cz. 1. Starożytność -- cz. 2. Średniowiecze -- cz. 3. Odrodzenie -- cz. 4. Wiek XVII -- cz. 5. Oświecenie -- cz. 6. Wiek XIX i pocz. XX -- cz. 7. Ważniejsze prądy i koncepcje wychowawcze w pedagogice 1.p. XX w. -- cz. 8. Szkolnictwo w Polsce 1918-1945.

The _Mozi_ is a key philosophical work written by a major social and political thinker of the fifth century B.C.E. It is one of the few texts to survive the Warring States period and is crucial to understanding the origins of Chinese philosophy and two other foundational works, the _Mengzi_ and the _Xunzi_. Ian Johnston provides an English translation of the entire _Mozi_, as well as the first bilingual edition in any European language to be published in the West. His (...) careful translation reasserts the significance of the text's central doctrines, and his annotations and contextual explanations add vivid historical and interpretive dimensions. Part 1 of the _Mozi_ is called the "Epitomes" and contains seven short essays on the elements of Mohist doctrine. Part 2, the "Core Doctrines," establishes the ten central tenets of Mo Zi's ethical, social, and political philosophy, while articulating his opposition to Confucianism. Part 3, the "Canons and Explanations," comprises observations on logic, language, disputation, ethics, science, and other matters, written particularly in defense of Mohism. Part 4, the "Dialogues," presents lively conversations between Master Mo and various disciples, philosophical opponents, and potential patrons. Part 5, the "Defense Chapters," details the principles and practices of defensive warfare, a subject on which Master Mo was an acknowledged authority. Now available to English-speaking readers of all backgrounds, the Mozi is a rich and varied text, and this bilingual edition provides an excellent tool for learning classical Chinese. (shrink)

Mozi (fifth century B.C.) was an important political and social thinker and formidable rival of the Confucianists. He advocated universal love -- his most important doctrine according to which all humankind should be loved and treated as one's kinfolk -- honoring and making use of worthy men in government, and identifying with one's superior as a means of establishing uniform moral standards. He also believed in the will of Heaven and in ghosts. He firmly opposed offensive warfare, extravagance -- (...) including indulgence in music and allied pleasures -- elaborate funerals and mourning, fatalistic beliefs, and Confucianism. (shrink)

The Mozi and the Daodejing are usually seen as fundamentally distinct and even opposed. In this article, I argue that they should be seen as emerging from a context of shared concerns and assumptions. The article begins by laying out initial commonalities between the two texts, offering a justification for discussing them together. The second part of the article will address their main points of difference, showing the Daodejing can be seen as working out tensions inherent in the (...) class='Hi'>Mozi. The third part of the article briefly considers textual sources that suggest hybrid positions between the Mozi and the Daodejing. (shrink)

The book Mozi, named after master Mo, was compiled in the course of the fifth-third centuries BCE. The seven studies included in the The Mozi as an Evolving Text analyse the Core Chapters, Dialogues, and Opening Chapters of the Mozi as an evolving text.

Mozi (fifth century B.C.) was an important political and social thinker and formidable rival of the Confucianists. He advocated universal love -- his most important doctrine according to which all humankind should be loved and treated as one's kinfolk -- honoring and making use of worthy men in government, and identifying with one's superior as a means of establishing uniform moral standards. He also believed in the will of Heaven and in ghosts. He firmly opposed offensive warfare, extravagance -- (...) including indulgence in music and allied pleasures -- elaborate funerals and mourning, fatalistic beliefs, and Confucianism. (shrink)

Mozi (墨子, c. 470 BCE – c. 391 BCE) is a prominent figure in Chinese civilization and an influential ancient thinker of his time. Universal love (兼愛, jian'ai) is an integral part of his thought, with the belief that all actions should be rooted in the idea of care without distinction. It serves as a cornerstone for his ethical and political principles, emphasizing a focus on the betterment of society as a whole. Mozi's views on the structural problem (...) in human predispositions towards partiality inclinations are also discussed. This paper also presents the role of analogy in the development of philosophy in China and how Mohism played a key role in establishing rigorous standards of evidence, logical reasoning, and argumentation that had a lasting impact on Chinese thought. (shrink)

One of the core doctrines of Mozi 墨子 is his teaching on jian'ai 兼愛, and this is discussed primarily in the three chapters bearing this term in their title.1 The term "jian'ai" and its theme also appear scattered throughout the Mozi, such as in chapters like "Standards and Rules" and the "Intention of Tian." Jian'ai has been translated into English as "Universal Love," "Inclusive Care," "Impartial Care," and other similar phrases. As these various translations suggest, there is not (...) yet a prevailing consensus on the exact meaning of jian'ai.2Despite his renowned clarity and simplicity and his skill at argumentation, those who try to pin down Mozi's teaching on jian'ai soon encounter difficulties. I think there are... (shrink)

Mozi (env. 479-381 avant notre ère) fut l'un des penseurs les plus importants de la Chine antique. Lettré engagé itinérant, il préconisait le bien commun, la méritocratie, le travail, la frugalité et l'ordre social, en critiquant avec indignation le bellicisme des élites politiques et le luxe effréné qu'elles déployaient au détriment de la population. La sagesse moïste résulte d'un effort d'harmonisation de principes moraux et de savoir-faire pratique ; elle inspira des générations de disciples, qui la consignèrent diligemment sur (...) des lamelles de bambou. Le Mozi, œuvre hétéroclite de l'époque des Royaumes combattants (453-221 av. n. è.), est le fruit d'une intelligence collective. L'objectif de ce livre est de présenter ses divers volets (l'art de gouverner et de défendre l'État, la culture religieuse, les réflexions logiques et scientifiques, etc.) en le traduisant pour la première fois intégralement du chinois classique en français. La lecture du Mozi n'est pas indispensable seulement pour connaître le paysage philosophique de l'Antiquité : elle permet aussi de comprendre les valeurs de la société chinoise contemporaine. En effet, le maître fondateur de l'École moïste est perçu en Chine comme un personnage emblématique du développement scientifique et technologique du pays. En témoigne le microsatellite nommé Mozi qui, en 2016, a été lancé du désert de Gobi dans l'espace"--Back cover. (shrink)

In the Western studies of the texts of Mozi, three distinctive views have surfaced in the past few decades: (1) Mozi is inconsistent because he seems to have been committed to both a Utilitarian standard and a divine command theory; (2) Mozi is a divine command theorist who argues that it is right to benefit the world because it is the will of heaven; and (3) Mozi is a utilitarian thinker who has based morality on the (...) criterion of whether actions benefit the world. In this paper, I will argue that the whole debate about whether Mozi is a divine command theorist or a utilitarian is misguided, because it is based on an incorrect understanding of the fundamental cultural perspective associated with the notion of Tian. An adequate understanding of the notion of Tian will reveal its fundamental difference from the Western notion of heaven. Such an understanding will enable us to put Mozi's moral philosophy in the ancient Chinese perspective in which a tension and potential conflict between 'the will of heaven' and 'the benefit of the world' simply cannot arise. (shrink)

The authors of the Mozi, an anthology of enormous scope and great importance, can be credited with having produced, during the Warring States period (453–221 BCE), the earliest extended philosophical discourse in China on a varied set of topics that range from aggressive warfare and prolonged mourning for the dead, to frugality, love for others and belief in divine agency. Professor Riegel's study and translation offers a new interpretation of the Mozi's thirty-six chapters on political and ethical philosophy. (...) Based on an initial translation by the late John Knoblock, Riegel's groundbreaking work attempts to understand the Mozi in light of excavated manuscripts and recent scholarship on ancient Chinese philosophy.shrink)

In terms of philosophical thought, the Mozi and the Han Feizi are perhaps the two most maligned texts from early China, in part because of their opposition to Confucianism. This chapter examines the thought of these texts, focusing on often overlooked similarities. They share a fundamental orientation – that of state consequentialism – and this sets them apart from the majority of philosophical texts from their time period. They also share similar positions on the role of laws and punishments, (...) as well as the appropriate role for moral cultivation, and in this as well find themselves at odds with many of their contemporaries. Identifying these similarities is useful not only for positioning these two texts in opposition to others of the time period, however. Doing so also allows for examining in more detail exactly where and why these texts diverge in their social visions, as well as demonstrating to us the variety of directions open to those who take a well-ordered state and its consequential goods to be central to normative philosophizing. (shrink)

In this essay I argue that Mozi's philosophy is anything but utilitarianism by way of analysing four ethical theories. Utilitarianism is an ethics in which the moral subject is an atomic individual human being, and its concern is how to fulfill the interests of the individual self and the social majority. Confucian ethics is centered on the notion of the family and its basic question is that of priority in the relationship between the small self and the enlarged or (...) collective self. Opposite to these two moral theories is Mozi's ethics: The interests that Mozi is primarily concerned with are not the interests of my individual self or my collective self, but the interests of the other. The fulfillment of the material needs of the other is my moral obligation. The arguments are centered on the three basic concepts, "the I," "the we," and "the other." The significance of Mozi's thought in modemrn or postmodern context lies in its striking resemblance to the philosophy of a contemporary western philosopher, Levinas. In both Mozi and Levinas, there is a suspension of utilitarianism. (shrink)

The most significant contemporary controversy surrounding the interpretation of the moral thought of Mozi is the debate over his ultimate criterion for right action. The problem is that there are two significant candidates found in the text of the Mozi.1 One is a kind of utilitarian principle: whatever benefits the world is right and whatever harms the world is wrong. The other is a divine will principle: whatever Heaven desires is right and whatever Heaven disapproves of is wrong. (...) Both principles play an undeniably important role in Mozi's system, but their precise relationship is surprisingly difficult to determine. Is one more fundamental than the other? If so, which? And what purpose does the less basic of the .. (shrink)

In the Western studies of the texts of Mozi, three distinctive views have surfaced in the past few decades: (1) Mozi is inconsistent because he seems to have been committed to both a Utilitarian standard and a divine command theory; (2) Mozi is a divine command theorist who argues that it is right to benefit the world because it is the will of heaven; and (3) Mozi is a utilitarian thinker who has based morality on the (...) criterion of whether actions benefit the world. In this paper, I will argue that the whole debate about whether Mozi is a divine command theorist or a utilitarian is misguided, because it is based on an incorrect understanding of the fundamental cultural perspective associated with the notion of Tian. An adequate understanding of the notion of Tian will reveal its fundamental difference from the Western notion of heaven. Such an understanding will enable us to put Mozi's moral philosophy in the ancient Chinese perspective in which a tension and potential conflict between ‘the will of heaven’ and ‘the benefit of the world’ simply cannot arise. (shrink)

This essay revolves around a careful assessment of Hui-chieh Loy's essay ?Justification and Debate: Thoughts on Moist Moral Epistemology?. There is much to appreciate in Loy's analysis of the standard of sound doctrine in the ?Against Fatalism? chapters of the Mozi, but a close reading of Loy's essay reveals problematic aspects in his approach along both hermeneutic and logical lines. For one, he groups Mozi's tests of the standard of sound doctrine in a way that does not square (...) well with how they are grouped in the primary text. I call this the problem of alignment. Secondly, he conflates the notions of standard and test. I refer to this as the problem of implementation insofar as such conflation causes the tests to be implemented in a way that they did not seem to be intended to be by Mozi, that is, each on its own as constituting sound doctrine instead of taking them all together as the indicator of sound doctrine. (shrink)

, originally was not an independent chapter in the Fei Gong (Condemning Aggression) series, but rather part of the ending of Mozi 26, the first of the Tian Zhi ¤Ñ§Ó (Heaven’s Intention) chapters. I will argue that we have no reason to..

The Mozi contains at least three distinct arguments against offensive warfare. The "moral argument" claims that offensive warfare is morally wrong. The "economic argument" calculates that the foreseeable costs of a military campaign inevitably outweigh its possible benefits. The "religious argument" warns that military aggression harms the interests of Heaven. This paper discusses these three lines of argumentation, with extensive reference to the original text in translation. The paper explores what the arguments entail, to whom they may have been (...) addressed, and how persuasive they are from a modern academic perspective. It shows not only how Mozi and his followers theorized about offensive warfare, but also how their arguments were used in practice, at least according to anecdotes in the latter part of the received Mozi. The ultimate goal of this paper is to show how the Mohists actively adapted their argumentative strategies so as to find the best words to end wars. (shrink)

An accessible introduction to the ethical theory of the Mohists.

The present study has a twofold purpose: to reexamine Mozi’s 墨子 teaching of jianai 兼愛 , and to consider its possible implications regarding several deeply rooted problems endemic to the present age of global interdependence. First, the case is made that Mozi’s teaching of impartial regard is an extension of Confucius’ teaching of ren 仁 in the senses of loving others and loving broadly .1 Second, for the purposes of the present discussion, the pressing problems of the present (...) age are understood to be those rooted in the persistent asymmetries of wealth .. (shrink)

Historically, Western Europe and America has frequently dominated scholarly conversation, even on topics outside of those cultures. Thus Western academic inquiry into Chinese philosophy has rarely engaged with scholarly work from China itself. These volumes offer unique assessments of these essential Chinese philosophical and intellectual figures.

The attitude toward li 利 is often identified as a key difference between the Mencius 孟子 and the Mozi 墨子. A common view is that for the Mencius, rightness (yi 義) and li are incompatible; but for the Mozi they are not necessarily so. In this paper I argue that the Mencius and the Mozi are in broad agreement on the issue of li, and their attitudes toward li are not as different as may seem at first (...) glance. If we take a finer-grained understanding of li in two ways, namely the self-regarding li and the other-regarding li, then both the Mencius and the Mozi would criticize the former but encourage the latter. The term li in the Mencius has a range of meanings, and it is not clear whether the Mencius actually opposes all li-pursuing activities. Mencius would agree with Mozi that, at least in some cases, one is obligated to seek li for others. Furthermore, despite their criticism of self-regarding li, both Mencius and Mozi allow that in some cases it is morally permissible to act from the motive of self-regarding li, as long as this motive coexists with the motive of rightness. That is, self-regarding li and rightness are not always mutually exclusive, even for Mencius, who seems to be more critical of li. (shrink)

: It is argued here that Mozi's critique of warfare in the chapter "Against Offensive War" ("Fei gong") cannot be fully understood without the arguments presented in the chapter "Explaining Ghosts" ("Ming gui"). For Mozi, the problem of war can only be resolved if the existence of providential ghosts can be proven. But he indicates in his arguments concerning the existence of ghosts that it is doubtful whether such a condition can be met. Consequently, despite the apparently optimistic (...) tenor of chapters such as "Imperial Love" ("Jian ai"), Mozi's political thought reveals an implicit understanding of the rational limits of resolving fundamental problems of injustice in the world. (shrink)

[volume 1]. Mo lun shang -- [volume 2]. Mo lun xia -- [volume 3]. Mo jing -- [volume 4]. Mo shou.

本书重点阐述墨子的“兼爱”思想,讨论了“兼爱”思想所体现的具体精神。主要内容包括:平民圣人、鲁宋之间、智者一族、科技之光、人文精神等。.