Based on 24 semi‐structured interviews with secondary hospital doctors, we empirically investigate how a new two‐way referral system in China influences the alignment between referring doctors, patients, and doctors who receive referrals. In particular, we focus on how this system addresses the challenges of trust, autonomy, and bioethics during the shared decision‐making process. Our research shows that the two‐way referral system has spawned new acquaintance networks, therefore improving communication and collaboration between doctors. Especially during upward referrals, benefits associated with care (...) continuity have been made possible. However, doctors still tend to adopt defensive patient‐centered strategies in referral communication. They consult patients' desires and play an information provider role. This is influenced by both procedural requirements imposed by managerial rules and uncertainty caused by medical consumerism. Thus, we argue that the Chinese bioethical issue of doctor–patient relationships has gradually turned to a mismatch of concerns between doctors and patients. (shrink)

Let X, Y be Polish spaces,,. We say A is universal for Γ provided that each x‐section of A is in Γ and each element of Γ occurs as an x‐section of A. An equivalence relation generated by a set is denoted by, where. The following results are shown: If A is a set universal for all nonempty closed subsets of Y, then is a equivalence relation and. If A is a set universal for all countable subsets of Y, then (...) is a equivalence relation, and and ; if, then ; if every set is Lebesgue measurable or has the Baire property, then. for, if every set has the Baire property, and E is any equivalence relation, then. (shrink)