_Mingli tan_ and _Qiongli xue_ are textbooks written during the late Ming and early Qing periods, and are the earliest examples of a systematic introduction to western logic The former describes logical reasoning and the basic structure of syllogism．In Verbiest' s _Qiongli Xue_(_Study of Fathoming Principles_) in its surviving form there is a section titled “General introduction to logical reasoning”．In _Qiongli xue_, the expression “litui”(reasoning) is used as the translation for the Latin word “syllogismus”, while in modern Chinese the word (...) “syllogism” is often translated as “sanduanlun” (argument with three parts)．Looking at the Greek epistemology of this word, “litui” is a more accurate translation than “sanduanlun．” This article considers the sections in _Mingli tan_ and _Qiongli xue_ on logical reasoning and discusses the problem with translation of “syllogismus” in different contexts．It is pointed out with the help of concrete examples from _Qiongli xue_ that “syllogismus” means “reasoning” in a wider sense, while in the context of valid forms of reasoning, it means the particular structure of Aristotelian logical reasoning in three parts．. (shrink)

English Abstract: Modern education overstresses skill and knowledge,but often ignores the vivacity of praxis in our lifeworld. The core of ancient Greek education is the formation of character,which is not merely the task of families but also a concern for the legislators of political communities. Different from Plato,Aristotle emphasized both the communal good and the good or happiness of individuals. City-states and families are communities where individuals fulfill their personal happiness,friendship bounds people together into family,partnership and state. Friendship as a (...) virtue needs to be gained by experience and practice in communal life,and the bounding and keeping of friendship maintains the peace and stability of the state. Political friendship in a city-state is the concord established among its members,contributing to solidarity of citizens of a state. Aristotle's theory on friendship offers a rich theoretical source for solidarity which is also necessary for a modern society like ours. Keywords: Aristotle, friendship, community, education, Gadamer -/- Pre-print version with marks of corrections. (shrink)

Talk held at Beijing University on 25th May 2021 摘要：亚里士多德在《解释篇》中定义并讨论了“否定”这个逻辑算子，通过对这一部分的讨论的分析，可以看出“否定”对他来说并非与现代逻辑中一样是对句子的否定，而是可以分为对系词的否定和对谓词的否定，两种不同 的否定之逻辑功能是不同的。亚里士多德通过对当方阵描述了这两种不同否定的具体表现与功能。正因为对“否定”的界定与现代逻辑不同，同样在二值逻辑的体系下，亚里士多德却能够有意义地区分排中律和矛盾律。对当方阵 非常直观地展现了这样的区分。利用对当方阵，可以确定亚里士多德的矛盾律和排中律的具体形态。亚里士多德在他《解释篇》著名的未来海战问题上运用了排中律，而在他的《形而上学》中详细讨论了矛盾律以及它对形而上学 的作用，在确定了这两个逻辑法则的形式之后，我们将简要介绍它们在亚里士多德哲学论证中起到的作用，以及它们对中世纪逻辑的影响。.

By taking the contention whether there was in ancient China development of logic as a starting point, this article discusses the connection of Mingli tan, the first translation of the Coimbra Commentary on Aristotle’s logic, the In Universam Dialecticam, with ancient Chinese texts on argumentation. Mingli tan is the earliest introduction of Aristotelian logic to China, and begins with a discussion on the name, content, status and division of logic. In this article, a careful analysis of this part is made (...) under comparison to the Latin original. A comparative study of this translation might provide a more substantial basis for the discussion whether ancient Chinese logic is compatible with the Western logic tradition. (shrink)

Brain-computer interface based on steady-state visual evoked potential has been widely studied due to the high information transfer rate, little user training, and wide subject applicability. However, there are also disadvantages such as visual discomfort and “BCI illiteracy.” To address these problems, this study proposes to use low-frequency stimulations, which can simultaneously elicit visual evoked potential and pupillary response to construct a hybrid BCI system. Classification accuracy was calculated using supervised and unsupervised methods, respectively, and the hybrid accuracy was obtained (...) using a decision fusion method to combine the information of VEP and PR. Online experimental results from 10 subjects showed that the averaged accuracy was 94.90 ± 2.34% for the supervised method and 91.88 ± 3.68% for the unsupervised method, which correspond to the ITR of 64.35 ± 3.07 bits/min and 33.19 ± 2.38 bpm, respectively. Notably, the hybrid method achieved higher accuracy and ITR than that of VEP and PR for most subjects, especially for the short data length. Together with the subjects’ feedback on user experience, these results indicate that the proposed h-BCI with the low-frequency stimulation paradigm is more comfortable and favorable than the traditional SSVEP-BCI paradigm using the alpha frequency range. (shrink)

Das hier in neuer Auflage vorgelegte Repertorium soll dazu dienen, zwei Grundproblemen der mediävistischen Forschung zu beheben: Diese Epoche des Denkens war von gewaltiger Produktivität gekennzeichnet, deren Überlieferung in vielfältiger Weise mit Schwierigkeiten behaftet ist. Die Überlieferung ist nicht nur in hohen Maße eine handschriftliche, sondern auch äußerst lückenhaft und von vielen Wissensverlusten, etwa bezüglich der Autorschaft, betroffen. Da seit dem 19. Jahrhundert viele der Texte nur in Auszügen ediert worden sind, finden sich Teiltexte aus demselben Werk oft an vielen (...) Orten. Dieser Unübersichtlichkeit versucht das Repertorium Abhilfe zu schaffen. Die aufgenommenen bibliographischen Angaben sind gegenüber der ersten Auflage erheblich erweitert: die neue Auflage erfasst jetzt nahezu 40.000 Editionen von über 2.300 Autoren. Nach systematischen Gesichtspunkten geordnet sind zusätzlich weit über 1000 anonyme Texte berücksichtigt worden. Dabei sind bei Autoren, deren Werk in einer Gesamtausgabe publiziert worden ist, regelrechte Konkordanzen entstanden. Ebenso wie bereits bei der ersten Auflage wurden auch ein- oder zweisprachige Übersetzungsausgaben berücksichtigt. Zur leichteren Identifizierbarkeit sind die Autoren mit einigen biographischen Angaben versehen. Der Benutzer findet bei nahezu jedem Autor eine Liste aller Werke, die ganz oder in Auszügen ediert worden sind. Mehrere Indices – Autoren, Editoren und Übersetzer, Incipits, Manuskripte, Kommentare – erschließen das Nachschlagewerk. (shrink)

Cultural values can be considered as important factors that impact parents’ social cognitions and parenting practices. However, few studies compare specific cultural values of parents and the relationships between cultural values and parenting processes in eastern and western contexts. This study examined the ethnicity differences in mothers’ cultural values, parental social cognitions (child-rearing ideologies and goals), and parenting practices between Mainland Chinese and European American contexts. Predictors of parenting goals and parenting practices were also investigated. Mothers of 4–6 years old (...) children from the western United States (N= 78) and Shanghai/China (N= 96) participated in this study. The results suggested that mothers from Shanghai/China were both more collectivistic and individualistic than mothers from the western United States. Chinese mothers more strongly endorsed training and collectivistic parenting goals, while European American mothers more strongly endorsed individualistic parenting goals for their children. However, no significant difference was found in parenting practices for both groups of mothers. For both ethnic groups, in general, mothers’ cultural values have small but significant impact on their parenting processes. The prediction of cultural values and parenting goals on parenting practices were also different for both ethnicity groups. Although Chinese mothers were higher on both individualism and collectivism, their collectivistic values were more important in predicting parental social cognitions. (shrink)

Christian Erbacher and Lu Jiang imagine a meeting between a modern and a medieval philosopher. Although William of Occam (1285-1349) is one of the very few authors explicitly mentioned in Ludwig Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1921), the relation of Wittgenstein’s and Occam’s philosophy has not been extensively investigated. This article brings the two thinkers into a dialogue in which they mutually illuminate their views on the logical analysis of ordinary language, taking into account their conception, fundamental to both philosophers, of logic (...) as an activity. The dialogue is taken with very few alterations from Occam’s Summa Logicae and Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. (shrink)

Abusive supervision has long been found to have remarkably negative impacts on individual and organizational outcomes. Accordingly, prior studies have explored many organizational and supervisory predictors of abusive supervision and offered several interventions to reduce it. However, extant research lacks the bottom-up perspective to explore how employees can act to reduce abusive supervision, which is an important factor that enriches abusive supervision literature and helps employees protect themselves from being abused. Drawing on self-disclosure theory, we develop a model of whether (...) and how employee boundary blurring behavior may protect them from being abused by their supervisors. Specifically, we conducted two studies to test the theoretical model, including a scenario-based experimental study and a multi-source, multi-wave field study. The results reveal a negative indirect effect of employee boundary blurring behavior on abusive supervision via supervisor liking toward the employee. By uncovering employee boundary blurring behavior as an antecedent of abusive supervision, we enrich the abusive supervision literature with a bottom-up behavioral strategy for employees to proactively protect themselves from being abused. We hope our findings will encourage future studies to identify boundary conditions and other solutions for employees to minimize the risk of being abused. (shrink)

In the evaluation of teaching quality, aiming at the shortcomings of slow convergence of BP neural network and easy to fall into local optimum, an online teaching quality evaluation model based on analytic hierarchy process and particle swarm optimization BP neural network is proposed. Firstly, an online teaching quality evaluation system was established by using the analytic hierarchy process to determine the weight of each subsystem and each index in the online teaching quality evaluation system and then combined with actual (...) experience, the risk value of each index was constructed according to safety regulations. The regression model is established through BP neural network, and the weight and threshold of the model are optimized by the particle swarm algorithm. Based on the online teaching quality evaluation model of BP neural network, the parameters of the model are constantly adjusted, the appropriate function is selected, and the particle swarm algorithm which is used in the training and learning process of the neural network is optimized. The scientificity of the questionnaire was verified by reliability and validity test. According to the scoring results and combined with the weight coefficient of each indicator in the online course quality evaluation index system, the key factors affecting the quality of online courses were obtained. Based on the survey data, descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient method are used to verify the research hypothesis and obtain valuable empirical results. By comparing the model with the standard BP model, the results show that the accuracy of the PSO-BP model is higher than that of the standard BP model and PSO-BP effectively overcomes the shortcomings of the BP neural network. (shrink)

Companies that use online group-buying to get new business expansion opportunities at a price advantage are failing. Therefore, there is a need to develop new marketing strategies for group-buying companies to achieve market share and consumer favor. Given that consumers are society members, we used the social interaction theory to investigate the combination of factors that stimulate consumers’ purchase intentions. Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis was performed to evaluate different strategy configurations of social interaction elements, perceived quality, benefits and trust to (...) promote purchase decisions from 406 group-buying consumer questionnaires. We revealed four pathways with different configurations that can prompt consumers to make group-buying decisions: information strategy, Word-of-Mouth strategy, sense of community strategy, as well as combining Word-of-Mouth and sense of community strategy. These strategies provide viable approaches through which group-buying companies can rationally use marketing programs to promote consumers’ purchase intentions. (shrink)

Das vorliegende Buch ist eine textnahe Untersuchung des Schematismuskapitels in Kants Kritik der reinen Vernunft. Kants erste Kritik wird hier als eine transzendental psychologische Erkenntnistheorie verstanden und in ihrem philosophiehistorischen Kontext dargelegt.

Die neue Buchreihe „Schriftstücke. Jahrbuch für Philosophie und Literaturwissenschaft“ bietet ein Forum sowohl für jüngere als auch für renommierte Wissenschaftler aus beiden Disziplinen. Die Texte widmen sich dem Verhältnis von Philosophie und Literatur in den vielfältigsten Formen. Dabei geht es z.B. um das historische Verhältnis von Philosophie und Literatur, den literarischen Charakter von Philosophie und den philosophischen Gehalt literarischer Texte. Das Jahrbuch möchte ein Ort sein, an dem sich verschiedene Stile und Perspektiven des wissenschaftlichen Argumentierens zwanglos begegnen können. Eine organische (...) Einheit soll sich aus den Beiträgen selbst ergeben, die durch ihre Offenheit für das Fachinteresse aus beiden disziplinären Bereichen gekennzeichnet sind. (shrink)

Mit seiner Summa Logicae, einer umfangreichen und systematischen Darstellung der aristotelischen Logik, gilt Ockham als einer der größten Logiker des Mittelalters. Dort entwickelt Ockham seine Modallogik zu einer systematischen Größe, die nicht zuletzt mittelalterliche Innovationen und Entdeckungen enthält, wie z.B. Gesetze modaler Aussagenlogik, die Aristoteles nicht kennt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird bemüht, solche Aspekte systematisch darzustellen. Der formale Teil der vorliegenden Untersuchung wird durch eine ausführliche semantische Analyse der Modalbegriffe bei Ockham ergänzt, die zeigen soll, wie Ockhams Modallogik mit (...) seiner Ontologie zusammenhängt. Dabei wird für die These argumentiert, daß hinsichtlich der Bedeutung der Modalbegriffe bei Ockham ein Pluralismus vorzufinden ist, der den Schlüssel zur Interpretation von Ockhams Lösung zu dem sogenannten Seeschlacht-Problem bietet, das seit Aristoteles Generationen von Philosophen und Interpreten beschäftigt und zu neuen Entwicklungen der Logik angeregt hat. (shrink)

Attempts in the 1970s to outline Ockham’s modalities are helpful as they point out the temporal character of Ockham’s theory of modalities. However, this important insight has been neglected for several decades. Falessi and Schang's work (2023) is one of the few recent serious attempts to work out a semantic for Ockham’s modalities, but it resorts to possible worlds semantics and largely disregards temporal aspects. This paper begins with a synopsis of important modern approaches to semantics for Ockham’s modalities, and (...) proceeds with a discussion on methodological problems concerning a representation of medieval logic and a clarification of Ockham’s modal terms. After that, it examines Falessi and Schang’s approach in detail, and assesses it against Ockham’s own texts and understandings. In doing so, we identify what is inadequate in Falessi and Schang’s reconstruction, enabling a return to Ockham’s own texts and with the aid of modern logical tools the development of a new approach to represent Ockham’s understanding of modalities. We ultimately arrive at a time-based relational semantics without branching time for the representation of several key features of Ockam's modalities. (shrink)