Table of Contents Introduction: Epistemic Situationism by Abrol Fairweather 1. Is Every Epistemology A Virtue Epistemology? by Lauren Olin 2. Epistemic Situationism: An extended prolepsis by Mark Alfano 3. Virtue Epistemology in the Zombie Apocalypse: Hungry Judges, Heavy Clipboards and Grou Polarization by Berit Brogaard 4. Situationism and Responsibilist Virtue Epistemology by James Montmarquet 5. Virtue Theory Against Situationism by Ernest Sosa 6. Intellectual Virtue Now and Again by Chris Lepock 7.Responsibilism Out of Character by Kurt Sylvan 8. Epistemic (...) Situationism and Cognitive Ability by John Turri 9. Epistemic Situationism, Epistemic Dependence and the Epistemology of Education by J. Adam Carter and Duncan Pritchard 10. The Situationist Challenge to Educating For Intellectual Virtues by Jason Baehr 11. Feminist Responsibilism, Situationism and the Complexities of the Virtue ofTrustworthiness by Heidi Grasswick 12. Moods and Their Unexpected Virtues by Nicole Smith. (shrink)

This paper is an extended prolepsis in favor of epistemic situationism, the thesis that epistemic virtues are not sufficiently widely distributed for a virtue-theoretic constraint on knowledge to apply without leading to skepticism. It deals with four objections to epistemic situation: 1) that virtuous dispositions are not required for knowledge, 2) that the Big Five or Big Six personality model proves that intellectual virtues are a reasonable ideal, 3) that the cognitive-affective personality system framework proves that intellectual virtues are (...) a reasonable ideal, and 4) that weakening the reliability requirement through epistemic dependence or abilism means that common inferential strategies really are virtues. The paper concludes with reflections on the replication crisis in psychological science. (shrink)

The neurosciences seem to thrive on the constantly postponed promise to herald a definitive understanding of the human mind. What are the dynamics of this promise and its postponement? The long and fascinating history of the neurosciences offers ample material for looking into the articulation of neuroscientific research and contemporary culture. New tools and research methods, often announced as breakthroughs, brought along new representations of brain activity. In addition, they shaped the way of conceptualizing the brain’s mode of operation even (...) where they failed to meet the high expectations initially kindled. Rather than arriving at a definitive and final understanding of human nature by solving the riddle of the human brain, the neurosciences appear to operate as active interfaces mobilizing human societies to ever new research endeavors. (shrink)

How did John’s Gospel draw and compel Augustine before and during the composition of Confessiones? Analyzing references to John in Augustine’s works from his embrace of Nicene Christianity to the writing of Confessiones, this paper finds a growing (and Johannine-based) emphasis on the importance of Christ’s humanity. Augustine strategically invokes two texts in Confessiones’ crucial seventh book: John 1:14, “the Word was made flesh,” and John 14:6, “I am the way, the truth, and the life.” This paper considers three features: (...) First, how the rhetorical device of anticipation (prolepsis) allows Augustine simultaneously to unify his developing Christological perspective and to build drama into his conversion narrative. Second, how the structure of Confessiones, which first works to understand divine transcendence and then seeks to relate that divine transcendence back to time, emphasizes the central role played by the Gospel of John in advancing Augustine’s conversion story. Third and finally, how invocations of John’s Gospel typify the way that, for the Augustine of Confessiones, reading scripture had become the means of achieving new spiritual self-comprehension. Texts from John were not mere receptors or reflectors of spiritual forces that moved Augustine toward conversion, but, rather, powerful agents of conversion in their own right. (shrink)

This paper is an extended prolepsis in favor of epistemic situationism, the thesis that epistemic virtues are not sufficiently widely distributed for a virtue-theoretic constraint on knowledge to apply without leading to skepticism. It deals with four objections to epistemic situation: 1) that virtuous dispositions are not required for knowledge, 2) that the Big Five or Big Six personality model proves that intellectual virtues are a reasonable ideal, 3) that the cognitive-affective personality system framework proves that intellectual virtues are (...) a reasonable ideal, and 4) that weakening the reliability requirement through epistemic dependence or abilism means that common inferential strategies really are virtues. The paper concludes with reflections on the replication crisis in psychological science. (shrink)

The prolepsis in Denis Villeneuve's Arrival emphasises the cyclical nature of the film's narrative and anchors human reproduction as a central theme. Pregnancy, the pregnant body, and the physical, experiential nature of birth, commonly heavily gendered in film, are misleading focal points in the narrative. The presence of the unborn as a subtext in the film problematises Iris Marion Young's notion of pregnant embodiment as a subjective lived-body experience. The viewer is encouraged to empathise with the complexity of birth, (...) life, and death as part of Louise's lived-body experience, but is finally confronted with the uncertainty of maternity, pregnancy and the unborn. When Barbara Duden calls the unborn foetus a “not-yet”, she describes the process by which the foetus achieves a legal status, and the precarious nature of ascribing life or personhood. The prolepsis, which punctuates the main narrative, emphasises the reversibility and irreversibility of life that does “not-yet” exist. Import... (shrink)

This paper examines the argumentation strategy prolepsis: anticipating and subsequently responding to an argument before it has been made. Although prolepsis is common to a variety of arguments, it seems insufficiently studied or understood—or, worse, misunderstood as simply a “feint.” Drawing on scholarship in rhetorical theory and cognitive and social psychology, I offer a new understanding of prolepsis, recognizing the technique’s potential in argumentative discourse—especially in the search for “common ground.”.

In Chapter 6, a historicist deep-dive into “Infant Sorrow” (SE) reveals how the perspectivism that underlies Blake’s cognitive metaphors operates in the world of Experience. The result is what we might call, with apologies to Malebranche, the Vision in Hell. In forming a conceptual metaphor, “Infant Sorrow” shows, the mind weaves together different strands of its cultural and physical situation even as it is, itself, subject to the collective social results of similar such weavings. Here, the suffocating density of Blake’s (...) own historicism, grounded in highly compacted allusions, threatens to turn reading-as-weaving into a Gordian Knot liable to forestall the possibility of change. The poem portends an apocalypse of self-awareness so horrifying it demands some ethical response: the passing of a Last Judgment able to make the moment pass so that life can go on. Thereby, “Infant Sorrow” revives longstanding liberal-academic anxieties over what actual benefit literary-critical interpretation serves in the wider world beyond the poem. (shrink)

The article calls in question the widely held opinion that Epicurus developed his concept of prolepsis as an empirical “alternative response” to the Platonic Forms. One tries to show that in fact the prolepsis and the Form produce two different types of knowledge and that their difference goes beyond the fact that the former is empirical while the latter is not: the prolepsis is based on recognition and strives to ascertain the identity of the perceived things, while (...) the Form is based on recollection and seeks to know what their essence or nature is. Recognition and recollection are phenomenologically quite different. However, it is still possible that the Epicurean prolepsis was indebted to Plato, but it was the Plato of the Theaetetus and Philebus rather than that of the Meno and Phaedo. So one holds that Epicurus developed a somehow marginal Platonic epistemology to which he assigned a central and basic role in his own epistemology (the Canon). (shrink)

Prolepsis is a rhetorical device in which an expected future event is presented as though it was already an accomplished fact. In the speed and instantaneity of current experience, our time is structured like a prolepsis. Through an analysis of the proleptic structure of some contemporary practices, I raise questions concerning the political nature of time's interval. In the proleptic organization of time, the interval between present and future is devalued as an obstacle to an anticipated event. However, (...) with the help of Kant and Heidegger, I argue that time's interval consists of an act of temporalization which at once dissolves what has already presented itself and generates an absolutely new and singular event of time and being. The interval is an event in the process of being accomplished, and it is this properly political dimension of experience that is foreclosed in our contemporary organization of time. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Reviewed by:Thucydides: Narrative and ExplanationCarolyn DewaldTim Rood. Thucydides: Narrative and Explanation. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998. xi + 339 pp. Cloth, £47.Any text has dislocations in its narrative surface. Since the time of Schwartz and Schadewaldt (1929), the text of Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War has been scrutinized for its omissions, ellipses, and apparent contradictions. Scholars have thought that these would contain important clues regarding aspects [End Page 138] (...) of the war not emphasized explicitly by Thucydides in his narrative and that in addition they would help solve historiographical questions about Thucydides as an author: the nature and quality of the sources he had available to him, for instance, or, even more important, the evolution of his own understanding, over the long years in which he was observing and writing up the war. Thucydides himself provides grounds for such scholarly expectations by emphasizing that he had begun his project right at the war's beginning (1.1); he tells us in the second preface (5.26) that he was exiled after his command in the Thraceward region, and that thereafter he had a much better chance to talk to combatants on all sides. Clear stylistic differences distinguish different parts of the History; most strikingly, it breaks off mid-sentence in the narrative of the summer of 411. One can certainly see why, with this author in particular, attentive readers are tempted to take an analytical approach.Tim Rood, however, utterly rejects this temptation. Instead, he uses the tools of contemporary narratology to explore the text of Thucydides, just as it is, as the end product of authorial interpretation. He argues that Thucydides' narrative is not only written accurately to recount what happened but is also, in the most minute variations of its narrative details, an analysis of why and how the war happened as it did. Rood looks carefully at changes of perception (who "focalizes" the narrative at any given point), narrative disjunctions of time (analepsis, prolepsis, and variations in pacing), and Thucydides' handling of speech, thought, and the description of character. According to Rood, these are important clues that Thucydides provides to show us how the anticipations and perceptions of its various participants crucially shaped the Peloponnesian War.This is a careful, subtle book, and a very important one for historians as well as literary students of Thucydides. Rood is a student of S. Hornblower and C. Pelling, and in this revision of his Oxford thesis he cites the enormous secondary literature, both historical and historiographical, to excellent effect, usually in the context of precise observations about the import of individual passages. This is the first major study seriously to take into account Hornblower's Commentary (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991 and 1996), and the result shows on almost every page. Even in the stretches where the minute attention to details of Thucydides' language make Rood's narrative itself read more like a commentary than an essay, the textual observations are aimed at a larger and more interesting interpretive point. In the thoughtfulness and integration of its readings of individual passages into a larger overall argument, it resembles Connor's Thucydides (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), but where Connor uses a reader-response approach, arguing that Thucydides moves the reader in effect through the sequential experience of the war as it unfolds, Rood has Thucydides constructing his narrative to unpack for us as readers how the war's participants saw and thought about things and reacted to one another and how this in turn influenced how things unfolded.The book has twelve chapters, divided among five parts. The first part generally discusses temporal and focalizing strategies, concentrating on the Pylos story and the role speeches play in the narrative; the second emphasizes how [End Page 139] perception and gaps of knowledge between readers and characters as well as temporal displacement contribute to Thucydides' analysis of Peloponnesian and Athenian strengths and weaknesses in books 4 and 5. The third part explores how Athenian political life in general and the character of Nicias in particular become crucial in books 6 and 7 and shape the way the Sicilian Expedition unfolds, setting the stage for the grim years after... (shrink)

This book offers a reconstruction of the early Stoic doctrine of prolepsis, revealing it to be much closer to Platonic recollection in certain respects than ...

The Roman Stoics hold that all humans possess the seeds of virtue and wisdom and innately develop certain natural concepts alternately called ' prolepseis,' 'koinai ennoiai,' or 'phusikai ennoiai.' This dissertation addresses the relation between these doctrines, concept-formation, and intellectualist psychology in the Early Stoa. The prevailing view is that the 'empiricism' of the Early Stoa precludes interpreting prolepsis and koine ennoia as tacitly functioning innate ideas; rather, the Roman Stoics are influenced by Platonic recollection. I argue to the (...) contrary that this interpretation is well grounded in the extant fragments from Chrysippus. ;Chapter One examines the evidence for regarding 'prolepsis,' 'koine ennoia,' and ' phusike ennoia' as technical terms designating a single Chrysippean doctrine. Chapter Two shows that the Stoic theory of concept-formation poses serious difficulties concerning the criterial function and scope of prolepsis and koine ennoia. These problems are addressed in Chapters Three and Four respectively. I conclude that they can be resolved by interpreting prolepsis and ennoia as successive stages in the development of reason. Specifically, I argue that prolepsis is a form of tacit knowledge that is providentially guaranteed to be true whereas koinai ennoiai are the articulations of prolepseis that serve as criteria for evaluating other beliefs. Since prolepseis and koinai ennoiai have identical propositional content, the Stoics tend to use the terms interchangeably, leading to confusions in both ancient sources and recent scholarship. ;Chapters Five and Six examine the historical and philosophical context of Stoic prolepsis. I suggest that the doctrine is appropriated from Epicurus in two stages. Academic criticism of the first stage has led to the 'empiricist' reading of Stoic epistemology. However, in response to this criticism Chrysippus develops the dispositional innatism that is preserved in the Roman Stoics' metaphor of seeds of virtue and wisdom. Plato's dialogues are influential throughout the formation of this theory. The Stoics regard their intellectualist psychology and science of dialectic as the true Socratic philosophy and offer prolepsis as an alternative to Platonic recollection. I conclude by suggesting that in the Roman period Stoic prolepsis is used to reformulate Platonic recollection as a theory of dispositional innatism. (shrink)

Alors que toutes les langues romanes connaissent les deux types de topicalisation à gauche : le topique suspendu (HT, dans les propositions principales) et la dislocation gauche (LD, dans les propositions principales et les subordonnées), quelques dialectes occitans (et peut-être quelques dialectes italiens) se distinguent en présentant aussi un topique suspendu enchâssé. Cet article met en évidence les difficultés soulevées par les analyses antérieures, notamment celle de Sauzet (1989) qui suppose qu’un rôle prédicatif spécifique légitime ce type de topique et (...) celle de Lahne (2005) qui postule que le topique n’est pas enchâssé. Nous montrons que, en Occitan, la tête fonctionnelle la plus à gauche (FORCE° de Rizzi 1997) porte un trait (déclaratif) fort qui attire le DP topicalisé dans la périphérie gauche de la proposition. La force de ce trait est ainsi paramétrée, ce qui permet de faire des prédictions typologiques intéressantes. (shrink)

This article explores Wolfhart Pannenberg’s eschatological ontology, highlighting the proleptic nature of reality and its theological grounding in the Trinitarian God. Pannenberg presents the future not merely as a temporal horizon, but as ontologically formative, shaping the present and lending unity to the totality of history. Central to his vision is the Christological anticipation of humanity’s destiny: in Jesus Christ, the eschatological consummation is realized in advance, revealing the intrinsic connection between creation and ultimate fulfillment. Human beings exist in structural (...) openness toward this divine future, discovering their true identity only within participation in God’s eschatological plan. The article examines the implications of this framework for Trinitarian understandings of creation, human anthropology, and the Kingdom of God, while critically reflecting on the tensions of retroactive futurity. By engaging with contemporary debates on temporality, identity, and divine action, it underscores the enduring significance of a future-oriented theological ontology that preserves both God’s fullness and the meaningful reality of human existence. (shrink)

This chapter considers Epicurus’ reply to Meno’s Paradox. The Epicurean notion of prolepsis is discussed. It is asked whether prolepses are meanings, and what sort of cognition they confer. It is also asked how prolepses are invoked to answer Meno’s Paradox, in particular, how they explain the possibility of inquiry. It is also asked whether the Epicureans are innatists.

This chapter considers the Stoics’ reply to Meno’s Paradox. Their reply is compared to Plato’s, Aristotle’s, and the Epicureans’. The chapter considers the Stoic notion of prolepses, asking, among other things, whether they are meanings. It also asks how the Stoics use prolepses to explain the possibility of inquiry; and whether the Stoics are innatists.

The author acknowledges that there is something wrong with the argument in LOT 1; namely, that its conclusion is too weak and the offending empirical assumption — that quotidian concepts are mostly primitive — is superfluous. What he should have said is that it is true and a priori that the whole notion of concept learning is per se confused. This chapter starts with a brief review of the LOT 1 argument, and then amends it. It considers what it shows (...) about the status of nativism. Prolepsis: it does show that there is something radically incoherent about the thesis that concepts can be learned. But it does not quite follow that any concepts are innate. (shrink)

When J. L. Austin introduced two “shining new tools to crack the crib of reality”—the theory of performative utterances and the doctrine of infelicities—he could not have imagined that he was also about to inaugurate a shining new industry in the philosophy of the social sciences. But with its evident concern for the features to which “all acts are heir which have the general character of ritual or ceremonial,” Austin’s theory soon became indispensable in the analysis of ritual, linguistic and (...) every kind of social action. While Indianists such as Frits Staal, Bimal Matilal and David Seyfort Ruegg have made good use of the work of Austin and his “ordinary language” school, it is Quentin Skinner who has attempted to turn Austin’s insights into a general “theory and method” for the study of intellectual cultures. The question I want to address in this paper has to do with the applicability of Skinnerian techniques to the study of literary and intellectual Sanskrit culture in premodern India. If not all of Skinner’s methods transfer to the new context, identification of the points at which they breakdown helps to clarify the distinctive contours of Indian intellectual history, and suggests appropriate methodological innovation. (shrink)

The paper explores the question of the relationship between the practice of original philosophical inquiry and the study of the history of philosophy. It is written from my point of view as someone starting a research project in the history of philosophy that calls this issue into question, in order to review my starting positions. I argue: first, that any philosopher is sufficiently embedded in culture that her practice is necessarily historical; second, that original work is in fact in part (...) a reconstruction by reinterpretation of the past and that therefore it bears some relation to historiographic techniques for the restoration of damaged objects and texts; and third that the special oddities of the relations of present and past do not fail to ensnare the philosopher, who must restore the past but freely break from it. I describe this relationship as proleptic. Finally, I argue that this is a moral imperative in writing philosophy, derived from the imperative to be honest. (shrink)

A formal semantic analysis of the _tough_-construction is provided building on the well-known observation that _events_ play a central role. A close look at the semantic characteristics of the class of _tough_-predicates and the syntactic and semantic properties of nonfinite clauses reveals the link between these pieces, expanding on recent advances in the semantics of clauses (Moulton in Natural selection and the syntax of clausal complementation, PhD thesis, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, 2009 ). Building on Salzmann (Reconstruction and resumption (...) in indirect A′-dependencies: On the syntax of prolepsis and relativization in (Swiss) German and beyond, de Gruyter, Berlin 2017b ), a formal semantic and syntactic analysis of prolepsis is provided to explain the antecedent gap chain in the _tough_-construction. In total, this paper offers a description and explanation of (i) the class of _tough_-predicates; (ii) the properties of the nonfinite clause that appears in the _tough_-construction; (iii) why no other predicates or clauses are permitted in the construction; (iv) the many properties of the antecedent gap chain in the _tough_-construction, primarily the fact that the chain is “weakly” unbounded; and (v) the semantic contribution of prolepsis as it applies in the _tough_-construction. (shrink)

Identifying rhetorical figures with marginal to non-existent lexico-syntactic signatures poses significant challenges for computational approaches reliant upon structural definitions or descriptions. One such figure is prolepsis ([Formula: see text]ó[Formula: see text]), which this essay charts out in some detail, addressing the challenges and the benefits of rendering such figures computationally tractable through the use of argument schemes with attention to metadiscursive or macro-discursive norms offered by pragma-dialectical traditions.

Victory City, in many ways, testifies to Salman Rushdie’s literary prowess, evident in his earlier works such as Midnight’s Children. The novel’s expansive narrative exudes a majestic grandeur, encompassing a wide array of characters, evoking echoes of familiar epics. Although centered on the rise and fall of a southern Indian state, it transcends spatiotemporal borders. The story moves back and forth through analepsis and prolepsis, interweaves side stories, and supports characters with finesse.

Un estudio de fuentes de diversos autores socráticos, y de Esquines en particular, deja en claro que esta forma dialógica fue esencialmente un género de ficticias "conversaciones con Sócrates". inventadas libremente aun cuando los interlocutores tuviesen realidad histórica. Por lo tanto, es erróneo considerar que los diálogos tempranos de Platón transcriben la filosofía del Sócrates histórico. Con esta interpretación se intenta reemplazar la noción de un "período socrático" en el desarrollo filosófico de Platón por una concepción más unitaria de su (...) obra en conjunto. Así, la noción de "prolepsis" será empleada para sugerir que la mayor parte de los llamados"diálogos socráticos" fueron escritos (y concebidos para ser leídos) desde la perspectiva de los "diálogos intermedios". (shrink)

According to the Stoics, the psychology of adult human beings is unified in a striking sense: each of the soul's perceptive, discursive, and motivational functions belongs to the single faculty of reason. Reason, in turn, is constituted by a set of conceptions (ennoiai) and preconceptions (prolêpseis) acquired on the basis of experience. The few secure sources that bear on this theory in the early Stoa suggest that certain of these empirically acquired conceptions function, somehow, as a criterion of truth in (...) human perception and rational cognition generally. The conceptions associated with this cognitive role are sometimes said to be shared or common (koinai).These tenuous but intriguing claims are the focus of .. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Semiotica Jahrgang: 2015 Heft: 207 Seiten: 451-473.

Learning something is not a trivial act – the ancient Greeks were quite aware of the difficulties attendant to the creation of something from nothing. If knowledge in the learner’s head can be created from nothing, the floodgates are open, and all kinds of things can be created from nothing, contrary to everyday experience. Prolepsis, often translated as ‘foreshadowing’ or ‘preconception’, is a technical term originating with the Stoics, for whom it meant a naturally endowed and innate system of (...) thought involving universal concepts. (shrink)

The chapter describes how a pregnant woman calls her fetus into personhood. Taking seriously the oddness of the abortion intuition—“Abortions should be legal, but _I_ could never have one”—allows us to understand what pregnant women are doing when they begin to create a relationship with their not-yet-born child and why they are morally permitted to refuse to do this work. The proleptic nature of a human pregnancy is explored, and some of the morally dubious ways by which the entire society (...) calls fetuses into personhood are noted. Why pregnant women must do the lion’s share of this calling is explained by considering how personal identities are implicated in each of the four elements of the practice of personhood. (shrink)

Un tipo de prolepsis, utilizado frecuentemente en Argonáuticas, es el discurso-programa en el cual un personaje anticipa la narración posterior. De esta manera funciona el relato de Fineo como guía de navegación para los Argonautas. Con el ineludible modelo de los relatos de viajes de Odisea, esta narración interna guarda una relación especular con la obra que la contiene y conlleva una cuasi-identificación entre narrador interno y narrador principal. Este artículo tiene como objetivo el análisis de los niveles narrativos (...) en este relato, para mostrar el modo en que esa técnica anticipatoria funciona en el poema en un nivel metaliterario. One type of prolepsis, frequently used in the Argonautica, is the programmatic speech in which a character anticipates the subsequent story. In this manner works the story of Phineus as navigation guidance for the Argonauts. With the inevitable model of travel stories of Odyssey, this internal narrative keeps a mirror-relationship with the work that contains it and carries a quasi-identification between internal narrator and main narrator. This article aims to analyze the narrative levels in this story, to show how this anticipatory technique works in the poem on a metaliterary level. (shrink)