This paper is concerned with an aspect of Deleuze and Guattari's thought which has not been duly analyzed: systematicity. More specifically, it deals with their conception of the system in three co-authored major works: What is Philosophy?, Anti-Oedipus and A Thousand Plateaus. These works are of renewed interest because they tease out, each in its own way, a particular type of system. Regardless of whether it has a philosophical import, a botanical reference, a social dimension, or a libidinal (...) investment, the system that Deleuze and Guattari advocate is allegedly a hyper-dynamic system that resists closure. Thus, in an interview with Didier Eribon, Deleuze points out that philosophy is 'an open system' and then, referring to A Thousand Plateaus, he further observes that what he and Guattari 'call a rhizome is also one example of an open system'. The purpose of this essay is not merely to explore how the system in the works of these two prominent poststructuralists is conceived, how it is structured, and how it works, but also to show how it is only superficially open. Paying a special attention to Deleuze and Guattari's exegesis on capitalism, I argue that the proposed system is cynical and ultimately untenable. Key Words: capitalism • Gilles Deleuze • Félix Guattari • open system • philosophy • total system. (shrink)

This paper conducts a critical sociological analysis of digital bureaucracy, interrogating the dominant narrative that posits it as an efficient and democratic solution to the problems of traditional bureaucracy. Through a synthesis of classical theory (Weber, Foucault) and contemporary critique (Deleuze, Benasayag, Han, Eubanks), this paper argues that the “digital cage” tends to embody a form of power that is often more totalizing and potentially more insidious than the Weberian “iron cage”, especially in its current applications. The analysis unfolds along (...) three interconnected lines of inquiry: 1) the eclipse of the human mediator and the consequent elimination of discretionary power and negotiation; 2) the transition from a disciplinary-panoptic model of control to a pervasive system of modular control, embedded within the very code of digital platforms; 3) the illusion of universal access, which masks the creation of new and deeper forms of social inequality and exclusion. The paper concludes that the digital cage, by combining the total visibility of the subject with the total opacity of the power mechanism, and by requiring the user’s active complicity, achieves a more sophisticated and resilient form of control, with profound implications for the future of citizenship and democracy. (shrink)

Editor's Preface to Fichte-Studien 49 (2021), "The Enigma of Fichte’s First Principles", (Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2021): : IX-XIX. Also available on open-access. See the publisher's website.

The article deals with finding finite total equivalence systems for formulas based on an arbitrary closed class of functions of several variables defined on the set {0, 1, 2} and taking values in the set {0,1} with the property that the restrictions of its functions to the set {0, 1} constitutes a closed class of Boolean functions. We consider all classes whose restriction closure is either the set of all functions of two-valued logic or the set T a of (...) functions preserving \. In each of these cases, we find a finite total equivalence system, construct a canonical type for formulas, and present a complete algorithm for determining whether any two formulas are equivalent. (shrink)

A unique feature of the vertebrate brain is the ventricular system, a series of connected cavities which are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and surrounded by neuroepithelium. While CSF is critical for both adult brain function and embryonic brain development, neither development nor function of the brain ventricular system is fully understood. In this review, we discuss the mystery of why vertebrate brains have ventricles, and whence they originate. The brain ventricular system develops from the lumen of (...) the neural tube, as the neuroepithelium undergoes morphogenesis. The molecular mechanisms underlying this ontogeny are described. We discuss possible functions of both adult and embryonic brain ventricles, as well as major brain defects that are associated with CSF and brain ventricular abnormalities. We conclude that vertebrates have taken advantage of their neural tube to form the essential brain ventricular system. (shrink)

(1980). Points, unit‐totals, age‐weightings and promoted posts‐their effects on the development of the English schooling system. British Journal of Educational Studies: Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 225-239.

This paper presents a conceptual model for describing the role of information systems in a Total Quality Management (TQM) organization and contrasts it with one for a traditional business firm. The model, based on systems theory, provides a framework for understanding the principles of TQM and their effects on information systems (IS). This paper suggests that TQM introduces changes in the firm’s feedback loop and creates new requirements for the IS function. The TQM system model is also used (...) for analyzing and comparing TQM with business reengineering. (shrink)

This paper establishes the final synthesis of the Co-Equal Structure Thesis (CEST) and the Axiom of Structural Identity (ASI), moving beyond model-relative pluralism toward the concept of the Set-Theoretic Multiverse as a Concrete Universal. We demonstrate that local identity definitions are mathematically insufficient due to path-dependence and the subsequent global instability in forcing chains, a failure that necessi tates a systemic totality. By characterizing Structural Negentropy as an invariance condition on transitions, we show (at the meta-inferential level) that mathematical reason (...) is essentially trans-model. We conclude that the Absolute Idea is realized in the identity of the Objectified Proof (Set) and the Subjectified Structure (Proof-Skeleton). We emphasize that this does not imply that sets are reducible to proofs, but that their actuality is intelligible only through invariant inferential structure. (shrink)

Two distinct conditions are called incompleteness and the distinction is rarely drawn. One is a theorem about an interval of theory-space: for a consistent, effectively axiomatized system interpreting a weak arithmetic, there is a sentence the system neither proves nor refutes. The other is a condition of the whole line: a formal system is a discipline of strings, its derivation operator carries strings to strings, and no string is a helium atom. This paper proves the second condition, (...) names it foundational incompleteness, and shows it needs no arithmetic, no coding, no diagonal, and no self-reference. One analytic argument establishes it, from the type of the derivation operator, and the keystone is that argument in contrapositive form: a syntax whose derivational closure contained a non-string would not be a syntax, so foundational completeness is a contradiction in terms rather than an unproved sentence. A second and premise-disjoint argument convicts grounding rather than closure, since every derivation is an actuated event and therefore an instance of the actuality it would deliver, never its source. A physical leg does no establishing work and defeats the implemented-system objection, on a content-blindness of inscription cost that is analytic once the encoding frame is fixed. A two-flank witness then fixes the scope by applying these arguments outside the Gödelian window on both sides at once, Presburger arithmetic complete and decidable beneath it and true arithmetic complete and non-axiomatizable above it, both incomplete toward the deed. The Gödelian window is thereby subsumed, and the subsumption is typed at exactly three registers and barred at a fourth. It holds in jurisdiction, since the window is a proper subclass of formal systems; in classification, since a Gödelian void is a void of strings interior to a medium whose exterior boundary the analytic argument fixes; and in explanation, since a medium that cannot deliver being is a medium whose whole operation is representation, which is the condition under which an interior diagonal is possible at all. It fails in derivation, and the paper's own Presburger witness is what forbids it: foundational incompleteness cannot entail Gödelian incompleteness, since Presburger arithmetic has the first and demonstrably lacks the second. The first incompleteness theorem is left exactly where a century of proof and four machine verifications left it. What moves is its rank, not its content. Every numerical claim in this paper reproduces by executing the battery printed in Appendix B, which requires only numpy. (shrink)

Total factor productivity is not only the core of high-quality economic development but also a core indicator for measuring the quality of economic development. Improving total factor productivity is one of the most critical points in building a modern economic system. Firstly, this paper uses the DEA-Malmquist index method to measure and decompose the total factor productivity of China’s 30 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions from 2001 to 2017 and analyzes the characteristics of its temporal and (...) spatial changes. From a spatial perspective, the regional gap is relatively large. Secondly, we construct the index system of five dimensions and use this index system to comprehensively evaluate the improvement degree of China’s modernized economic system. The results show that the overall level of the improvement degree of China’s modernized economic system is relatively low, and the differences between provinces are great. Thirdly, this paper uses static and dynamic spatial econometric models to empirically analyze the effect of total factor productivity on the improvement degree of the modern economic system. The results show that the improvement degree of the modern economic system in China has obvious characteristics of time spillover and space spillover. Finally, we put forward countermeasures and suggestions on how to perfect the modern economic system. (shrink)

Abstract (English) — This paper examines the role of opacity in the thought of Bernard Williams and Enrique Dussel, and develops a philosophical method oriented toward non-totalization. In Williams’s ethics, opacity marks the internal limits of moral justification: the individual cannot and should not make all aspects of their ethical life transparent to others or to themselves. Integrity, for Williams, resides not in public coherence but in the lived coherence of one’s commitments, which remain partially inarticulable. In contrast, Dussel identifies (...) opacity at the structural level—as the condition of exteriority that totalizing systems must exclude in order to sustain their coherence. Through his concept of analectics, Dussel maintains that this exclusion is not accidental but constitutive: the Other is not simply marginalized, but rendered epistemically invisible. By placing these two accounts into dialogue, the paper argues that opacity should be treated not as a failure of knowledge or clarity, but as a methodological principle. This principle finds further support in recursive systems, where self-reference generates non-coincidence from within. The resulting framework affirms opacity as a condition of ethical, structural, and conceptual integrity. Rather than seeking philosophical totality, the method outlined here sustains the limits of systems as an active site of reflection. Opacity, in this sense, becomes not what philosophy must overcome, but what it must think with. -/- Resumen (Español) — Este artículo examina el papel de la opacidad en el pensamiento de Bernard Williams y Enrique Dussel, y desarrolla un método filosófico orientado hacia la no-totalización. En la ética de Williams, la opacidad marca los límites internos de la justificación moral: el individuo no puede ni debe hacer completamente transparentes todos los aspectos de su vida ética, ni para los demás ni para sí mismo. La integridad, según Williams, no reside en la coherencia pública, sino en la coherencia vivida de los propios compromisos, que permanecen en parte inarticulables. En contraste, Dussel identifica la opacidad en un nivel estructural, como la condición de exterioridad que los sistemas totalizantes deben excluir para sostener su coherencia. A través de su concepto de analéctica, Dussel sostiene que esta exclusión no es accidental sino constitutiva: el Otro no es simplemente marginado, sino hecho epistemológicamente invisible. Al poner en diálogo estas dos concepciones, el artículo argumenta que la opacidad debe entenderse no como un fallo del conocimiento o de la claridad, sino como un principio metodológico. Este principio recibe apoyo adicional en sistemas recursivos, donde la autorreferencia genera no coincidencia desde dentro. El marco resultante afirma la opacidad como una condición de integridad ética, estructural y conceptual. En lugar de buscar la totalidad filosófica, el método aquí propuesto sostiene los límites de los sistemas como un sitio activo de reflexión. La opacidad, en este sentido, no es lo que la filosofía debe superar, sino aquello con lo que debe pensar. (shrink)

We analyze the points of total collision of the Newtonian gravitational system on shape space (the relational configuration space of the system). While the Newtonian equations of motion, formulated with respect to absolute space and time, are singular at the point of total collision due to the singularity of the Newton potential at that point, this need not be the case on shape space where absolute scale doesn’t exist. We investigate whether, adopting a relational description of (...) the system, the shape degrees of freedom, which are merely angles and their conjugate momenta, can be evolved through the points of total collision. Unfortunately, this is not the case. Even without scale, the equations of motion are singular at the points of total collision (and only there). This follows from the special behavior of the shape momenta. While this behavior induces the singularity, it at the same time provides a purely shape-dynamical description of total collisions. By help of this, we are able to discern total-collision solutions from non-collision solutions on shape space, that is, without reference to (external) scale. We can further use the shape-dynamical description to show that total-collision solutions form a set of measure zero among all solutions. (shrink)

The complete system of knowledge is a standard trope of science fiction, a techno-utopian dream and an aesthetic ideal. It is Solomon’s House, the Encyclopaedia and the Museum. It is also an ideology – of Enlightenment, High Modernism and absolute governance. Far from ending the dream of a total archive, 20th-century positivist rationality brought it ever closer. From Paul Otlet’s ‘Mundaneum’ to Mass-Observation, from the Unity of Science movement to Wikipedia, the dream of universal knowledge dies hard. As (...) a political tool, the total archive encompasses population statistics, gross domestic product, indices of the Standard of Living and the international ideology of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the World Health Organization, the free market and, most recently, Big Data. Questions of the total archive engage key issues in the philosophy of classification, the poetics of the universal, the ideology of surveillance and the technologies of information retrieval. What are the social structures and political dynamics required to sustain total archives, and what are the temporalities implied by such projects? This introduction and the articles that follow describe and place in historical context a series of concrete instances of totality. Our analysis is arranged according to four central themes: the relationship between the Archive (singular) and archives (plural); the image of the archive and the aesthetics of totality; pathologies of accumulation; and the specific historical trajectory of the total archive in the 19th and 20th centuries. (shrink)

This article will study a class of deduction systems that allow for a limited use of the modus ponens method of deduction. We will show that it is possible to devise axiom systems α that can recognize their consistency under a deduction system D provided that: (1) α treats multiplication as a 3-way relation (rather than as a total function), and that (2) D does not allow for the use of a modus ponens methodology above essentially the levels (...) of Π1 and Σ1 formulae. Part of what will make this boundary-case exception to the Second Incompleteness Theorem interesting is that we will also characterize generalizations of the Second Incompleteness Theorem that take force when we only slightly weaken the assumptions of our boundary-case exceptions in any of several further directions. (shrink)

Units, rules, codes, systems: this is how most linguists study language. Integrationalists such as Michael Toolan, however, focus instead on how language functions in seamless tandem with the rest of human activity. In Total Speech, Toolan provides a clear and comprehensive account of integrationalism, a major new theory of language that declines to accept that text and context, language and world, are distinct and stable categories. At the same time, Toolan extends the integrationalist argument and calls for a radical (...) change in contemporary theorizing about language and communication. In every foundational area of linguistics--from literal meaning and metaphor to the nature of repetition to the status of linguistic rules--Toolan advances fascinating and provocative criticisms of received linguistic assumptions. Drawing inspiration from the writings of language theorist Roy Harris, Toolan brings the integrationalist perspective to bear on legal cases, the reception of Salman Rushdie, poetry, and the language of children. Toolan demonstrates that the embeddedness of language and the situation-sensitive mutability of meaning reveal language as a tool for re-fashioning and renewal. Total Speech breaks free of standard linguistics' fascinated attraction with "cognitive blueprints" and quasi-algorithmic processing to characterize language anew. Toolan's reflections on the essence of language, including his important discussion of intention, have strong implications for students and scholars of discourse analysis, literature, the law, anthropology, philosophy of language, communication theory, and cognitive science, as well as linguistics. (shrink)

When in 2001 Earth Liberation Front activists drove metal spikes into hundreds of trees in Gifford Pinchot National Forest, they were protesting the sale of a section of the old-growth forest to a timber company. But ELF's communiqu on the action went beyond the radical group's customary brief. Drawing connections between the harms facing the myriad animals who make their home in the trees and the struggles for social justice among ordinary human beings resisting exclusion and marginalization, the dispatch declared, (...) "all oppression is linked, just as we are all linked," and decried the "patriarchal nightmare" in the form of "techno-industrial global capitalism." In Total Liberation, David Naguib Pellow takes up this claim and makes sense of the often tense and violent relationships among humans, ecosystems, and nonhuman animal species, expanding our understanding of inequality and activists' uncompromising efforts to oppose it. Grounded in interviews with more than one hundred activists, on-the-spot fieldwork, and analyses of thousands of pages of documents, websites, journals, and zines, Total Liberation reveals the ways in which radical environmental and animal rights movements challenge inequity through a vision they call "total liberation." In its encounters with such infamous activists as scott crow, Tre Arrow, Lauren Regan, Rod Coronado, and Gina Lynn, the book offers a close-up, insider's view of one of the most important--and feared--social movements of our day. At the same time, it shows how and why the U.S. justice system plays to that fear, applying to these movements measures generally reserved for "jihadists"--with disturbing implications for civil liberties and constitutional freedom. How do the adherents of "total liberation" fight oppression and seek justice for humans, nonhumans, and ecosystems alike? And how is this pursuit shaped by the politics of anarchism and anticapitalism? In his answers, Pellow provides crucial in-depth insight into the origins and social significance of the earth and animal liberation movements and their increasingly common and compelling critique of inequality as a threat to life and a dream of a future characterized by social and ecological justice for all. (shrink)

In this paper we study applicative theories of operations and numbers with the non-constructive minimum operator in the context of a total application operation. We determine the proof-theoretic strength of such theories by relating them to well-known systems like Peano Arithmetic PA and the system <0 of second order arithmetic. Essential use will be made of so-called fixed-point theories with ordinals, certain infinitary term models and Church-Rosser properties.

Building upon his previous books about Marx, Hayek, and Rand, _Total Freedom_ completes what _Lingua Franca_ has called Sciabarra’s "epic scholarly quest" to reclaim dialectics, usually associated with the Marxian left, as a methodology that can revivify libertarian thought. Part One surveys the history of dialectics from the ancient Greeks through the Austrian school of economics. Part Two investigates in detail the work of Murray Rothbard as a leading modern libertarian, in whose thought Sciabarra finds both dialectical and nondialectical elements. (...) Ultimately, Sciabarra aims for a dialectical-libertarian synthesis, highlighting the need to think of the "totality" of interconnections in a dynamic system as the way to ensure human freedom while avoiding "totalitarianism". (shrink)

We discuss the total collision singularities of the gravitational N-body problem on shape space. Shape space is the relational configuration space of the system obtained by quotienting ordinary configuration space with respect to the similarity group of total translations, rotations, and scalings. For the zero-energy gravitating N-body system, the dynamics on shape space can be constructed explicitly and the points of total collision, which are the points of central configuration and zero shape momenta, can be (...) analyzed in detail. It turns out that, even on shape space where scale is not part of the description, the equations of motion diverge at (and only at) the points of total collision. We construct and study the stratified total-collision manifold and show that, at the points of total collision on shape space, the singularity is essential. There is, thus, no way to evolve the solutions through these points. This mirrors closely the big bang singularity of general relativity, where the homogeneous-but-not-isotropic cosmological model of Bianchi IX shows an essential singularity at the big bang. A simple modification of the general-relativistic model (the addition of a stiff matter field) changes the system into one whose shape-dynamical description allows for a deterministic evolution through the singularity. We suspect that, similarly, some modification of the dynamics would be required in order to regularize the total collision singularity of the N-body model. (shrink)

Healthcare under the auspices of late‐stage capitalism is a total institution that mortifies nurses and patients alike, demanding conformity, obedience, perfection. This capture, which resembles Deleuze's enclosure, entangles nurses in carceral systems and gives way to a postenclosure society, an institution without walls. These societies of control constitute another sort of total institution, more covert and insidious for their invisibility (Deleuze, 1992). While Delezue (1992) named physical technologies like electronic identification badges as key to understanding these societies of (...) control, the political economy of late‐stage capitalism functions as a total institution with no cohesive, centralized, connected material apparatus required. In this manuscript, we outline the ways in which the healthcare industrial complex demands nurse conformity and how that, in turn, operationalizes nurses in service to the institution. This foundation leads to the assertion that nursing must foster a radical imagination for itself, unbound by reality as it presently exists, in order that we might conjure more just, equitable futures for caregivers and care receivers alike. To tease out what a radical imagination might look like, we dwell in paradox: getting folks the care they need in capitalist healthcare systems; engaging nursing's deep history to inspire alternative understandings for the future of the discipline; and how nursing might divest from extractive institutional structures. This paper is a jumping‐off place to interrogate the ways institutions telescope and where nursing fits into the arrangement. (shrink)

According to the Thomistic tradition, the Principle of Totality (TPoT) articulates a secondary principle of natural law which guides the exercise of human ownership or dominium over creation. In its general signification, TPoT is a principle of distributive justice determining the right ordering of wholes to their parts. In the medical field it is traditionally understood as entailing an absolute prohibition of bodily mutilation as irrational and immoral, and an imperfect obligation to use the parts of one’s body for the (...) perfection of the bodily whole. TPoT is thus a key element of the system of principles within which an individual exercises her right to life: it helps specify the nature, scope and limits of those actions by which an agent permissibly acts in order to preserve her life. While the Thomistic tradition and the Catholic Church have drawn clear conclusions from the principle regarding, e.g., direct sterilization and non-therapeutic experimentation on human subjects, less attention has been given to the implications of TPoT for non-therapeutic procedures that may positively impact biological functioning or supra-biological goals–that is, for human “enhancement.” We will explore the degree to which TPoT non-univocally guides our use of both artifacts and bodies. We will argue that a careful analysis of these distinct kinds of totalities suggests that the application of TPoT to artifacts and bodies is strongly isomorphic, which is what tempts advocates of the Principle of Autonomy to invalidly infer the absolute dominium of the individual over her body. The inference is invalid because this isomorphism also includes a principle of intrinsic value whose function is to resist the instrumentalization of both artifacts and bodies in some contexts; we are not even related to artifacts as advocates of absolute autonomy believe we are, let alone to our bodies. Rather, the limits of human dominium are determined by the nature and finalities, inherent or acquired, of the objects in question, and it will be argued that articulating these limits raises important, understudied, and fascinating questions about the permissibility of various kinds of human enhancement. (shrink)

Order picking, which is collecting a set of products from different locations in a warehouse, has repeatedly been described as one of the most laborious and time-consuming internal logistic processes. Each order is issued to pick some products located at given locations in the warehouse. In this paper, we consider an order picking problem, in which a number of orders with different delivery due dates are going to be retrieved by a limited number of order pickers in multiperiods such that (...) the total tardiness is minimized. The aim is to determine a retrieval plan in terms of order batching and order picker multitrip routing as decision variables. Besides, products are arrived and replenished at the predetermined locations at different periods. Therefore, products sitting in those locations should be delivered soon to provide empty rooms for replenishment. A mixed integer linear programming formulation is proposed for this new problem. The model is optimally solved for small-size problems. For larger instances, grouping metaheuristic algorithms are proposed based on particle swarm optimization and the league championship algorithm that use group-based operators to generate reasonable batches of orders. Improvement heuristics are designed as well. The performance of the MILP formulation and metaheuristic algorithms is analyzed for different problem instances whose designs are based on real data gathered from an auto parts warehouse. Results indicate that our algorithms can stably solve large instances of the problem in a reasonable time. (shrink)

With the development of the globalization of science and technology, innovation has become an important driving force for regional economic development. As a core element of regional innovation, financial R&D resources have also become a key element to enhance national innovation capabilities and national economic competitiveness. National and regional innovation capabilities have a direct impact. There are also many deep-seated problems behind the world-renowned achievements, such as irrational industrial structure, insufficient independent innovation capabilities, low resource utilization efficiency, and the service (...) quality and efficiency of financial institutions for the transformation of total factor productivity. These problems extremely restrict the efficiency upgrade and further development of our country’s total factor productivity. This study uses the DEA-Malmquist index model to measure the efficiency of fiscal R&D resource allocation in 28 provinces and regions in China in the past 10 years and uses Mapinfo12.0 software to analyze regional differences in the efficiency of fiscal R&D resource allocation in China from a spatial perspective. During the year, the overall R&D resource allocation efficiency of 28 provinces and autonomous regions in China has shown an upward trend. The efficiency of fiscal R&D resource allocation and the concentration of financial factors have had a positive impact on total factor productivity, transform and upgrade factors, increase total factor productivity, and provide empirical evidence for building a strong country. (shrink)

Let us begin—as is fitting—with what is familiar. Now, familiar is by no means what ‘totalizing thinking’ is, but rather what ‘totalitarian’ means. Today this word rings in everyone’s ears, is common in public life—not so much as a descriptive, but more as a defamatory epithet. It brands political systems of our time which not only gave rise to horrifying consequences, but what is more spread terror through their form of domination. Now, rule by means of terror is in fact (...) no recent discovery; new here is rather the technique of the complete penetration of every expression of social life. Were the latter perhaps susceptible in a special way to such penetration? (shrink)

This essay examines the impact of the imposition of businesses techniques, in particular, those associated with Total QualityManagement, on the relationships of important components of the health care delivery system, including payers, managed care organizations, institutional and individual providers, enrollees, and patients. It examines structural anomalies within the delivery system and concludes that the use of Total Quality Management techniques within the health care system cannot prevent the shift of attention of other components away from (...) the enrollee and the patient, and may even contribute to it. It speculates that the organization ethics process may serve as a quality control mechanism to prevent this shift and so help eliminate some of the ethically problematic processes and outcomes within the health care delivery system. (shrink)

Die hier vorgelegte Arbeit ist im Wintersemester 1964/65 von der Philosophi­ schen Fakultät der Universität Münster unter dem Titel,Die wahre Freiheit; Fichtes Staatsphilosophie als Theorie der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft' als Dissertation ange­ nommen worden. Sie ist im Kreise des Collegium Philosophicum in Münster ent­ standen. Das Collegium Philosophicum ist die Schöpfung von Herrn Professor Dr. J. Ritter; ihm als akademischen Lehrer gilt der herzliche Dank des Schülers. Für wirksame Hilfe und Förderung danke ich außerdem Herrn Professor Dr. H. Schelsky, Herrn Professor (...) Dr. E. W. Böckenförde, meiner Frau, Herrn Professor Dr. 0. Marquard, der Studienstiftung des Deutschen Volkes und dem Westdeutschen Verlag. Münster, im Herbst 1966 Bernard Willms INHALT Einleitung........................................................ 1 I. Fichte und die Französisc:he Revolution.................... 15........ 1. a) Die »Zufälligen Gedanken« und die »Aphorismen über Religion und Deismus«................................. 15............... b) Die »Revolution im Kopfe«. Die »Zurückforderung der Denk­ freiheit« als revolutionäre Agitation................... 18....... c) Der »Beitrag zur Berichtigung der Urteile des Publikums über die Französische Revolution«........................ 21........... d) Die politisc:he Konkretheit der Revolutionsschriften in der Wendung zum konkreten Gegner.......................... 26........... 2. Gesellschaft und Staat beim frühen Fic:hte................. 31....... a) Die autonome Gesellschaft........................ 33.......... b) Der bekämpfte wirkliche Staat und die deduzierte Vernunftsta- lichkeit.................................. 37................ 3. Das Verhältnis von Freiheit und Gleic:hheit....................... 42 4. Die Utopie und ihre systematische Bedeutung............... 48...... 5. Der revolutionäre Vernunftbegriff..................... 50......... 6. Von den Revolutionsschriften zum System der Freiheit; die Problematik des revolutionären Ansatzes........................ 56.......... II. Revolution und Wissenschaftslehre. Das System der Freiheit........ 58.. (shrink)

The image of the hospital is presented to the public as a place of healing. Though the oft‐criticized total institutions of the past have been notably dismantled, the totalizing practices therein are now operationalized in the health care system. Through the lens of Erving Goffman, this article offers ways in which health care institutions operationalize totalizing practices, contributing to the mortification of patients and nurses alike in service to the bureaucratic machine. This article examines the ways in which (...) totalizing practices may disrupt the agency of both patients and nurses alike. (shrink)

The paper examines the nature of the behavioral evidence underlying attributions of intelligence in the case of human beings, and how this might be extended to other kinds of cognitive system, in the spirit of the original Turing Test. I consider Harnad's Total Turing Test, which involves successful performance of both linguistic and robotic behavior, and which is often thought to incorporate the very same range of empirical data that is available in the human case. However, I argue (...) that the TTT is still too weak, because it only tests the capabilities of particular tokens within a preexisting context of intelligent behavior. What is needed is a test of the cognitive type, as manifested through a number of exemplary tokens, in order to confirm that the cognitive type is able to produce the context of intelligent behavior presupposed by tests such as the TT and TTT. (shrink)

Education for Total Liberation is a collection of essays from leaders in the field of critical animal pedagogy (CAP). CAP emerges from activist educators teaching critical animal studies and is rooted in critical theory as well as the animal advocacy movement. Critical animal studies (CAS) argues for an interdisciplinary approach to understanding our relationships with nonhuman animals. CAS challenges two specific fields of theory: (1) animal studies, rooted in vivisection and testing on animals in the hard sciences and (2) (...) human-animal studies, which reinforces a socially constructed binary between humans and animals and adopts abstract theoretical approaches. In contrast, CAS takes a progressive and committed approach to scholarship and sees the exploitation of nonhuman animals as interrelated with oppression of humans based on class, gender, race, ability, sexuality, age, and citizenship. CAS promotes the liberation of all animals and challenges all systems of domination. Education for Total Liberation is appropriate for undergraduate and graduate level readers (and beyond) who wish to learn from examples of radical pedagogical projects shaped by CAS and critical pedagogy. Contributing to this collection are Anne C. Bell, Anita de Melo, Carolyn Drew, Amber E. George, Karin Gunnarsson Dinker, Sinem Ketenci, John Lupinacci, Anthony J. Nocella II, Sean Parson, Helena Pedersen, Ian Purdy, Constance L. Russell, J.L. Schatz, Meneka Repka, William E. Shanahan III, and Richard J, White. (shrink)

Should we think of our universe as law-governed and “clockwork”-like or as disorderly and “soup”-like? Alternatively, should we consciously and intentionally synthesize these two extreme pictures? More concretely, how deterministic are the postulated causes and how rigid are the modeled properties of the best statistical methodologies used in the biological and behavioral sciences? The charge of this entry is to explore thinking about causation in the temporal evolution of biological and behavioral systems. Regression analysis and path analysis are simply explicated (...) with reference to a thought experiment of painting three universes (clockwork, soup, and conscious) useful for imagining our actual universe. Attention to historical, structural, and mechanistic explanatory perspectives broadens the palette of methodologies available for analyzing determinism in, and explanation of, biological and behavioral systems. Each justified methodology provides a partial perspective on complex reality. Is a total explanation of any system ever possible, and what would it require? (shrink)

The Hwa Yen school of Mahāyāna Buddhism bloomed in China in the 7th and 8th centuries A.D. Today many scholars regard its doctrines of Emptiness, Totality, and Mind-Only as the crown of Buddhist thought and as a useful and unique philosophical system and explanation of man, world, and life as intuitively experienced in Zen practice. For the first time in any Western language Garma Chang explains and exemplifies these doctrines with references to both oriental masters and Western philosophers. The (...) Buddha's mystical experience of infinity and totality provides the framework for this objective revelation of the three pervasive and interlocking concepts upon which any study of Mahāyāna philosophy must depend. Following an introductory section describing the essential differences between Judeo-Christian and Buddhist philosophy, Professor Chang provides an extensive, expertly developed section on the philosophical foundations of Hwa Yen Buddhism dealing with the core concept of True Voidness, the philosophy of Totality, and the doctrine of Mind-Only. A concluding section includes selections of Hwa Yen readings and biographies of the patriarchs, as well as a glossary and list of Chinese terms. (shrink)

The present paper will discuss three points: (a) the question on if the fundamental mistakes that led Hegel’s system to collapse can be understood and formulated in the horizon that is given to us by the tradition from Plato to Schelling; (b) if it is posible to outline the project of a system in the tradition of Plato and Hegel in a way that the mistakes mentioned before can be avoided; (c) in being posible such a project, what (...) role would play in it contemporary scientific theories, as the Theory of Evolution by Darwin, The theory of systems by Bertalanffy, the Theories about Deterministic Chaos, the Theory of Prigogine about Dynamic Systems and the Fractals Theory? In answer to this question the paper will defend the proposal of a project of universal philosophical system, in which these theories must be considered as its integer parts, such as mechanisms that, at least in part, determine the passage from the One to the Multiple. Key words: philosophical system; dialectic; scientific theories; neoplatonism; one; multiple. (shrink)

A team of US researchers recently reported the design, assembly and in vivo functionality of a synthetic chromosome III (SynIII) for the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The synthetic chromosome was assembled bottom‐up from DNA oligomers by teams of students working over several years with researchers as the first part of an international synthetic yeast genome project. Embedded into the sequence of the synthetic chromosome are multiple design changes that include a novel in‐built recombination scheme that can be induced to catalyse intra‐chromosomal (...) rearrangements in a variety of different conditions. This system, along with the other synthetic sequence changes, is intended to aid researchers develop a deeper understanding of how genomes function and find new ways to exploit yeast in future biotechnologies. The landmark of the first synthesised designer eukaryote chromosome, and the power of its massively parallel recombination system, provide new perspectives on the future of synthetic biology and genome research. (shrink)

ONE OF THE MOST COMMON AND PLAUSIBLE EXPLANATIONS for the recent dissolution of the communist empire and for the failure of Marxist ideology is expressed in the view that communism was the political system in countries which had not yet reached the industrial age. Marxism was imposed on countries which could not be receptive to it and its goals.

This manuscript describes some of the organization development processes and changes in management systems needed to effectively implement total quality environmental management (TQEM). Research directions are suggested for each of management systems discussed.

This article offers a philosophical analysis of Gregory Palamas’ One Hundred and Fifty Chapters, focusing on the philosophical form through which the text articulates unity and totality. Rather than treating the fragmentary structure of the Capita as a secondary vehicle for doctrinal content, the study argues that fragmentation performs a constitutive philosophical function. Situated within the context of ancient and late antique philosophy, particularly Neoplatonism and the Pseudo‑Dionysian corpus, the analysis explores how fragmentary articulation safeguards unity from reduction to a (...) conceptual system. In these traditions, such a mode of ontological articulation affirms totality without totalisation. Against this background, Palamas’ work is interpreted as enacting a model of unity that resists discursive synthesis. The article demonstrates that the coherence of the Capita arises not from linear argumentation or deductive order, but from relations of resonance, repetition, and mutual illumination among autonomous fragments. Totality remains operative as a real horizon of intelligibility without being constructed or closed. Ultimately, the philosophical form of the Chapters is presented as an instance of “totality without system,” offering a significant alternative to modern totalising models of metaphysical thought. (shrink)

I defend an interpretation of the first Critique’s category of totality based on Kant’s analysis of totality in the third Critique’s Analytic of the mathematical sublime. I show, firstly, that in the latter Kant delineates the category of totality — however general it may be — in relation to the essentially singular standpoint of the subject. Despite the fact that sublime and categorial totality have a significantly different scope and function, they do share such a singular baseline. Secondly, I argue (...) that Kant’s note (in the first Critique’s metaphysical deduction) that deriving the category of totality requires a special act of the understanding can be seen as a ‘mark’ of that singular baseline. This way, my aesthetical ‘detour’ has the potential of revealing how the subjective aspects of object-constitution might be accounted for in the very system of the categories (of quantity) itself. (shrink)

The incorporation of hybrid systems based on renewable sources for the optimization of electricity distribution systems and planning of power supply strategies using genetic algorithms is studied. A series of characteristics of electrical sub-stations was chosen and through simulations, data were obtained for the optimization of the existing infrastructure, which provides reliability, security, economic supply and quality of service. An algorithm was obtained with the optimal configuration of various components: photovoltaic panels, batteries, AC generator, fuel cell and inverter, which in (...) the case of mono-objective optimization, minimized total system costs throughout its useful life. The most appropriate control strategy or combination of control variables was obtained to minimize costs. Keywords: Electrical distribution, Hybrid systems, Genetic algorithms. References [1]D. F. Pinzón, «Diseño óptimo de Sistemas de Distribución,» Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, 2014. [2]F. A. Mendoza Lameda, «Diseño multiobjetivo y multietapa de sistemas de distribución de energía eléctrica aplicando algoritmos evolutivos,» Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 2010. [3]L. Miró Hernández and R. Vizcón Toledo, «Sistema Hibrido Propuesto Para la Generación de Electricidad en un Policlínico,» Revista Avanzada Científica, vol. 9, nº 2, pp. 50-56, 2006. [4]J. Lagunas M., C. Ortega S. and P. Caratozzolo M., «Control supervisorio para sistemas híbridos de geración eléctrica basado en lógica difusa,» Boletin UE, Monterrey, 2005. [5]J. L. Bernal Agustín, «Aplicación de algoritmos genéticos al diseño óptimo de sistemas de distribución de energía eléctrica,» Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 1998. [6]V. MIranda, J. V. Ranito and L. Proenca, «Genetic Algorithms in Optimal Multistage Distribution Network Planning, » IEEE, Porto, 1994. [7]I. Ramirez-Rosado and J. Dominguez-Navarro, «Computer Aided Desing of Power Distribution Systems: Multiobjective Mathematical Simulations» International Journal of Power and Energy Systems, vol. 19, nº 4, pp. 1801-1810, 2004. (shrink)

In the previous section, we discussed the three major tasks of cognitive-system phenomenology. In this section, we will further elaborate on one part of the first major task. At the same time, we will freely imagine the possibility of establishing additional disciplinary systems. Since Husserl relies solely on intuition, his understanding of things is limited to what intuition can reach. Although Martin Heidegger was able to discuss more kinds of meaning—such as historical meaning and relational meaning—I believe that these (...) meanings still do not encompass all possible meanings of an object. In Section 20, I introduced the concept of super-existence, which in essence covers all possible meanings of an object. In this way, we extend Husserl’s intuitive meanings, as well as Heidegger’s historical and relational meanings, to their fullest generalization. This totality constitutes all the super-existential meanings of an object. Therefore, it is reasonable to take the acquisition of all super-existential meanings of an object as a goal of epistemology—or at least the acquisition of all important super-existential meanings. In my article “Popper’s Three Worlds Theory and My Fourth World”, I introduced the concept of the Fourth World. The so-called Fourth World refers to a world composed of collectives. For example, all families are elements of the Fourth World, and a nation is also an element of the Fourth World. By combining the elements of the Fourth World with the concept of super-existence, we can envision additional theoretical systems. I believe we could establish disciplines such as Phenomenology of super-existential Family, Phenomenology of super-existential Love, Phenomenology of super-Existential Education, Phenomenology of super-Existential Enterprise, and Phenomenology of Super-Existential State. These are conjectures, but I consider them entirely reasonable. (shrink)

Systems Theory and Scientific Philosophy constitutes a totally new approach to philosophy, the philosophy of mind and the problems of artificial intelligence, and is based upon the pioneering work in cybernetics of W. Ross Ashby. While science is humanity's attempt to know how the world works and philosophy its attempt to know why, scientific philosophy is the application of scientific techniques to questions of philosophy.

Background: Moral distress is the inability to do the right thing due to institutional constraints. The Measure of Moral Distress – Healthcare Professionals (MMD-HP) measures this phenomenon and has extensively explored moral distress among nurses. There are limited large-scale research studies using the MMD-HP to identify levels of moral distress across multiple healthcare professionals (HPs) and settings. Research question: What are the overall levels of moral distress among HPs? Research design: A quantitative, exploratory, cross-sectional study of HPs in a healthcare (...) system using the MMD-HP. Participants and research context: Eligible participants included HPs ( N = 8,206) working in all inpatient and outpatient units and centers in a multi-site healthcare system located in the Southeastern United States. Ethical considerations: The Institutional Review Board provided approval for this research. A survey preamble supplied information within the learning management system and consent was presumed with survey completion. Findings: A total of 3,561 HPs completed the MMD-HP. The top three morally distressing items included compromised patient care due to inadequate resources, caring for more patients than is safe, and low quality of patient care due to poor team communication. Intensive care unit (ICU) areas had significantly greater moral distress than all other areas ( p < 0.001). Formal leaders had the greatest moral distress ( p < 0.001). Mixed-acuity and medical-surgical HPs accounted for 22.8% of those who reported considering leaving their current position due to moral distress. Nurses represented 42.2% of those considering leaving their current position due to moral distress. Conclusions: This study uniquely identified that formal leaders and HP participants in the ICU setting had the greatest moral distress. Exploring moral distress is imperative for healthcare systems to decrease turnover, improve engagement, and the quality of patient care. (shrink)