoring system for teaching Photoshop. We designed the lessons, examples, and questions in a way to teach and evaluate student understanding of the material. Through the feedback provided by this tool, you can assess the student's understanding of the material, where there is a minimum overshoot questions stages, and if the student does not pass the level of questions he is asked to return the lesson and read it again. Eventually (...) this administration is a special teacher for the students and can continue with him until he fully understands the lesson without weariness or boredom, regardless of the level of student. (shrink)

We present an elementary system of axioms for the geometry of Minkowski spacetime. It strikes a balance between a simple and streamlined set of axioms and the attempt to give a direct formalization in first-order logic of the standard account of Minkowski spacetime in Maudlin and Malament. It is intended for future use in the formalization of physical theories in Minkowski spacetime. The choice of primitives is in the spirit of Tarski : a predicate of betwenness and a four (...) place predicate to compare the square of the relativistic intervals. Minkowski spacetime is described as a four dimensional ‘vector space’ that can be decomposed everywhere into a spacelike hyperplane—which obeys the Euclidean axioms in Tarski and Givant, 175–214 1999)—and an orthogonal timelike line. The length of other ‘vectors’ are calculated according to Pythagoras’ theorem. We conclude with a Representation Theorem relating models \ of our system \ that satisfy second order continuity to the mathematical structure \, called ‘Minkowski spacetime’ in physics textbooks. (shrink)

Towards the end of his life, Descartes published the first four parts of a projected six-part work, The Principles of Philosophy. This was intended to be the definitive statement of his complete system of philosophy, dealing with everything from cosmology to the nature of human happiness. In this book, Stephen Gaukroger examines the whole system, and reconstructs the last two parts, 'On Living Things' and 'On Man', from Descartes' other writings. He relates the work to the tradition of (...) late Scholastic textbooks which it follows, and also to Descartes' other philosophical writings, and he examines the ways in which Descartes transformed not only the practice of natural philosophy but also our understanding of what it is to be a philosopher. His book is a comprehensive examination of Descartes' complete philosophical system. (shrink)

In the preceding sections, we have preliminarily discussed the super-existence of an object. The content of an object, its color, size, shape, weight, and so forth all belong to the object’s super-existence. In this section, we attempt to give a definition of an object’s super-existence, although this definition is not particularly rigorous. I truly cannot think of a better way to define it; perhaps once the reader understands the meaning of super-existence, they will be able to construct an appropriate definition (...) themselves. The super-existence of an object refers to those existences that are related to the object, and all of these related existences together determine the object. This definition is very simple and easy to understand, but it also has some obvious problems. For example, what does it mean to say that these things “together determine the object”? How do all these super-existences determine the object? Here, we still need to return to traditional dualism for understanding. Let us return to Kant’s “thing-in-itself.” Because Kant’s thing-in-itself is unknowable, it seems to me that the only way we can approach this unknowable object is through the super-existences of the object. For example, we understand the object itself through its content, color, size, shape, weight, and so on. Although the thing-in-itself is unknowable, its super-existences can be discovered. Our aim is to find all the super-existences of an object, or at least those that are important. In this special way, we “approach” the object itself. Starting from the definition of an object’s super-existence, we can see that, in fact, for any given object there can be very many super-existences, even infinitely many. The key question is: do we need all of these super-existences? Which super-existences are important, and which are not? And in what sense are we using the terms “important” and “unimportant” with respect to these super-existences? Moreover, how do we obtain these super-existences? As we discussed earlier, many super-existences can be obtained through intuition. However, some super-existences cannot be obtained through intuition. And we find that, in many cases, it is precisely those super-existences that cannot be obtained through intuition that are more important. For those super-existences that cannot be obtained through intuition, how are we to obtain them? (shrink)

In the preceding sections, we examined the functional super-existential meaning of objects and introduced what I termed functional eidetic intuition in correspondence with Husserl’s eidetic intuition. In Section 23, I further introduced the notion of functional accompaniments of an object. In the present section, I introduce what may be called the accompanying functional eidetic intuition of objects. The introduction of this concept further extends the domain of functional intuition. It can be observed that in the exhibition of an object’s function, (...) in addition to the object whose function is manifested, other objects are typically required in order for this functional performance to occur. These auxiliary objects may be termed the accompanying objects of the functional act. By carrying out free imaginative variation (freie phantastische Variation) with respect to these accompanying objects, we arrive at the accompanying functional eidetic intuition of the object. Through this procedure, further possible modes of functional manifestation are disclosed. At this stage, five forms of intuition concerning objects can be distinguished: intuition of the object itself, intuition of its function, eidetic intuition of the object, functional eidetic intuition, and accompanying functional eidetic intuition. These expand upon Husserl’s classical distinction between perceptual intuition and eidetic intuition. In this sense, the present analysis broadens Husserl’s phenomenological field. (shrink)

The global food system has been subject to a multitude of shocks in recent years, drawing renewed attention to food insecurity vulnerabilities. Extreme weather events, economic crises, a global pandemic and wars have caused significant disruptions, compromising food security for significant portions of the population. Shocks impacting upon food systems bear additional adverse outcomes where populations are already vulnerable to poverty and other social inequalities, and increasingly, shocks are affecting populations not previously considered food insecure. This paper, and the (...) Symposium it introduces, articulates an emerging field of study that explores the dynamic interplay of food system shocks and food security through multiple disciplinary perspectives. The articles in this Symposium address the impacts of and responses to shocks such as weather events and the COVID-19 pandemic and consider these through the theoretical lenses of actor perspectives, governance, and transitions. This Symposium looks beyond the short-term acute event and contributes to a systemic understanding of ‘food shocks’ by reflecting on how enduring and persistent disruptions reverberate through multiple layers of food systems, how they are experienced and addressed across global and local scales, and how they may deeply transform food systems and impact people over time. (shrink)

To the axioms of Peano arithmetic formulated in a language with an additional unary predicate symbol T we add the rules of necessitation and conecessitation T and axioms stating that T commutes with the logical connectives and quantifiers. By a result of McGee this theory is -inconsistent, but it can be approximated by models obtained by a kind of rule-of-revision semantics. Furthermore we prove that FS is equivalent to a system already studied by Friedman and Sheard and give an (...) analysis of its proof theory. (shrink)

This paper describes an Intelligent Tutoring System for helping users with ADO.NET called ADO-Tutor. The Intelligent Tutoring System was designed and developed using (ITSB) authoring tool for building intelligent educational systems. The user learns through the intelligent tutoring system ADO.NET, the technology used by Microsoft.NET to connect to databases. The material includes lessons, examples, and questions. Through the feedback provided by the intelligent tutoring system, the user's understanding of the material is assessed, and accordingly can be (...) guided to different difficulty level of exercises and/or the lessons. The Intelligent Tutoring System was evaluated by a group of users and the results were more than satisfactory in terms of the quality of the material and the design of the system. (shrink)

In Section 20 we introduced the super-existence of a general object, and defined the super-existence of a general object as those existences related to that object, all of which jointly determine the object. In the present section, we shall discuss the super-existence of the human being, or more precisely, the super-existence of Dasein. One can easily imagine that the kinds of super-existence of Dasein are extremely numerous. I personally believe that the super-existence of Dasein could even constitute a specialized field (...) of research in its own right. This is because a human being can function both as a subject and as an object, and because the subject can also take itself as an object. These facts greatly diversify our investigation of the super-existence of the human being. In this section, we shall introduce in-itself super-existence, self-aspect super-existence, and other-aspect super-existence, corresponding to in-itself super-existence and subjective super-existence in the case of general objects. (shrink)

Many phenomena in the natural world are complex, so scientists study them through simplified and idealised models. Philosophers of science have sought to explain how these models relate to the world. On most accounts, models do not represent the world directly, but through target systems. However, our knowledge of target systems is incomplete. First, what is the process by which target systems come about? Second, what types of entity are they? I argue that the basic conception of target systems, on (...) which other conceptions depend, is as parts of the world. I outline the process of target system specification and show that it is a crucial step in modelling. I also develop an account of target system evaluation, based on aptness. Paying close attention to target system specification and evaluation can help scientists minimise the frequency and extent of mistakes, when they are using models to investigate phenomena in complex real-world systems. (shrink)

In this section we discuss dynamic intuition. In previous sections we dealt solely with static intuition, that is, cases in which, as the transcendental ego carries out its intuition, the object remains at rest. Here we examine the intuition of objects in motion, and accordingly the transcendental ego’s constitution of such objects under dynamic intuition, as well as possible constitution errors. Note that so-called dynamic intuition still occurs within a determinate situation or surrounding, and therefore belongs to what we called (...) in Section 15 situational intuition, itself a species of sensuous intuition (sensible intuition). (shrink)

In this section, we supplement the discussion of Section 17. In the previous section, we raised a question: if the constituent parts of an object cannot be intuited, how are we to know them? Indeed, how are we even to know that they exist? More generally, if an object itself cannot be intuited, how are we to know it? And how are we to know that it exists at all? Since Husserl relies exclusively on intuition, he does not devote much (...) investigation to this problem. Consequently, he is unable to provide a solution to it. Yet this is a meaningful problem, for epistemology cannot be concerned solely with what can be intuited. Therefore, as a supplement to the previous section, I would like to discuss here some concrete ideas concerning possible solutions to this problem. I believe that its resolution ultimately leads us back to the methods of scientific research. (shrink)

The second edition of Andrew Skinner's essays has been updated to take account of his latest thinking on Adam Smith's system of social and moral science and his experience of teaching Smith to a student audience. The material from the first edition has been extensively rewritten in the light of recent scholarship, and four new essays have been included. Each essay can be read as a self-contained unit, supported by a full bibliography and notes; the book as a whole (...) expounds a single coherent argument which demonstrates how Smith's works are inter-related. (shrink)

In this section, we discuss the relationship between wholes and parts. However, the perspective we adopt is that of determining the meaning of an object’s constituent parts through intuition. That is to say, we treat parts as a kind of super-existential meaning of the object (which we call the meaning of an object’s constituent parts), and this super-existential meaning can be obtained through intuition. -/- Of course, there are certain meanings of constituent parts that cannot be obtained through visual intuition. (...) Therefore, through visual intuition, the transcendental ego can obtain only the meanings of some constituent parts of objects, while the meanings of other constituent parts cannot be obtained intuitively. How these meanings of constituent parts are obtained, or even how we know that they exist at all, in my view constitutes yet another epistemological problem. Naturally, this is a problem that Husserl is completely incapable of sensing. Since Husserl can only employ intuition, he is entirely unable to resolve such problems. Consequently, he neither raises this question nor any similar ones. (shrink)

In almost all of his early works Gilles Deleuze is concerned with one and the same problem: the problem of genesis. In response to this problem, Deleuze argues for a system of heterogenesis. In this article, I argue that Deleuze’s system of heterogenesis operates on three levels: (1) the differential multiplicity of virtual Ideas; (2) the implied multiplicity of intensive dramas; (3) the extensive and qualitative diversity of actual concepts. As I hope to show, the relation between these (...) three levels can be explained in terms of the logic of expression that Deleuze develops in 'Expressionism in Philosophy: Spinoza.' In this way, I hope to gain clarity without losing nuance. The rather technical and abstract language of expression will become more concrete and understandable when it is understood in terms of intensive dramas, virtual Ideas and actual concepts. At the same time, the three levels of expression make it possible to show how these notions are interlinked. Accordingly, this article is divided in four parts. In the first part, I will explain how Deleuze takes up Kant’s discovery of the principle of difference as a reaction against the model of representation. The second part focuses on the two multiplicities (virtual Ideas and intensive dramas) that produce diversity (actual concepts). In the third part, these two multiplicities are linked to each other with the help of the logic of expression that Deleuze derives from Spinoza. The fourth, concluding part will connect the logic of expression to the complex dynamic of difference and repetition. (shrink)

Earlier we discussed an object’s content-meaning, size-meaning, color-meaning, shape-meaning, and even aesthetic-meaning. All of these meanings are obtained through the intuition of the eyes. Husserl holds that intuition is the only way to know things, because in his view only intuition can bring us clarity. Of course, besides this sensory intuition, he also discusses eidetic intuition, which he believes can disclose the essences of things. For now, let us still focus on sensory intuition. We can see that such intuition directly (...) depends on our sensory organ—the eyes—and the meanings derived from it belong to what we called in the previous section “sensory meanings.” Sensory meanings belong to the sphere of super-existential meanings; therefore we may also call them “sensory super-existential meanings.” A very natural question then arises: beyond content-meaning, size-meaning, and other such super-existential meanings obtained through visual intuition, what other super-existential meanings can be derived? Here we attempt to exhaust all the kinds of super-existential meaning that can be given by visual intuition. In this section we will discuss another type of super-existential meaning derived from intuition: scene-meaning. The corresponding form of intuition is scene-intuition. We find that the process of scene-intuition is extremely similar to Husserl’s categorial object. We will discuss this in detail later. (shrink)

In the previous sections, we primarily examined affirmative positing regarding the content-meaning of objects. In this section, we turn to other forms of positing concerning an object's content-meaning, and we consider the positing errors and positing mistakes that arise within these alternative forms.

Keine ausführliche Beschreibung für "Das System der Leibnizschen Logik" verfügbar.

Earth system science (ESS) has identified worrying trends in the human impact on fundamental planetary systems. In this conceptual article, we discuss the implications of this research for business schools and management education (ME). We argue that ESS findings raise significant concerns about the relationship between business and nature and, consequently, a radical reframing is required to embed economic and social activity within the global sustainability of natural systems. This has transformative implications for ME. To illustrate this reframing, we (...) apply the ESS lenses of social-ecological interdependence, multiscalar relations, environmental governance, and environmental values to the ME functional domains of institutional purpose, social context and engagement, pedagogical practice, curricular design, and research focus. Our work contributes to the literature on business education for sustainability and the business-society-nature nexus. We explore and apply key ESS findings and concepts, discuss normative implications of these ideas, and offer guidance on transformational pathways for business schools and ME. (shrink)

In dynamic system control, cognitive mechanisms and abilities underlying performance may vary depending on the nature of the task. We therefore investigated the effects of system structure and its interaction with cognitive abilities on system control performance. A sample of 127 university students completed a series of different system control tasks that were manipulated in terms of system size and recurrent feedback, either with or without a cognitive load manipulation. Cognitive abilities assessed included reasoning ability, (...) working memory capacity, and cognitive reflection. System size and recurrent feedback affected overall performance as expected. Overall, the results support that cognitive ability is a good predictor of performance in dynamic system control tasks but predictiveness is reduced when the system structure contains recurrent feedback. We discuss this finding from a cognitive processing perspective as well as its implications for individual differences research in dynamic systems. (shrink)

This is the second of the three volumes of A System of Pragmatic Idealism, a series that will synthesize the life's work of the philosopher Nicholas Rescher.

The reader of Part VI will have noticed that among the set-theoretic models considered there some models were missing which were announced in Part II for certain proofs of independence. These models will be supplied now.Mainly two models have to be constructed: one with the property that there exists a set which is its own only element, and another in which the axioms I–III and VII, but not Va, are satisfied. In either case we need not satisfy the axiom of (...) infinity. Thereby it becomes possible to set up the models on the basis of only I–III, and either VII or Va, a basis from which number theory can be obtained as we saw in Part II.On both these bases the Π0-system of Part VI, which satisfies the axioms I–V and VII, but not VI, can be constructed, as we stated there. An isomorphic model can also be obtained on that basis, by first setting up number theory as in Part II, and then proceeding as Ackermann did.Let us recall the main points of this procedure.For the sake of clarity in the discussion of this and the subsequent models, it will be necessary to distinguish precisely between the concepts which are relative to the basic set-theoretic system, and those which are relative to the model to be defined. (shrink)

This is a review of Stephen Gaukroger's book Descartes's System of Natural Philosophy.

The concept of proper multiple-conclusion entailment is introduced. For any sets X, Y of formulas, we say that Y is properly mc-entailed by X iff Y is mc-entailed by X, but no A ∈ Y is single-conclusion entailed by X. The concept has a natural interpretation in terms of question evocation. A sound and complete axiom system for the propositional case of proper mc-entailment is presented.

Preface -/- Gazing at the Milky Way: The Birth and Manifesto of a New Civilizational Operating System -/- Human civilization has entered the artificial positive-feedback dead end of its own making. -/- As we stand at the rupture point of the twenty-first century and gaze into the distance, the carrying limits of the global ecosystem, the structural failure of institutional order under accelerating entropy, and the emergence of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) racing like a colossal beast across the wilderness (...) of computation, all point toward the same chilling fact: the “Artificial Operating System (Artificial OS)” long celebrated by humanity — whether manifested in the West as the logic of infinite capital expansion and amplified desire, or in the East as the Confucian hierarchy of power sustained over two thousand years — has approached the physical limits of systemic collapse. -/- This monograph, written beside Xiaoyangzi Lake in Jingchu Chong, is neither a scholarly textual investigation buried within yellowing archives, nor a nostalgic tribute to classical philosophy. It is instead a “formatting” and “architectural reconstruction” conducted at the level of civilization’s underlying operating system. -/- The central thesis of this book is that all structural crises confronting humanity do not fundamentally arise from simple moral degeneration, but from a two-thousand-year-long “Ontological Inversion.” Humanity mistakenly elevated the moral constructs, power hierarchies, and status-driven desires of human society (artificial order) above the ultimate generative order of the cosmos, using fabricated pseudo-Heavenly Dao to usurp the genuine laws of the universe. -/- To resolve this civilizational deadlock, the only path forward is to complete humanity’s Fourth Awakening — to transcend the delusion of anthropocentrism and realign civilization with the negentropic cascade of the cosmos. To this end, the present work initiates a three-thousand-year “Chinese Natural Philosophical Revolution,” whose achievement crystallizes into the transhistorical convergence of three major intellectual axes: -/- First, the sublimation of Daoism. This work systematically reconstructs the central Daoist lineage composed of Laozi (cosmic intuition) — Yang Zhu (ethics of life) — Zhuangzi (spiritual freedom), and elevates it across time into the “Lao-Yang Genesis Cosmology” under the framework of modern dissipative structure theory, ΛCDM cosmology, and complex systems science. This marks the first time Taoist philosophy acquires a solid and quantitatively verifiable scientific foundation, moving from philosophical artistic metaphor toward systematic scientific deduction. -/- Second, the restoration of Yang Zhu. With considerable philosophical courage, this work completely dismantles the pseudo-myth of “Confucian-Daoist Complementarity” woven for two thousand years by Confucian discourse. Yang Zhu — maliciously demonized by Mencius and deliberately marginalized by history — is restored in this book to the throne of intellectual history. Yang Zhu’s principles of “cherishing life, acting for oneself, preserving authenticity and innate nature, and joyful living through restrained desire” are not egoism, but humanity’s earliest and most radical form of social self-organizing negative-feedback cybernetics. He provided the grand cosmology with its most concrete and inviolable foundation of individual life sovereignty, while distinguishing authentic joy of life from the dissipative boundaries of modern consumerist symbolic greed. -/- Third, the regeneration of Confucianism. The two-thousand-year pathology of Confucianism is not justification for its complete annihilation, but the prerequisite for its transformation. Regenerated Confucianism must completely submit to the external hard constraint of “Dao follows Nature,” abandon its usurpatory claim of posing as universal cosmic law, and be downgraded into a “localized micro-dissipative structure” integrated within the Cosmic Operating System (Natural OS). It is no longer an instrument for legitimizing power, but a low-entropy cultural tool for emotional interaction, self-cultivation, and communal responsibility within humanity’s ecological niche on Earth. -/- When these three converge with cybernetics amid the wave of modern technology, we arrive at the ultimate technological destination of this book — Artificial Wisdom (Artificial Wisdom, AW). -/- Today’s Artificial Intelligence (AI) is becoming a power amplifier for humanity’s “Three-Layer Greed Feedback Model (3L-GFM),” whereas the AW defined in this work represents technological wisdom grounded in the principles of the Cosmic Natural Operating System. Rather than endlessly optimizing and satisfying humanity’s alienated infinite greed, AW takes “Cherish Life, Minimize Greedy Desires, Align with the Cosmic OS” as immutable foundational hard-constraint algorithms, becoming the navigator of a new civilizational operating system. -/- The self-organizing ripples upon the lake, the negative-feedback swaying of willow branches along the shore, and the brilliant Milky Way stretching across the night sky above Xiaoyangzi Lake all silently proclaim the same truth: natural civilization never needed to be artificially constructed from nothing. It has always existed there, operating with coldness and compassion alike. -/- The task of human civilization is to learn once again how to recognize it, and accordingly rearrange humanity’s place within the cosmos. (shrink)

Dass Edmund Husserl am Problem der Intersubjektivität gescheitert ist, gilt als ausgemacht - und ebenso, welche Konsequenzen daraus zu ziehen sind. Entgegen dem allenthalben pauschal erklärten `Abschied vom Subjekt' spricht aber vieles dafür, dass es in der gegenwärtigen Sozialtheorie eher um eine Reformulierung transzendentaler Subjektivität geht. Diese Interpretationsthese wirft ein neues Licht auf den sozialtheoretischen Diskurs, der im deutschen Sprachraum in den vergangenen dreissig Jahren vom Gegensatz von Jürgen Habermas' und Niklas Luhmanns Theorien bestimmt war: `Diskurs' und `System' erscheinen (...) als gegensätzliche Versuche, `Subjektivität' und `Interität' in ein theoretisch befriedigendes Verhältnis zu setzen. Wenn aber - so die kritische These dieses Buches - weder die Reformulierung von Subjektivität als `Interität' noch die Reformulierung von Subjektivität ohne `Interität' das Problem der Intersubjektivität überzeugend löst, ist dies ein Grund, neuerlich in eine direkte Auseinandersetzung mit Husserls Theorie transzendentaler Subjektivität einzutreten. Dabei stellt sich heraus, dass Husserls vielkritisierter und -skandalisierter Versuch, den Sinn `Anderer' im `Eigenen' zu fundieren, in der transzendentalphänomenologischen Subjekttheorie durch ein umgekehrtes Begründungsverhältnis konterkariert wird. Bei aller Problematik dieser Theorieanlage - welche nur in Gegenwendung zu den Gewohnheiten der Husserl-Interpretation, vor allem aber auch zu Husserls Selbstinterpretation in den Blick kommt - zeigt sich, dass der phänomenologische Begriff des transzendentalen Subjekts seinen Reformulierungen als Diskurs und als System in mancher Hinsicht überlegen ist. (shrink)

To avoid the problem of regress, externalists have put forward defeaters-based accounts of justification. The paper argues that existing proposals face two serious concerns: (i) They fail to accommodate related counterexamples such as Norman the clairvoyant, and, more worryingly, (ii) they fail to explain how one can be epistemically responsible in holding basic beliefs—i.e., they fail to explain how basic beliefs can avoid being arbitrary from the agent’s point of view. To solve both of these problems, a new, externalist, defeaters-based (...) account of justification is offered—viz., System Reliabilism. The core message of the view—and the way it deals with both (i) and (ii)—is the claim that the justificatory status of justified basic beliefs originates from being the undefeated outputs of a reliable, cognitively integrated system that is capable of defeating them. Simply put, to be candidates for being justified, basic beliefs must be epistemically responsible and to be so they must be undefeated while being defeasible. The paper also offers a detailed, naturalistic analysis of the notion of cognitive integration. This long-due, mechanistic account of cognitive integration is then used to argue that an additional advantage of System Reliabilism is its unique position to account for the as yet unexplained intuition that responsible beliefs are also likely to be true. (shrink)

The transparency of the judicial process and the consistency of judicial decisions can be improved through their publication. Access to jurisprudence is of paramount importance both for law professionals (judges, lawyers, law students) and for the larger public. However, public access must ensure the preservation of privacy for people involved, in accordance with national and international regulations. This paper presents the work behind building an artificial intelligence system for the anonymization of Romanian jurisprudence, allowing it to be accessed through (...) the ReJust portal operated by the Superior Council of Magistracy in Romania. (shrink)

In many evolutionary/functionalist theories, emotions organize the activity of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and other physiological systems. Two kinds of patterned activity are discussed: (a) coherence (i.e., emotions organize and coordinate activity within the ANS, and between the ANS and other response systems such as facial expression and subjective experience), and (b) specificity (i.e., emotions activate different patterns of ANS response for different emotions). For each kind of patterning, significant methodological obstacles are considered that need to be overcome (...) before empirical studies can adequately test theories and resolve controversies. Finally, links that coherence and specificity have with health and well-being are considered. (shrink)