A autora retoma a sua trajetória, o que aprendeu ao longo de mais de trinta anos, interessando-se pelas formas como seus contemporâneos leem (ou não leem). Com as reflexões de Michel de Certeau como referência teórica, ela lembra como se colocou ao lado dos leitores, esforçando-se para prestar atenção às suas formas de apropriação e representação de um livro, um texto escrito ou uma biblioteca. Narra como aprofundou a análise da importância da literatura desde a infância, construindo um espaço para (...) se descobrir e simbolizar sua experiência. Em seguida, ela conta como se interessou por experiências literárias compartilhadas que reuniam pessoas que tinham vivido muito distantes da cultura escrita: lugares de "educação informal", oficinas em que a leitura de obras literárias e a arte desempenhavam um papel fundamental, concebidos para vítimas de catástrofes, populações deslocadas, jovens desvinculados de grupos guerrilheiros ou paramilitares, dependentes químicos nas ruas, crianças vítimas de violência doméstica, mulheres com bebês em situação de extrema pobreza... Essas experiências são conduzidas por educadores que tentam fazer algo fora do contexto acadêmico tradicional, ou bibliotecários, promotores de leitura, às vezes psicólogos, artistas, narradores, etc. A autora analisa sua arte de fazer, considerando crianças, adolescentes (e também adultos) em sua dimensão sensível, psíquica, física e não apenas cognitiva. Por fim, ela relembra como refletiu sobre a transmissão cultural, debilitada em muitas famílias: quando a luta pela sobrevivência ou o trabalho ocupa o tempo cotidiano, as crianças perdem uma etapa importante para integrar os diferentes registros da língua. Essa etapa é aquela em que, desde muito cedo, alguém é iniciado no uso das palavras tão vital quanto "inútil", gratuito, muito próximo da vida, das sensações, das emoções, do prazer compartilhado; muito longe do controle e da qualificação. Tudo o que ela estudou a convenceu da importância da literatura, oral e escrita, que atende a uma necessidade antropológica. (shrink)

Although the concept of corporate social responsibility is fundamentally multidimensional, most studies use composite scores to assess corporate social performance. How relevant are such composite scores? How the CSR dimensions are weighted? Should the weighting scheme be the same across sectors? This article proposes an original weighting scheme of CSR strengths and concerns, at the sector level, which is proportional to media and nongovernmental organizations scrutiny. The authors show that previous CSP assessments underweight environmental and corporate governance concerns. Moreover, findings (...) suggest that firms that are exposed to the closest scrutiny are usually criticized on one single dimension: for instance, banks for bad corporate governance, and basic-resource firms for environmental damage. Composite scores based on equal weights hence misrepresent CSP and the difference in CSR between sectors. (shrink)

Hubris among CEOs is generally considered to be undesirable: researchers in finance and in management have documented its unwelcome effects and the media ascribe many corporate failings to CEO hubris. However, the literature fails to provide a precise definition of CEO hubris and is mostly silent on how to prevent it. We use work on hubris in the fields of mythology, psychology, and ethics to develop a framework defining CEO hubris. Our framework describes a set of beliefs and behaviors, both (...) psycho-pathological and unethical in nature, which characterize the problematic relationship of the hubris-infected CEO towards his or her own self, others and the world at large. We then demonstrate how the development of authentic leadership may contribute to preventing or attenuating hubris by addressing its psycho-pathological nature through the true self and meaningful relationships with others. In addition to its psycho-pathological dimension, CEO hubris also contains an ethical dimension. We therefore propose that the development of the virtue of reverence might contribute to the prevention or attenuation of CEO hubris, because reverence makes the individual aware of his or her place in the world order and membership of the community of humans. (shrink)

This essay advances a philosophical and Stoic reinterpretation of hubris that challenges the reductionist treatment it has received in contemporary management research. Whereas most studies, shaped by a positivist epistemology, have sought to quantify the effects of leader hubris on performance, this essay reclaims the concept's original ethical and spiritual meaning: the corruption of the leader's soul through excessive exposure to power. Drawing on Stoic philosophy, we argue that hubris should be understood not only as a measurable psychological trait but (...) as a moral distortion of the self, produced by the intoxicating effects of power on the soul. By revisiting the Stoic tradition of spiritual exercises and building on the examples of Marcus Aurelius and Alcibiades, this essay enables a rethinking of leadership development: it is not a matter of competencies or behavioural development, but an education of the soul grounded in self-knowledge, temperance, and ethical vigilance. By doing so, this essay opens a heterodox space for reuniting philosophy and leadership ethics in the critique of power and abuse of power. (shrink)

The humanities and social sciences (HSS) are being turned upside down by advances in artificial intelligence (AI), and their very existence could be threatened. These sciences are being profoundly destabilised by a dual process of naturalisation of social phenomena and fetishisation of numbers, accentuated by the development of AI (part 1). Both STM (science, technology, medicine) and HSS are facing major epistemological challenges, but for the latter they carry the risk of marginalisation (part 2). The humanities and social sciences remain (...) the best equipped to question the social construct represented by the development of AI. However, this essential approach is not enough. We need to ask ourselves: how can the HSS reintroduce interpretation when they have less and less control over how data is put together? Only a balanced partnership between STM and HSS is likely to meet all these challenges (part 3). Using the case of education, which has long been at the forefront of developments in other sectors of social life, we would like to show how and on what priority issues such a partnership can be built (part 4). (shrink)

In this study of evil in the framework of theology and its practical consequences in the light of Christian teaching, the author holds that the problem of evil is insoluble apart from ideas of the Fall and redemption. The volume is designed to summarize Christian doctrine in which "evil, itself an absence of being, becomes, by the void that it creates, an appeal to God and to the divine action.".

Les pouvoirs de la littérature sont en déshérence. Enseignante et écrivaine, l'auteure ne se résigne pas à entériner cet échec. L'enseignement des lettres doit servir à former des hommes libres, des citoyens capables d'un jugement autonome. Ce livre est aussi une réflexion sur la figure du narrateur et sur la liberté du lecteur qui retraverse des situations où se trouve engagé son imaginaire.

Le livre de Caroline Petit, Galien de Pergame ou la rhétorique de la Providence, constitue la première étude d’ensemble du rôle de la rhétorique dans l’œuvre de Galien, aux sources du discours médical et scientifique, et de l’autobiographie intellectuelle. Caroline Petit’s Galien de Pergame ou la rhétorique de la Providence is the first comprehensive study of the role of rhetoric in Galen’s oeuvre, a cornerstone of medical and scientific discourse and of intellectual autobiography in the West.

Ricoeur’s Philosophy of the Will is reexamined here both as a source of motivation for his project of dialoguing with the analytic theory of action and as an explanation for the lack of response on the part of his Anglo-American interlocutors. Keywords: Actions, Language, Body, Idealism. Résumé La Philosophie de la volonté de Ricœur est revisitée ici comme source de motivation de son entreprise de dialogue avec la théorie analytique de l’action et comme explication du défaut de réponse de ses (...) interlocuteurs anglo-américains. Mots-clés: Actions, Langage, Corps, Idéalisme. (shrink)

Tome I. Politique des savoirs. Science(s) et religion. -- tome II. Pouvoirs : politique intérieure et politique extérieure.

L'homme occidental est "augustinien" sans le savoir. Et l'homme du XXe siècle tout autant, car loin de se limiter à l'Antiquité et à l'Eglise, la pensée d'Augustin a irrigué la pensée contemporaine. Voici pour la première fois une présentation extrêmement claire des apports de la pensée d'Augustin à la philosophie européenne du XXe siècle. Augustin fut de tous les grands débats philosophiques et culturels de ce siècle, au coeur des discussions philosophiques sur l'évolutionnisme, notre rapport à la culture antique, les (...) recherches sur le temps, la personne... Jean-François Petit présente chacun des grands moments "augustiniens" de ce siècle, et les interprétations de son oeuvre en jeu, le renouvellement de la lecture de sa pensée. On peut ainsi découvrir les apports de Blondel, Heidegger, Camus, Gadamer, Jaspers, H. Arendt, Emmanuel Mounier, Etty Hillesum, Derrida, Marion, Lyotard... Comme l'écrit Jean-François Petit : "La philosophie augustinienne a aidé des penseurs du XXe siècle à faire surgir la vérité de leur propre philosophie.". (shrink)

The reality-virtuality continuum encompasses a multitude of objects, events and environments ranging from real-world multisensory inputs to interactive multisensory virtual simulators, in which sensory integration can involve very different combinations of both physical and digital inputs. These different ways of stimulating the senses can affect the consumer’s consciousness, potentially altering their judgements and behaviours. In this perspective paper, we explore how technologies such as Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality can, by generating and modifying the human sensorium, act on consumer consciousness. (...) We discuss the potential impact of this altered consciousness for consumer behaviour while, at the same time, considering how it may pave the way for further research. (shrink)

This review presents an introductory philosophy book aimed at students in the field of Education. Thematically, it offers an analysis of the historical development of reason/rationality in Western philosophy. From a philosophical standpoint, the work is notably influenced by contemporary schools of thought, such as phenomenology and, above all, the Frankfurt School.

Background A persistent devaluation of care-work, difficult working conditions, and low salaries have led to challenges with staff recruitment and retention in the homecare sector in France. A new homecare organization adopting an innovative organizational model recently experimented an hourly payment method yielding positive outcomes. Objectives Using Tronto’s caring framework, this paper analyzes the strategies used by the founders as they developed their innovative model and the nursing activities performed during home visits. Design A longitudinal qualitative study was conducted between (...) 2017 and 2023. Homecare nursing teams were shadowed for 1–2 days per year yielding detailed field notes on caregiving activities, both before and after the new payment method. Secondary data included reports, videos, articles, and unpublished documents found online. Ethical considerations While there is no requirement in France to obtain ethical approval in non-interventional research, verbal consent was obtained by all participants prior to their involvement in the study; confidentiality and anonymity were strictly maintained; and pseudonyms were assigned to protect identities. Findings 63 interviews and 185 h of shadowing and observations were conducted. Results revealed a virtuous cycle of caring facilitated and encouraged by new incentives that resonated with nurses’ professional ethics. The favorable working environment and the hourly payment method enabled nurses to provide caregiving in accordance with their values. Conclusions As the new hourly payment experiment is scaled-up nationally, it is imperative that it is not isolated from the organizational model. Without the underpinning values and principles, the hourly payment method alone is unlikely to shift the value attributed to caring. (shrink)

Le dogmatisme hyperbolique d’Épicure, qui soutient que toutes les représentations sont vraies, suscite le soupçon d’un scepticisme au moins larvé qui pourrait lui être imputé, lors même qu’il combat lui-même les conséquences scepticisantes de l’atomisme auquel il souscrit tout en le réformant. Pour échapper à ce scepticisme dans lequel il pourrait tomber en combattant l’autre, il se doit d’introduire pour la sensation le concept raffiné d’une réception attentive.

O presente artigo pretende construir um espaço analítico que torne inteligível certas conexões, de grande importância para o campo da Filosofia da Educação, entre a Filosofia Crítico-Transcendental de Kant e o Construtivismo Pedagógico fundamentado na Epistemologia Genética de Piaget. Cientes da necessidade de proceder com rigor e sutileza nesse empreendimento, recorremos à Arqueologia de Foucault para oferecer um campo de articulação discursiva em que a imanência, a singularidade e a transversalidade das formações discursivas presentes nos escritos de Kant e de (...) Piaget não impeçam que um discurso transcendental estabeleça relações significativas com um discurso psicogenético (e, portanto, empírico). No que diz respeito ao pensamento de Kant, enfatizamos o modo como o filósofo alemão utiliza o que chamou de método cético, para que o discurso metafísico, fundamentado no funcionamento natural da razão, falasse por si mesmo e produzisse um conjunto de desacordos que Kant nomeou de ilusões transcendentais. Tomando por relevante a descoberta kantiana de que a Razão Pura produz ilusões inevitáveis que, todavia, podem ser, de alguma forma, freadas pela Crítica, encontramos, aí, uma importante via de diálogo com Piaget e, de forma mais geral, com o campo da Educação. Assim, tomamos a análise feita por Piaget de fenômenos como o egocentrismo e a centração para frisarmos como o funcionamento natural da cognição humana é ininterruptamente bloqueado pela dificuldade em ver de um outro ponto de vista. Trata-se, em ambos os casos, de uma dificuldade estrutural da razão humana (Kant) ou do desenvolvimento cognitivo (Piaget) que leva a um julgamento precipitado, parcial e equívoco – e isso, justamente, porque está cego diante das sutilezas e complexidades existentes em um ponto de vista que lhe é exterior. Nesse sentido, ensaiamos a propositura de uma Pedagogia do Descentramento, como aquela capaz de coordenar os distintos pontos de vista e, antes de anulá-los como equívocos ou estancá-los como corretos, situá-los em uma dada organização que terá por efeito, na articulação significativa e funcional de diferentes pontos de vista, alargar o campo de visão – e, com isso, se municiar contra dois grandes inimigos históricos da Filosofia e da Educação: o dogmatismo e a centração. (shrink)

This paper reports some of the findings of a questionnaire survey of the social, moral and religious attitudes of 578 fifth formers in three Roman Catholic comprehensive schools and one local authority secondary school in the autumn of 1973. School and home variables related to differences in the scores obtained on six scales were identified and a brief review of student responses to open‐ended questions on religion carried out. The findings indicate that while the Catholic schools do differ significantly in (...) some respects from the local authority school, there is also a large measure of overlap in the beliefs and values of the students. The data also showed that high levels of anti‐intellectualism and acceptance of the traditional role of the woman in the home are not features common to all Catholic schools. The need for more broadly based research is stressed. (shrink)

Damascius’s proper insight into the neoplatonic triad has an idiosyncratic mood. Triad is not essentially seen as a kind of completeness, it is rather the place where some kind of tenseness is at stake between its second and third moments. One of the main points of this paper is connected to the very act of the triad’s second moment. This act is a twin act : rising to existence and multiplying to the infinite. The surmise grounding the argument dwells on (...) a duality that lies in receptivity issuing from the One, duality mirroring the duality affecting the One itself. (shrink)

In this chapter, we provide with a brief historical overview of the encounter between design and the global environment in the Anthropocene, investigating the moment when the traditional figures of conception (namely the engineer and the architect) merged under the single term “design”. We then offer a philosophical inquiry into the meaning of design today, and the crucial role of designers next to engineers. We more particularly look at the issue of scales (space scale and time scale) in the context (...) of the ecological crisis, and at the significance and the usefulness of an approach in terms of the “milieu” rather than of the environment. We show that the articulation of global and local is possible, as is possible a transition both digital and ecological, and that the important distinction is not between global and local design, but between two ideas of eco-design. (shrink)

Does living on Earth not also for human beings mean being open to the sky? Watching day alternate with night, relying on the seasonal cycle, finding their way according to the position of the stars, humans have always been aware of their dependence on the sky and tried to understand the origin of life in relation to it. And it is up to the sky again that their imagination and thoughts fly whenever they feel cramped in their earthly habitat. Following (...) the axis of their own vertical position, the earth that is the floor for humans is seen as a ‘down here’ by opposition to an ‘up there’, the sky, towards which they turn their heads and raise their eyes. Up there is the origin of the metaphorical figure and /or dream image of the flight up into the high heavens, or the journey to other stars, or to a spiritual land beyond. (shrink)

Ayant constate que depuis 20 ans l'interet s'est deplace du mouvement vers l'action, des chercheurs en neurosciences, sciences cognitives et philosophie ont confronte les progres experimentaux aux analyses philosophiques. Ils ont reconnu l'originalite des nouvelles neurosciences cognitives dans le fait qu'elles ne se contentent plus de degager les correlats neuraux de la cognition, mais qu'elles reposent le probleme classique de l'union de l'esprit et du corps en apportant une masse de donnees sur le role de l'action dans la constitution de (...) l'agent lui-meme, comme dans celle - correlative - du monde environnant. Reactivant les intuitions de la phenomenologie sur l'enracinement corporel de l'intentionnalite, l'interpretation de ces donnees va obliger la philosophie analytique a briser sa cloture linguistique. (shrink)

L’influence du pragmatisme sur l’institutionnalisme, et notamment sur celui de John Commons, est désormais largement reconnue. En particulier, l’importance des règles et des habitudes dans les comportements a été bien mis en évidence dans le pragmatisme. Néanmoins, l’importance, dans ce courant de pensée, de la réflexion sur la bifurcation ou la rupture par rapport aux règles et aux habitudes a été minorée. Cet article souligne que John Dewey, un des pragmatistes les plus influents, a pensé ces transformations. Celles-ci sont analysées (...) chez lui à partir de trois concepts clés : l’expérience, la transaction et l’émotion. Il en découle une nouvelle piste de réflexion pour l’analyse économique, en particulier dans le rôle que les émotions peuvent jouer dans les changements par rapport aux règles et aux habitudes de comportement. Dewey nous invite ainsi à une économie de l’émotion plus riche que ce que l’analyse économique n’a produit pour l’instant. Classification JEL : B25, B40. (shrink)

Hegel qualifiait la pièce Antigone de Sophocle de tragédie la plus parfaite. Peut-on, encore aujourd’hui, malgré les critiques ultérieures, soutenir cette idée et la fonder? Si la perfection de cette tragédie tient dans le tissage de conflits que Sophocle construit, nous devrons d’abord effiler chaque conflit, pour ensuite affilier chaque position à ce qui la fonde, et suivre enfin le déroulé tragique du fil d’Antigone.

In principle Claude Bernard criticizes historical reflection, which he character- izes as a waste of time. But in spite of strong statements condemning it, Bernard makes use of history frequently and in several different ways. The coexistence of this openly antihistorical stance with a use of the historical perspective poses a problem. I will try to show that these two attitudes lead toward a common goal: promoting science. They combine to create a broad strategy that contributed a great deal to (...) the development of scientism in the nineteenth century. Bernard's arguments may be one of the sources of the distrust some scientists still feel toward the history of science. (shrink)

The phenomenological theory of constitution promises a solution for the problem of consciousness insofar as it changes the traditional terms of this problem by systematically correlating subject and object in the unifying context of intentional acts. I argue that embodied constitution must depend upon the role of kinesthesia as a constitutive operator. In pursuing the path of intentionality in its descent from an idealistic level of pure constitution to this fully embodied kinesthetic constitution, we are able to gain access to (...) different ontological regions such as physical thing, owned body and shared world. Neuroscience brings to light the somatological correlates of noemata. Bridging the gap between incarnation and naturalisation represents the best way of realizing the foundational program of transcendental phenomenology. (shrink)

Ln «psychologie» n’est pas intégrée dans l’échelle des sciences du positivisme comtien. Comte juge même qu’elle est le refuge de la vieille « métaphysique ». Cependant, « les phénomènes affectifs, intellectuels et moraux » devant, eux aussi, être étudiés «positivement », Comte en appelle d’une part à la « biologie » où il élabore une «théorie cérébrale», et d’autre part à la «sociologie» et à sa méthode historique. Puis il programme une nouvelle science, une « moraleanthropologie », où se retrouve (...) une grande partie des questions qui relevaient de l’ex-psychologie. On analyse aussi les discussions de Comte avec des proches plus ou moins disciplinés: John Stuart Mill ironise sévèrement contre la théorie cérébrale et réclame une place pour la « logique »; Émile Littré, disciple plus nuancé, accepte une « psychophysiologie », mais conteste maints développements et conséquences qu’envisageait Comte. (shrink)

« Qui voit ? » C’est à partir de cette question cartésienne, devenue aussi la sienne, et des transformations qu’il lui fait subir, que le privilège de la peinture chez Merleau-Ponty est à comprendre. Du même coup, et a contrario, on saisit pourquoi la musique, comme le regrette Raymond Court, n’a pas donné à penser à Merleau-Ponty, qui, dit-on, écoutait Mozart au moment où la mort l’a frappé. Or, comme la peinture n’existe qu’à prendre corps dans les œuvres des peintres, (...) il y a encore lieu de se demander quels ont été « les peintres » de Merleau-Ponty. Et que lui ont-ils fait voir ?« Who sees ? » It is on the basis of this Cartesian question, which Maurice Merleau-Ponty made his own, that we can understand the sort of « privilege » painting seems to deserve within his thought. At the same time, we can grasp why, when drawing up his ontology of the Flesh, he did not pay attention to music, despite his fondness of it. This lacuna was reproached by Raymond Court, who insisted on the intimate relationship between music and the flesh . But once we acknowledge the main reasons he had to give painting priority, we may ask what he was looking for when he considered some of the modern painters as for instance Cézanne or Paul Klee. And what indeed did they make him see ? (shrink)

Comment trouver le temps de participer à la vie démocratique?_ _Qui trouve le temps d’agir en citoyen·ne au-delà de l’acte électoral? Pour répondre, l’article revient sur les parcours d’engagement dans des dispositifs participatifs municipaux. Il montre en quoi les temporalités de la sphère civique sont déterminées par les sphères professionnelles et familiales. La démonstration déconstruit des figures habituelles de l’indisponibilité (actifs, salariés, parents) et de la disponibilité (retraités) pour l’engagement participatif. Les temps de la participation citoyenne sont situés dans l’espace (...) social. L a disponibilité biographique conditionne la disposition à participer, mais de façon différenciée selon le groupe social. La retraite peut entraîner la quête d’activités ou le choix de s’en détacher ; les modes de travail peuvent sensibiliser aux méthodes participatives ou y rendre hermétiques ; le rapport au travail peut impliquer la subordination ou la subjectivation ; la parentalité... (shrink)

On a tenté, à partir des Stances du milieu par excellence, de ressaisir le sens de la vacuité selon Nāgārjuna : cela supposait que l’on suspendît les croyances fondant l’attachement de l’ego à un « soi-même » tout autant qu’aux « choses ». Par là, on entrevoyait l’idée d’un milieu absolu, par lequel les phénomènes, vides de « nature propre », seraient interconnectés sans être assujettis aux formes conventionnelles de l’espace et du temps.

Brazil, land of miscegenation (métisse). An indisputable fact and an unending process. But how should we understand its genesis and how should we, while respecting the requirements of a historiography worth the name, interpret it in terms of our hopes for the future? This is the horizon binding these reflections, which is to be put in perspective in the studies published in this issue of Diogenes.Foregrounding miscegenation, and understanding its origins, has been one of the constant themes among the most (...) distinguished practitioners of Brazilian thought since the 1930s, and has been accepted, indeed demanded, since the 1920s by the artistic and literary movement known as ‘modernism’, of which one of the major figures was the São Paulo writer, Mário de Andrade. Gilberto Freyre (1900–1987), who would now have been a hundred years old, comes particularly to mind, as does Sergio Buarque de Holanda (1902–1982). Freyre made history with the publication of his two first works, Casa Grande & senzala [Masters and Slaves] of 1933 and Sobrados e mucambos of 1936. The same year Buarque de Holanda published his Raízes de Brasil [Roots of Brasil]. Motivated by the desire to understand their country, its shaping and – with some kind of concern as to identity – their own origins, both had been led to pave the way for what might be called an ‘open’ sociology, which immediately acquired a strongly anthropological character with Freyre and quickly incorporated increasingly historical aspects with Buarque de Holanda. (shrink)

Pour la société à « réorganiser », Comte repense les relations entre les sexes et la politique de la famille. Dans sa jeunesse il affiche des positions « libérales ». Appuyant ensuite sa sociologie sur la biologie et sur l’histoire, il fait de la famille l’élément social fondé autour d’un rapport homme-femme très différencié où l’un exerce l’autorité et l’autre est affectivité et soumission. Comte systématise aussi ses positions à partir de l’échec de son propre couple, d’un amour sublimé, et (...) des femmes côtoyées. Ambivalences voire paradoxes s’accumulent dans ce conservatisme familial réformateur qui se prétend militant pour la femme. (shrink)

Dans les débats sur la situation des religions en Europe, la pensée de Jürgen Habermas reste incontournable. Depuis le choc de 11 septembre 2001, celle-ci a largement évolué pour accorder une place plus grande aux demandes de reconnaissance des religions dans l’espace public. Pour autant, l’éthique de la discussion doit aujourd’hui être interrogée à nouveaux frais face aux recrudescences des fondamentalismes religieux et laïcistes.