The brain processes underlying the distinction between emotion-label words (e.g. happy, sad) and emotion-laden words (e.g. successful, failed) remain inconclusive in bilingualism research. The present study aims to directly compare the processing of these two types of emotion words in both the first language (L1) and second language (L2) by recording event-related potentials (ERP) from late Chinese-English bilinguals during a lexical decision task. The results revealed that in the early word processing stages, the N170 emotion effect emerged only for L1 (...) negative emotion-laden words and L2 negative emotion-label words. In addition, larger early posterior negativity (EPN) was elicited by emotion-laden words than emotion-label words in both L1 and L2. In the later processing stages, the N400 emotion effect was evident for L1 emotion words, excluding positive emotion-laden words, while it was absent in L2. Notably, L1 emotion words elicited enhanced N400 and attenuated late positive complex (LPC) compared to those in L2. Taken together, these findings confirmed the engagement of emotion, and highlighted the modulation of emotion word type and valence on word processing in both early and late processing stages. Different neural mechanisms between L1 and L2 in processing written emotion words were elucidated. (shrink)

Although similar environmental issues are present across the globe, residents of different countries vary in the extent to which they are concerned about and act upon these issues. Drawing on data from the 2010 Environment module of the International Social Survey Programme, this study tests the structural comparability of environmental attitudes across 32 countries and examines how pro-environmental behaviours are linked to relevant attitudes. A confirmatory factor analysis from structural equation modelling helps identify three latent constructs of environmental attitudes: willingness (...) to sacrifice, biospheric orientation and environmental scepticism. Further regression analyses reveal that the linkages between pro-environmental behaviours and the constructs of environmental attitudes converge in some countries but are less consistent in others. The findings help pinpoint signs of global convergence and national disparities, which merit more extensive analyses amid the recent surge in the availability of diverse empirical data from around the world. (shrink)

Resumo: Este trabalho questiona a baixa suposição sobre a representação baseada em derrogação das canções (litigadores), em escritos da dinastia Qing, como mera reflexão de fatos históricos. Ele argumenta que a literatura disponível, que provavelmente traça esse fenômeno de forma superficial às exigências da elite governante ou rejeição pela instituição, não é suficientemente profunda para descobrir a lógica filosófica por trás dela. Este artigo afirma que a caracterização sistemática de canções, como figuras controvertidas, extorsionadas e moralmente perversas, em obras literárias, (...) incorpora, na essência, uma tática de deflexão discursiva que a doutrina confuciana usava para enfrentar desafios de governança na realidade, através de meios narrativos. Com base nos esquemas de mecanismos ideológicos de discurso, o texto examina trinta e dois contos individuais de songshi, em doze obras literárias que abrangem o Yongzheng até os reinos de Guangxu, analisando como a interação de componentes estáticos e processos dinâmicos tem sido utilizada conjuntamente para alcançar o ostracismo moral de songshi e, consequentemente, ajudar o confucianismo a abordar seus objetivos de redirigir contradições sociais, estabelecer autoridade moral e reforçar o controle social. (shrink)

It has been proposed that processing sentential negation recruits the neural network of inhibitory control. In addition, inhibition mechanisms also play a role in switching languages for bilinguals. Since both processes may share inhibitory resources, the current study explored for the first time whether and how language-switching influences the processing of negation. To this end, two groups of Spanish-English bilinguals participated in an encoding-verification memory task. They read short stories involving the same two protagonists, referring to their activities in four (...) different scenarios in Spanish or English. Following each story, the participants received verification questions requiring “yes” or “no” responses depending on whether a given fact was correctly referred to one of the protagonists. Some of the verification questions were in the story’s original language and others in the alternate language. Results revealed that language-switching facilitated negative responses compared to affirmative responses, exclusively for questions switching from dominant language to non-dominant language. This effect might reflect that the domain-general mechanisms of inhibitory control are recruited at least partially for both language switch and negation process simultaneously, although this phenomenon is modulated by language dominance. (shrink)