This essay presents a personal philosophical reflection on reincarnation (saṃsāra), emphasizing the Buddha’s teaching on dependent origination (paṭiccasamuppāda), momentary causality (kṣaṇika-pratītyasamutpāda), and non-self (anattā). Drawing on early Buddhist canon and Mahāyāna sutras, I argue that reincarnation is a continuous, causally emergent process rather than a linear passage of a fixed self. The essay integrates canonical quotations, detailed exegesis, and personal reflection to provide a comprehensive understanding of the process of rebirth from a Buddhist philosophical perspective.

I argue that rebirth (reincarnation) is metaphysically versatile in the sense that it can be made to work with a variety of popular metaphysical views about the human person. By drawing on the Buddhist appeal to karmic causation in place of a transmigrating soul, I sketch accounts of rebirth, or something close enough to rebirth for us to care about, that are suited to Baker’s constitutionalism, Lewis’s four-dimensionalism, and Olson’s animalism.

Theodicies attempt to explain why evil and suffering might exist in a world governed by an omnipotent, omniscient, and wholly good God. Some theodicies focus on pointing out benefits that suffering seems necessary for, though in many cases the benefits are primarily for someone other than the sufferer. Some philosophers find it morally objectionable for God to let one person suffer in order to benefit someone else, and this is thought to be a weakness of some otherwise promising theodicies. I (...) discuss two moral concerns in this context: a mere-means-to-an-end concern and a concern about horrendous evils remaining undefeated. I argue that incorporating a doctrine of reincarnation may help some theodicies resolve both of these moral concerns, giving theodicists reason to turn towards such doctrines. (shrink)

Philosophers often appeal to Bayesian confirmation theory to render speculative metaphysical arguments more rigorous. But can a probabilistic framework designed for empirical data decide questions of metaphysics? This paper argues that Huemer’s Bayesian “existence → immortality” inference fails on two independent grounds. First, the comparison tacitly shifts the content of the evidence across the competing identity theories: treating “I exist now” as a different event under a restrictive view than under a permissive view. So, the Bayesian evidence is ill-defined. Second, (...) if we hold the evidence fixed as the single indexical proposition E = “I exist now”, the key question is the relative likelihoods of E under each hypothesis. Once standard constraints on background verses evidence and on self-locating information are respected, there is no non-question-begging route to a Bayes factor that favors the permissive view of personal identity. Thus, mere existence does not confirm reincarnation. I remain agnostic on the correct theory of personal identity. (shrink)

Reincarnation has not been entirely neglected in the philosophy of religion but it has not always been taken seriously or carefully discussed in relation to its role in believers’ lives. John Hick is exceptional insofar as he gave sustained attention to the belief, at least as it features in the philosophies of Vedānta and Buddhism. While acknowledging the value of Hick’s recognition of the variety of reincarnation beliefs, this article critically engages with certain aspects of his approach. It (...) argues that Hick’s search for a ‘criterion’ of reincarnation is misguided, and that his distinction between ‘factual’ and ‘mythic’ forms of the doctrine is over-simplifying. (shrink)

In the first part of the paper, I argue that Christians should incorporate the theory of reincarnation into their belief system. The problem of the apparent disproportion between finite human sin and infinite punishment in Hell becomes far more tractable against the background of reincarnation. In the second part of the paper, I address and answer three objections that may be raised against a Christian theory of reincarnation. The first objection is based on the role of memory (...) in identity, the second points to the essential unity of body and soul, and the third revolves around the suggestion that living multiple lives may more easily lead to damnation than to salvation. (shrink)

Reincarnation, in general, refers to the belief in the continued existence of a human soul following the death of the physical body. This ongoing existence can manifest in another human body, typically that of a newborn, which is commonly referred to as rebirth. Alternatively, the soul may inhabit a non-human form, a process known as transmigration. The Yoruba people of southwest Nigeria subscribe to these two forms of reincarnation, similar to beliefs held by communities in India, China, and (...) various European countries. However, research has identified a unique form of reincarnation specific to Yoruba beliefs, known as "Akudaya," or the Living Wraith. This paper will focus on 'Akudaya' as a distinct type of reincarnation prevalent among the Yoruba ethnic group in southwest Nigeria. What sets 'Akudaya' apart is that the individual believed to be dead continues to exist in a location separate from their original place of residence, without taking on a different body from that which they possessed before death. This study seeks to conduct a metaphysical investigation into the 'Akudaya' form of reincarnation to explore the possibility of existence beyond death. (shrink)

This article examines Aristophanes’ speech in Plato’s Symposium, focusing on its myth of humanity’s division and the search for wholeness. Traditional interpretations view the myth either as a folktale (Dover) or as a tragic denial of true fulfillment (Hyland). However, these readings leave unresolved the puzzle of why present-day humans, not literally split by Zeus, nonetheless search for lost halves. The paper proposes that the speech presupposes reincarnation: we are not mere descendants of the primordial spherical beings but reincarnations (...) of them, carrying forward both their division and their longing for completion. Two textual features support this reading. First, Aristophanes’ cosmology—describing proto-humans as spherical, like heavenly bodies—evokes Pythagorean doctrines of a spherical, rotating earth, often linked in Plato’s myths to reincarnation and the cycle of rebirth. Second, the comparison of proto-human reproduction to cicadas suggests symbolic resonance with metamorphosis and rebirth, as cicadas were culturally associated with immortality and reincarnation. By situating Aristophanes’ speech within the broader context of Platonic cosmological myths, the article argues that reincarnation resolves the apparent contradiction of the myth and provides an implicit eschatology: through love, one may rediscover one’s other half and potentially escape the cycle of rebirth. (shrink)

This chapter contains sections titled: Reincarnation/Rebirth Karma Causality Problem of Evil Determinism, Freedom, and Moral Responsibility Karma and Release Transfer of Merit Recent Developments Works cited.

The doctrine of reincarnation is usually associated with Buddhism, Hinduism and other Eastern religions. But it has also been developed in Druzism and Judaism. The doctrine has been used by these traditions to explain the existence of evil within a moral order. Traversing the boundaries between East and West, we explore how Jewish mysticism has employed the doctrine to help answer the problem of evil. We explore the doctrine particularly as we respond to objections against employing it in a (...) theodicy. We show how it supplements traditional punishment, free will and soul-building theodicies, and helps these theodicies avoid various objections. (shrink)

We argue that Indian speakers’ discourse about reincarnation represents a counterexample to the ordinary-language evidence for the Kripkean thesis of material-origin essentialism. Advocates of the essentiality of origins contend not only that persons have the property of coming from the two particular gametes they actually came from essentially, but also that competent ordinary-language speakers find this view intuitively compelling. We adduce evidence from Indian speakers’ discourse, both ordinary-language remarks and published literature about reincarnation, to disconfirm that contention. We (...) argue that the view that persons are mental entities is clearly coherent, intuitive, and not obviously necessarily false. We consider mental essentialism as an alternative, according to which persons are only accidentally embodied or biological. But we argue against it in favour of a modally relative anti-essentialism: what properties count as essential to an object and what properties count as accidental is not fixed but varies according to pragmatic utility. (shrink)

This article discusses critically the problems and significance of the concepts of reincarnation and the resurrection. It focuses on the contemporary debate on this topic between Robert Almeder and Stephen Hales. The Akan understanding of these concepts is invoked showing the contrast and,even comparison between the African and the Western understanding of the concepts. It is suggested in this article that the arguments for these concepts could still be ameliorated. This point is taken up by Ramose’s focus on the (...) issues that arise from the critical discussion. Ramose points out that the concept of immortality requires a special place in the discussion since it is the axis around which both reincarnation and resurrection revolve. He complements the discussion accordingly. He further argues that the topic is as relevant today as it was since the dawn of humankind. Any attempt to exclude or discard the topic from philosophy is both questionable and an arbitrary limitation of the scope and meaning of philosophy.2 Keywords: ‘God’, ‘the soul’, immortality, reincarnation, resurrection, the body. (shrink)

The present study starts from the discovery that reincarnationist ideas have spread massively throughout European and Western thought in general, in a framework where the belief in one life was defining. However, the quandary between the two afterlife interpretations in contemporary Western culture is distinct from similar conflicts in other times or places because post-Christian critique of the Christian tradition shapes how reincarnation theory is understood in the West today. Therefore, the present study shifts the debate from the realm (...) of scientific and philosophical arguments to that of human needs and their cultural overtones. Contemporary reincarnationist theories circulating in the West are re-read through the grid of cultural criticism aimed at the shortcomings of one’s own tradition. As a next step, it is shown that only one of the forms that have developed within the Western tradition is the target of this criticism. The plurality of Christian eschatologies is yet unknown to most contemporary Westerners. This article is a plea for knowledge and contextualisation, which are prerequisites for navigating the ideational universe. Contribution: This article addresses the dilemma between reincarnation and one-life theories as perceived by the contemporary Western mind and deciphers it in the light of human needs and contextual cultural criticism, while also pointing to the internal plurality of the Christian tradition that remains largely unknown to those involved in the debate. (shrink)

In this paper, we defend universalism, which we understand to be the thesis that all individuals will eventually attain communion with God, in a Vedāntic context. We first outline the specific ontological commitments that our view requires, such as the doctrines of karman and reincarnation, and we note one Vedāntic tradition that holds to all these commitments. We then outline the conceptual merits of our view. We also argue that certain objections to universalism do not undermine our view, as (...) reincarnation and karman provide a means for all individuals to eventually freely choose to devote themselves to God, making it extremely likely that all individuals will attain salvation. (shrink)

Briefly summarized here are some reasons why the DNA/genetic model of life appears to be inadequate (for more details see previous OJPP paper). Given its foundational role with regards to our understanding of life and its challenges, this is significant. The traditional dualistic reincarnation model is introduced. That model is then considered, along with the DNA model, as potential explanations for our natural religious instincts. Next, the two models are considered as possible bases for the phenomenon of kin orientation (...) or bias. Together the case is made that a soul-based reincarnation model offers some explanatory advantages therein over the genetic-based (material-only) model. Finally, and of potential practical and philosophical significance, the corresponding imports for life and meaning are considered. (shrink)

It has been observed, by D. Z. Phillips among others, that philosophy suffers from a “lack of imagination”. That is, philosophers often fail to see possibilities of sense in forms of life and discourse due to narrow habits of thinking. This is especially problematic in the philosophy of religion, not least when cross-cultural modes of inquiry are called for. This article examines the problem in relation to the philosophical investigation of reincarnation beliefs in particular. As a remedial strategy, I (...) argue for increased attention both to ethnographic sources and to the articulation of distinctively religious moral visions that reincarnation-talk facilitates. (shrink)

This article concerns the place of Plato’s eschatology in his philosophy. I argue that the theory of reincarnation appeals to Plato due to its power to explain how non-human animals came to be. Further, the outlines of this theory are entailed by other commitments, such as that embodiment disrupts psychic functioning, that virtue is always rewarded and vice punished, and that the soul is immortal. I conclude by arguing that Plato develops a view of reincarnation as the chief (...) tool that the gods have to ensure that virtue is victorious over vice throughout the whole cosmos. (shrink)

Reincarnation and Biology:. Contribution to the Etiology of Birthmarks and Birth Defects. Ian Stevenson. Westport, CT, and London: Praeger, 1997. volumes. 1192 pp. $195.00 (cloth).

Karma, Reincarnation beckons a spiritual transformation of global magnitude. Although author Robert Sachs practices. Tibetan Buddhism, his studies under and times spent with renowned masters from all faiths and traditions makes. Thus, Karma & Reincarnation is a life guide for all. He empowers us to be a light support, and friend to every being we come into contact with. If we embrace and embody such a vision we awaken in a free world beyond religious racial, or social differences (...) and experience the oneness that is at once the truth and our. (shrink)

Purpose: This study examines reincarnation beliefs among the Ewe of Ghana, focusing on how traditional cosmological understandings of death are being reshaped through cultural change. Specifically, the study explores Ewe beliefs about death and reincarnation, examines how reincarnated individuals are identified and socially validated, analyses the influence of Christianity, formal education, and urbanization on these beliefs, and investigates how individuals negotiate between traditional and modern worldviews. Methodology: The study adopted a qualitative phenomenological design grounded in the interpretivist paradigm. (...) Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, conversational interviews, and informal discussions with participants purposively selected from three Ewe sub-cultural zones—Eweme, Anlo, and Tongu—in the Volta Region of Ghana. The study employed purposive and stratified sampling techniques to select eighteen participants, including elders, spiritual leaders, parents of reincarnated children, and individuals believed to be reincarnated. Data were analysed thematically using Symbolic Interactionism and Cultural Change Theory as analytical frameworks. Findings: The findings reveal that Ewe cosmology conceptualizes death as a transition rather than a final end, with reincarnation (Gbugbordzo) understood as a cyclical return within the lineage. Reincarnated individuals are identified through behavioural resemblance, birthmarks, childhood experiences, dreams, and divinatory consultation. The study further found that Christianity, formal education, and urbanization have significantly reshaped reincarnation beliefs, resulting in reinterpretation rather than complete abandonment. While some individuals reject reincarnation due to Christian doctrine, others maintain syncretic belief systems that combine indigenous cosmology with Christian practices. The findings also demonstrate that reincarnation beliefs remain socially meaningful and culturally resilient despite modern socio-religious transformations. Recommendations: The study recommends the documentation and preservation of indigenous Ewe cosmological knowledge through academic and cultural institutions. It further recommends the integration of indigenous belief systems into educational curricula to promote cultural literacy and identity preservation. The study also advocates interfaith dialogue between Christian and traditional religious institutions to foster religious tolerance and mutual understanding. Finally, further research is recommended on the psychological, gendered, and urban-rural dimensions of reincarnation beliefs in Ghanaian society. (shrink)

There are five main claims that may be made about life after death: We are reincarnated in the self-same body we had in life. We are reincarnated in another body. We are revived, or continue to live in a disembodied form.

This paper is a rejoinder to Robert Almeder's "On Reincarnation: A Reply to Hales". I argue that even if we stipulate the case studies of the reincarnationists to be good data, the explanatory hypothesis of reincarnation is a deus ex machina. Without a comprehensive scientific or philosophical theory of the mind that embeds the reincarnation hypothesis, the view should not be taken seriously. The fact that reincarnation is the first explanation of the case studies that comes (...) to mind says more about us and our culture than it does about which explanations are the most probable ones. (shrink)

This classic anthology offers ancient and modern perspectives on Job's question: 'If a man die, shall he live again?' Spanning over 5,000 years of world thought, the selections invite consideration of an idea that has found hospitality in the greatest minds of history.

Late antique philosophers contributed remarkable defenses of benevolence toward animals. The two most notable examples of this are Plutarch and Porphyry, who argued that animals should not be killed and eaten. This chapter argues that these philosophers were motivated not so much by a feeling of moral sympathy toward animals as by the conviction that eating meat is bad for humans. Since the consumption of meat ties the soul to the body by providing pleasure, it is to be avoided by (...) the philosopher. Thus the vegetarianism of these late ancient Platonists echoes concerns about embodiment already found in Plato himself. The chapter also touches on the issue of human-animal reincarnation. (shrink)

In Religious Studies xxvi Harold W. Noonan and Charles B. Daniels severally take issue with my ‘Reincarnation and Relativized Identity’. Both make valuable points but both, I think, have somewhat missed the point of my original article. In that paper I singled out five different views on the possibility of life after death: that we are reincarnated in the self-same body we had in our pre-mortem state; that we are reincarnated in another — in a different — body; that (...) we continue to exist in a disembodied form, which may or may not culminate in re-embodiment; that pre-mortem life is a dream from which postmortem life is the awakening; that none of the above holds: there is no life after death. (shrink)

The present study focuses on research about reincarnation in order to formulate some preliminary conclusions concerning various philosophical theories. The overview extends over a considerable period range, from ancient Greek and up to the patristic tradition. The relevant issues include the problem of evil, the question of human decomposition and death as well as reincarnation in the Platonic thought. The problem of evil is a problem of reason that emerges from the philosophical background of ancient Greek thought but (...) also from the subsequent Christian patristic thought and transforms itself into diverse concepts. According to the original thought of Socrates, evil is associated with ignorance and good with knowledge. This point of view is given a brief review in the philosophical thought of several important representatives of the patristic tradition. On the other hand, the idea of immortality of the soul, which dates to the religious movement of the Orphic mysteries means that the persistence of the immortal soul at the moment of death needs the use of a new body. This essay will try to analyze the ancient character of the myth of reincarnation through the perspectives of philosophy and religion. (shrink)

This is an anthology and source book of ancient and modern, eastern and western, sophisticated and crackpot, pro and con writings on reincarnation. The selections are largely fragmentary with the editors' ample commentary offering some continuity. It is difficult to see how the coverage could be broader as it includes various myths of reincarnation, writings from scriptures and theological writings from the major world religions, a short section on reincarnation in Theosophy and Masonry, and anthropologists' reports on (...) beliefs and traditions concerning reincarnation throughout the world. More than half the volume is taken up with fragments from western thinkers from the Presocratics to twentieth century scientists. Not surprisingly, these fragments are more from literary figures than from philosophers, although few of the great philosophers seemed able to keep entirely silent on the subject. Many, if not most, of the selections are too fragmentary to be interesting and often show little more than that the thinker in question had once or twice toyed with the idea of reincarnation. But this is a necessary aspect of the book's imposing breadth and its value as a reference work.--S. O. H. (shrink)

A survey of the key arguments that have been developed for and against the rationality of belief in reincarnation shows that often the central dispute is not over what the ‘data’ are but how to assess the ‘data’ from specific metaphysical–hermeneutical horizons. By examining some of these arguments formulated by Hindu thinkers as well as their critiques – from the perspectives of metaphysical naturalism and Christian theology – we argue that one of the reasons why these debates remain intractable (...) is that the ‘theory’ is underdetermined by the ‘data’, so that more than one set of the latter can be regarded as adequate explanations of the former. (shrink)

The Russian philosopher Nikolai Onufrievich Lossky considered himself a Leibnizian of sorts. He accepted parts of Leibniz’s doctrine of monads, although he preferred to call them ‘substantival agents’ and rejected the thesis that they have neither doors nor windows. In Lossky’s own doctrine, monads have existed since the beginning of time, they are immortal, and can evolve or devolve depending on the goodness or badness of their behavior. Such evolution requires the possibility for monads to reincarnate into the bodies of (...) creatures of a higher level on the scala perfectionis. According to this theory, a monad can evolve by being progressively reincarnated multiple times through a sort of process of metamorphosis from the level of the most elementary particles all the way up to the level of human beings or even higher. Lossky argues that the works of Leibniz contain scattered elements of such a systematic doctrine of reincarnation. He attempts to reconstitute this doctrine in an article that appeared both in Russian and German in 1931. The Russian version, ‘Ученiе Лейбница о перевоплощенiи какъ метаморфозѣ’, was published in the Сборникъ Русскаго института въ Прагѣ, vol. 2, 1931, pp. 77–88. The German version appeared under the title ‘Leibniz’ Lehre von der Reinkarnation als Metamorphose,’ in Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie, vol. 40, n. 2, 1931, pp. 214–226. The content of the Russian and German versions is roughly the same, except for the omission, in the German version, of a mention of David Hume in the second sentence and of one paragraph and a half at the end of the article. The following is a translation of this article. I translated the text from the Russian version, which was in all appearances written first, but I also took the German version into account. The original pagination is added in angle brackets. Angle brackets are used wherever the additions are mine. — Frédéric Tremblay. (shrink)

Contextualising the seemingly esoteric and exotic aspects of Tibetan Buddhist culture within the everyday, embodied and sensual sphere of religious praxis, this book centres on the social and religious lives of deceased Tibetan Buddhist lamas. It explores how posterior forms - corpses, relics, reincarnations and hagiographical representations - extend a lama's trajectory of lives and manipulate biological imperatives of birth, aging and death. The book looks closely at previously unexamined figures whose history is relevant to a better understanding of how (...) Tibetan culture navigates its own understanding of reincarnation, the veneration of relics, and different social roles of different types of practitioners. It analyses both the minutiae of everyday interrelations between lamas and their devotees, specifically noted in ritual performances and the enactment of lived tradition, as well as the sacred hagiographical conventions that underpin local knowledge. A phenomenology of Tibetan Buddhist life, the book provides an ethnography and insight of the embodiment of Tibetan Buddhism in everyday life. This unusual approach offers a valuable and a genuine new perspective on Tibetan Buddhist culture, and is of interest to researchers in the fields of social/cultural anthropology, religious, Buddhist and Tibetan studies. (shrink)

The doctrine of reincarnation is endorsed by various philosophers in both the Western and Eastern traditions. This paper will explore the relationship between reincarnation and legal punishment. Three competing views of reincarnation will be analyzed on this issue: Plato's work on Socrates, the Bhagavad Gita, and Mahayana Buddhism. Each view presents interesting, but different perspectives on how our view of the person might affect how we punish. The paper will claim that there are practical implications on the (...) administration of justice linked witli each view of reincarnation. Rather than an area we should neglect, perhaps we miglit improve our understanding of punishment in our societj' when we better account for the beliefs held by members of the society. Key words: Buddhism, death, Hinduism, Mahayana, Plato, punishment, reincarnation, Socrates Then the Lord said, 'Now that the man has become as we are, knowing good from bad, what i f he eats the fruit of the Tree of Life and lives forever?' Genesis 4:22. (shrink)

This book provides a systematic, inter-disciplinary examination of beliefs in as well as evidence for reincarnation that will appeal to students of anthropology, religious studies, philosophy, and the psychology of consciousness and memory, as well as parapsychology.

A recurrent theme across intellectual and religious explorations, the transmigration of the soul is an ethically loaded proposition. In this essay, I will unpack the ethical imperative of reincarnation in Plato’s Timaeus in contrast to the Bhagavad Gita andthe writings of Swami Vivekananda. Within the frameworks of both the Timaeus and the Gita, I will set out the ontological structure of the world, the ethical role of the individual in the reincarnation process, and the teleological purpose of (...) class='Hi'>reincarnation. Ultimately, Platonic reincarnation is not ethically adequate because of its rigid hierarchy and an ultimate goal that remains in an individuated self, whereas reincarnation in the Gita offers a multitude of paths towards enlightenment and the final goal entails an interconnection with all beings. Thus, both the process and the goal lead to two vastly different ethical imperatives, and only the Bhagavad Gita’s seems robust enough to encourage an ethical life. (shrink)

The theory of evolution of complex and comprising of human systems and algorithm for its constructing are the synthesis of evolutionary epistemology, philosophical anthropology and concrete scientific empirical basis in modern (transdisciplinary) science. «Trans-disciplinary» in the context is interpreted as a completely new epistemological situation, which is fraught with the initiation of a civilizational crisis. Philosophy and ideology of technogenic civilization is based on the possibility of unambiguous demarcation of public value and descriptive scientific discourses (1), and the object and (...) subject of the cognitive process (2). Both of these attributes are no longer valid. For mass, everyday consciousness and institutional philosophical tradition it is intuitively obvious that having the ability to control the evolutionary process, Homo sapiens came close to the borders of their own biological and cultural identity. The spontaneous coevolutionary process of interaction between the «subject» (rational living organisms) and the «object» (material world), is the teleological trend of the movement towards the complete rationalization of the World as It Is, its merger with the World of Due. The stratification of the global evolutionary process into selective and semantic (teleological) coevolutionary and therefore ontologically inseparable components follows. With the entry of anthropogenic civilization into the stage of the information society, firsty, the post-academic phase of the historical evolution of scientific rationality began, the attributes of which are the specific methodology of scientific knowledge, scientific ethos and ontology. Bioethics as a phenomenon of intellectual culture represents a natural philosophical core of modern post- academic (human-dimensional) science, in which the ethical neutrality of scientific theory principle is inapplicable, and elements of public-axiological and scientific-descriptive discourses are integrated into a single logic construction. As result, hermeneutics precedes epistemology not only methodologically, but also meaningfully, and natural philosophy is regaining the status of the backbone of the theory of evolution – in an explicit form. (shrink)

Through the epistemic potential of speculative science fiction, this article offers a reflection on the impacts of technologies on the human body. More precisely, this article illuminates how literary texts anticipate the challenges which will arise in relation with the body of the future from our most awaited and fantasized technologies. Olga Ravn’s novel, The employees (2018), will be the basis of this article’s inquiry into how the augmented body, extraterrestrial life and artificial intelligence impact the body and, by the (...) same token, upset our own understanding of ourselves and the world which surrounds us. As a whole, this article illustrates that a future where technical advancement takes precedence on social progress can lead not only to a disembodied reality, but more importantly to an alienated humanity. (shrink)

The academic discipline of IR has evolved along the ‘great debates’ including the rationalist-reflectivist debate. It is Alexander Wendt’s Social Constructivism that has plausibly tried to bridge this rationalist-reflectivist gap through a ‘middle-grounded theory’, thereby projecting the fourth great debate as rationalist-constructivist-reflectivist debate. Although these great debates help in clarifying the varied assumptions that IR scholars make in their theories, it is lamented that they contemplate less on how to explain international politics and more on the contests of a quasi-religious (...) belief in the power of one or another ‘ism’. Against these great debates, the ‘eclectic theory’ could emerge as a more progressive pathway to capture the future of international politics. Since Kautilya’s Arthaśāstra does not subscribe to rigid oppositions between rationalist-realpolitik and reflectivist-moralpolitik, it not only absorbs a few claims of Wendt’s Social Constructivism, but also offers a fruitful ground for crafting a non-Western eclectic theory of IR that can potentially uplift both Indian IR and Global IR. (shrink)

Is it absurd to believe that, in the absence of bodily continuity, personal identity could be retained? Bernard Williams argued for an affirmative answer to this question partly on the basis of a well-known thought experiment. Some other philosophers, including D. Z. Phillips, have accepted, or appear to have accepted, Williams' conclusion.Yet the argument has the consequence of dismissing as absurd the sorts of reincarnation beliefs which, within their proper contexts, have a meaningful role in the lives of many (...) millions of people. Drawing upon philosophical work by David Cockburn, and also on anthropological studies concerning reincarnation beliefs, this paper questions the extent to which ostensibly meaningful beliefs can be deemed unintelligible in the absence of careful attention to their cultural contexts. (shrink)