Los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) 3.7 y 5.6 pretenden lograr el acceso universal a los servicios y derechos de salud sexual y reproductiva para 2030. Estos servicios incluyen la planificación familiar, en particular la anticoncepción. Según las estadísticas de la ONU, el uso de métodos anticonceptivos modernos supera con creces el de los métodos tradicionales. Sin embargo, esta división entre “moderno” y “tradicional” parece tener varias incoherencias. Partiendo de un enfoque bioético global, este artículo pretende proponer una nueva clasificación (...) de los métodos anticonceptivos. La necesidad de una información completa y precisa sobre la planificación familiar, y la participación de ambos miembros de la pareja en las decisiones sobre anticoncepción, son conclusiones clave. (shrink)

The most serious and ethically complex decisions concern extremely preterm infants (< 27 weeks of gestation), where both active life-support and palliative care may be considered within the framework of Advance Care Planning (ACP). This planning arises when survival is uncertain or future quality of life raises serious concern. In this process, parents, physicians, and healthcare teams must decide for a patient unable to express their will, while Clinical Ethics Committees may provide guidance. This article examines these dilemmas through a (...) Personalist bioethical approach, introducing the Personalist Advance Care Planning Protocol for “extremely premature infant”/EPI (PACP-PEPI). This seven-step dynamic protocol advocates dialogue, proportionality, prudence and continuous review as ethical foundations for compassionate and coherent neonatal care that safeguards dignity and strengthens parental trust. (shrink)

Au-delà du cliché du savant fou, il semble qu'il y ait un vrai problème d'équilibre mental chez les plus grands mathématiciens. Le Russe Perelman, le Français Grothendieck, l'Allemand Cantor et l'Autrichien Gôdel en sont des exemples frappants. À l'issue d'une étude minutieuse, Fouad Laroui distingue trois formes de folie chez les mathématiciens, qui toutes trois lient Dieu à leur discipline il s'agit de se mesurer à lui dans une quête de l'infini, de voir sa Face dans la vérité absolue, (...) ou de le dépasser dans un formalisme débridé et sans limites. Mais le chemin de Dieu passe-t-il par l'intelligence et le calcul? La vérité du monde est-elle atteignable? Une telle quête, si exaltante soit-elle, n'est-elle pas une forme de démesure qui appelle la punition? Phobies, névroses et psychoses, troubles divers s'ensuivent, que la haute voltige intellectuelle crée ou renforce... Dans cette courte mais brillante incursion dans l'histoire et la philosophie des mathématiques. Fouad Laroui met en scène des personnalités étonnantes aux destins fulgurants, parfois tragiques, toujours passionnants."--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

What makes Ibn Ṭumlūs’ Commentary on Ibn Sīnā’s Poem on Medicine (Šarḥ al-Urǧūza fī l-ṭibb l-Ibn Sīnā) historically significant? So far, it may be the soundest explicit evidence of the author’s direct and good relationship with Ibn Rušd (Averroes, d. 595/1198), who taught him the philosophical sciences. While Ibn Ṭumlūs (d. 620/1223) made extensive use of Ibn Rušd’s commentaries on logic in his Compendium on Logic, he chose not to disclose his name. Thus, Ibn Ṭumlūs’ Commentary on Ibn Sīnā’s Poem (...) on Medicine remains the only available text that mentions Ibn Rušd’s name several times and uses his works on medicine. In addition, Ibn Ṭumlūs’ Commentary on Ibn Sīnā’s Poem on Medicine highlights the author’s career as a physician. As he said himself, the text is a commentary on Ibn Sīnā’s text from the point of view of a physician, not a philosopher, and it does not express his actual position, but the text itself testifies to a critical reception of Ibn Sīnā. Ibn Ṭumlūs has commented on the poem but he does not hesitate to criticise it, as Ibn Rušd did in his Commentary on the same Poem. The Commentary attests to the relationship that Ibn Ṭumlūs had with the Almohad creed and regime. The text shows that it was written to be dedicated to one of the Almohad leaders and expresses the author’s allegiance to Ibn Tūmart. Ibn Ṭumlūs apparently maintained this position for a long time, as one of the available copies proves that he was in Marrakesh in 606/1209, where he revised his work but remained faithful to his earlier position. As I am preparing a critical edition of this book, the purpose of my article is to present Ibn Ṭumlūs’ text, its available copies, and its contents in their socio-historical contexts. (shrink)

In recent decades, women’s sexual behavior has changed by invoking the principle of self-determination/autonomy and management of their own bodies. Self-determination is exercised through freedom of choice. The ability to decide requires maturity, which is acquired in adulthood commonly at the age of 18. The early onset of sexual activity at a younger age can result in unplanned and unwanted pregnancies. Many factors prompt minors to choose to terminate a pregnancy through the health services offered by the state, consequently questioning (...) such a decision’s validity. The aim of this article is to draw up a comparative analysis of this practice in France and Italy, while highlighting the challenges and bioethical issues involved. (shrink)

Cognitive control is not only componential, but those components may interact in complicated ways in the service of cognitive control tasks. This complexity poses a challenge for developing an ontological description, because the mapping may not be direct between our task descriptions and true component differences reflected in indicators. To illustrate this point, I discuss two examples: (a) the relationship between adaptive gating and working memory and (b) the recent evidence for a control hierarchy. From these examples, I argue that (...) an ontological program must simultaneously seek to identify component processes and their interactions within a broader processing architecture. (shrink)

Despite much research now being published on Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) investments and Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) withdrawal risk, there appears to be a lack of evidence on the prospective IPO withdrawal risk associated with voluntary disclosure of ESG policies. This paper investigates the influence of ESG disclosure on IPO withdrawal by comparing voluntary ESG disclosure to conventional IPOs in the international market. A large data set is employed here, containing 33,535 failed and successful IPOs from 1995 to 2019 (...) from several nations with their own legal systems, cultural norms, and economic systems. The findings reveal that voluntary disclosure of ESG practices does significantly reduce the likelihood of an IPO withdrawal, by as much as 48%. These findings strongly suggest that organizations engaged in ESG activities perceive voluntary disclosure as an incentive, to adhere to social expectations. Consequently, reducing the asymmetry of information between IPO participants minimizes the withdrawal risk these companies face, hence diminishing doubts about their legitimacy. The results have consequences for IPO businesses, investors, researchers, and regulators. (shrink)

This article explores the legal and ethical challenges associated with the recognition of a “right to die” in France following the adoption on first reading of the bill enshrining a “right to aid in dying”, i.e. Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS). The article examines how medicalization, institutional norms, and individual autonomy have redefined the end-of-life experience. The analysis focuses on interpretations of the “right to die” and the “right to dispose of one’s body,” as well as their legal foundations. It reveals significant (...) constraints tied to human dignity, moral responsibility, and third-party involvement. The study argues that establishing the “right to die” would undermine the foundation of the “right to life”. Instead of presenting death as a right, the article proposes strengthening palliative care and developing legal and ethical approaches that honor vulnerability and human solidarity. (shrink)

This study attempts to investigate the role of movie and TV series clips in enhancing EFL learners’ pragmatic competence by utilizing an experimental design. The sample of the study was 42 students from the English language department at Cihan University-Duhok, Iraq. The experiment lasted one academic semester. The participants’ English language proficiency, as determined by an IELTS test sample, was intermediate, and then they were randomly split into two groups, namely experimental and control. Before and after the treatment, a Written (...) Discourse Completion Test served as a pre-and post-test given to the two groups to assess statistically significant differences between them. The experimental group received direct instruction on request and suggestion speech acts via the presentation of the carefully chosen movie and TV series clips. In contrast, the control group was exposed to a minimal amount of pragmatics through printed texts. The findings demonstrated that the experimental group outperformed the control group. More precisely, the findings revealed that movie and TV series clips had a significant influence on learners’ production of requests and suggestions. Considering the above findings, the researchers propose EFL teachers apply movie and TV series clips to improve their Students’ pragmatic competence in class. (shrink)

O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi investigar a contribuição de Santo Agostinho para o desenvolvimento da Hermenêutica Jurídica, com a compreensão da influência de sobra obra no pensamento jurídico contemporâneo. Desde aspectos biográficos, foram explorados os principais conceitos do pensamento de Santo Agostinho, a partir do diálogo que esses conceitos realizam com a contemporaneidade e com a hermenêutica moderna. A pesquisa foi realizada a partir do método hipotético-dedutivo, a partir da formulação de hipóteses gerais que permitem a obtenção de respostas potencialmente (...) válidas. Quanto aos meios, a pesquisa foi bibliográfica, com o uso da doutrina delimitada ao tema, para o cumprimento dos fins qualitativos. Chegou-se à conclusão de que a obra de Santo Agostinho mantém a sua relevância na temática da hermenêutica, com a aplicação de vários de seus conceitos no campo de atuação e análise da Hermenêutica Jurídica. (shrink)

La nueva ley de bioética en Francia, propuesta en 2019 y aprobada por la Asamblea Nacional el 29 de junio de 2021, introduce en su artículo primero, relativo a las Tecnologías de Reproducción Artificial (ART por sus siglas en inglés), modificaciones al artículo L. 2141-2 y L. 2141-3 de la ley número 2011-814 de 7 de julio de 2011 relativa a la bioética. Abre así el camino a “cualquier pareja formada por un hombre o una mujer o por dos mujeres (...) o cualquier mujer soltera”. Como resultado, se rompe el vínculo entre el derecho y la bioética. Mientras que el derecho debe proteger el interés individual, la bioética le recuerda al derecho que también debe protegerse el bien común. De ahí las siguientes interrogantes que surgen a raíz de esta nueva ley de bioética: ¿las ART son un derecho para todos? ¿Es legítimo reivindicarlo en nombre de la igualdad? ¿Qué pasa con la justicia? En este artículo me gustaría abordar el tema desde un punto de vista biojurídico, situando el problema en el marco de la filosofía del derecho. (shrink)

La eutanasia y el suicidio asistido están prohibidos por la legislación francesa. La Convención Ciudadana sobre el Final de la Vida, creada en diciembre de 2022, se encargó de evaluar el marco de la asistencia al final de la vida. Su informe final muestra que la mayoría de los miembros de la Convención están a favor de una evolución de la ley hacia la “ayuda activa a morir”. Esta conclusión constituye la base de un proyecto de ley que se estudiará (...) antes del verano de 2024. Este artículo analiza los principales dilemas bioéticos en juego si se aprueba la ley. (shrink)

El embrión humano en la legislación no tiene un estatus definido. En lo referente a su condición en los debates éticos, no se ha logrado un consenso entre la pluralidad de contiendas de las distintas corrientes bioéticas. Lo cierto es que, en la mayoría de las legislaciones y para eludir los debates éticos, los argumentos se basan sobre todo en datos científicos. Como resultado, la ética se limita al aspecto científico, aunque es importante recordar que la bioética no solo se (...) detiene en este aspecto o en el sociológico. En particular, el enfoque de la bioética personalista invita a considerar al ser humano, incluido el embrión, en su aspecto metaontológico. La visión personalista se basa en la noción de “persona” descrita por santo Tomás de Aquino. ¿Podría este enfoque dar respuestas a los dilemas éticos de nuestros días? Este artículo pretende responder a esta pregunta analizando el tema de la discontinuidad embrionaria y la unidad de la persona desde una reflexión meta-ontológica. (shrink)

This article spells out the significance for Development Theory of the idea of “uneven and combined development.” It argues that the impasse that afflicted materialist theories of international capitalist development in the 1980s was rooted in two fundamental problems: a misreading of Marx’s categories as directly historical; and the lack of an orienting method for deploying those categories to interpret a world of multiple and interacting societies. After reviewing the impact of these problems on the evolution of the main postwar (...) approaches to development, the article undertakes the task of reconstruction in three steps. First, it sets out Marx’s understanding of capitalist modernity, showing how this calls for but does not explicitly provide a historical conceptualization of capitalist development. Second, it shows how Trotsky’s idea of “uneven and combined development” offers such a conceptualization, and how it thereby historicizes the phenomenon of development itself. Finally, it considers the limits of Trotsky’s own formulation of the idea, and suggests how a version released from these limits could better explain the complex spatio-temporality of capitalist development and constructively engage the most consequential challenges posed by ascendant cultural approaches in the field. (shrink)

The objective of this work is to propose ten efficient scaling techniques for the Wisconsin Diagnosis Breast Cancer dataset using the support vector machine. These scaling techniques are efficient for the linear programming approach. SVM with proposed scaling techniques was applied on the WDBC dataset. The scaling techniques are, namely, arithmetic mean, de Buchet for three cases p = 1,2, and ∞, equilibration, geometric mean, IBM MPSX, and Lp-norm for three cases p = 1,2, and ∞. The experimental results show (...) that the equilibration scaling technique overcomes the benchmark normalization scaling technique used in many commercial solvers. Finally, the experimental results also show the effectiveness of the grid search technique which gets the optimal parameters for the SVM classifier. (shrink)

Berlin is increasingly emerging as a hub of Arab intellectual life in Europe. In this first study of Arab culture to zoom in on the thriving metropolis, the contributors shed light on the dynamics of transformation with Arabs as agents, subjects, and objects of change in the spheres of politics, society and history, gender, demographics and migration, media and culture, and education and research. The kaleidoscopic character of the collection, embracing academic articles, essays, interviews and photos, reflects critical encounters in (...) Berlin. It brings together authors from inter- and multidisciplinary fields and backgrounds and invites the readers into a much-needed conversation on contemporary transformations. (shrink)

Through a close reading of the works of the Ancient Greek Cynics , the Marquis de Sade , and Friedrich Nietzsche , this dissertation explores "ethics of destruction" that undermine set goals and determinate approaches to the world and that confront dominant social-historical institutions while privileging an approach to philosophy as a way of living and of relating to the world. Ethics of destruction affirm difference and irreducible singularities and undermine inherited beliefs and traditions; they reject prescribed social values set (...) on universality, transcendence, and fixity, and embrace singularity, indeterminacy, and transformation. ;The ethics of destruction described in this dissertation involve practices that oppose any domination and that attempt to do justice to what is "hidden and forbidden" and "ex-communicated" in the name of what has been constructed as life. The Cynics, Sade, and Nietzsche engaged in different ethics of destruction that led them towards transforming themselves and towards "becoming tyche," "becoming chaos," or "becoming fatum" respectively. These ethics privilege the multiple, unlimited, and indeterminate at the basis of something that can no longer be called "ontology" but that can be designated as "ways of living." They also accentuate the permeation and stratification of an unlimited, or rather an ungraspable, multiplicity of sensations, feelings, emotions, events, interpretations, etc., at the basis of what can no longer be called "epistemology" but that can be designated as "ways of relating to the world." The particular ways of living and of relating to the world associated with ethics of destruction are shown to privilege practices that open pathways towards "multiplicity.". (shrink)

The paper will draw on Foucault’s the last College de France lectures of to present his exploration of Cynic self-transformative practices and self-subjectivizing “ways of living” associated with social and political transfor-mation of ontology - of “life” and not just the “world” - as politics of difference, otherness, and alterity. For Foucault subjectivity is a historical production shaped through discursive practices immersed with social practices, where the transcription of power relations reflects various forms of governmentality as well as different “regimes” (...) and “dispositifs”, combining various techniques, mechanisms, relations, effects etc.. Subjectivity is not a socially fixed determinate product but “techniques of living” that provide the foundation for the social and discursive practices and subjectivization and self-subjectivization processes, but as a foundational horizon that is open, contingent, and always shifting. Foucault’s late focus on the “care of the self” and “parrhesia” not only complements his analyses of regimes of truth or of mechanisms, techniques, processes, and powers associated with various forms of governmentality, but provides the final chapter of his social and political ontology. (shrink)

Science lessons using inquiry only or history of science with inquiry were used for explicit reflective nature of science instruction for second-, third-, and fourth-grade students randomly assigned to receive one of the treatments. Students in both groups improved in their understanding of creative NOS, tentative NOS, empirical NOS, and subjective NOS as measured using VNOS-D as pre- and post-test surveys. Social and cultural context of science was not accessible for the students. Students in second, third, and fourth grades were (...) able to attain adequate views of empirical NOS, the role of observation and inference, creative and imaginative NOS, and subjective NOS. Students were not able to express adequate views of socially and culturally embedded NOS. Most gains in NOS eroded by the next school year, except for tentative NOS for both groups and creative NOS for the inquiry group. (shrink)

Background Historically, epidemics have been accompanied by the concurrent emergence of stigma, prejudice, and xenophobia. This scoping review aimed to describe and map published research targeting ethical values concerning monkeypox (mpox). In addition, it aimed to understand the research gaps related to mpox associated stigma. Methods We comprehensively searched databases (PubMed Central, PubMed Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Ovid, and Google Scholar) to identify published literature concerning mpox ethical issues and stigma from May 6, 2022, to February 15, 2023. The (...) key search terms used were “monkeypox”, “ethics”, “morals”, “social stigma”, “privacy”, “confidentiality”, “secrecy”, “privilege”, “egoism”, and “metaethics”. This scoping review followed the framework proposed by Arksey and O’Malley in 2005 and was further improved by the recommendations of Levac et al. in 2010. Results The search strategies employed in the scoping review yielded a total of 454 articles. We analyzed the sources, types, and topics of the retrieved articles/studies. The authors were able to identify 32 studies that met inclusion criteria. Six of the 32 included studies were primary research. The study revealed that the ongoing mpox outbreak is contending with a notable surge in misinformation and societal stigma. It highlights the adverse impacts of stigma and ethical concerns associated with mpox, which can negatively affect people with the disease. Conclusion The study’s findings underscore the imperative need to enhance public awareness; involve civil society; and promote collaboration among policymakers, medical communities, and social media platforms. These collective endeavors are crucial for mitigating stigma, averting human-to-human transmission, tackling racism, and dispelling misconceptions associated with the outbreak. (shrink)

La dimensión jurídica de la bioética, denominada bioderecho, ocupa un lugar importante en los debates sobre este tema. Para que sean reconocidas, las distintas legislaciones francesas sobre bioética requieren una autoridad política competente: la autoridad civil, cuyo vértice es la Constitución francesa (CF), como acto jurídico y ley fundamental que establece la organización y el funcionamiento del Estado. Sin embargo, en el ámbito en el que tocamos a la persona humana, a los valores y a los principios fundamentales, la autoridad (...) religiosa, como la Doctrina Social de la Iglesia (DSI), tiene un papel que desempeñar. Es la referencia de valores a través de la cual la conciencia humana puede ejercerse libremente en las realidades políticas, sociales y económicas. Así pues, ¿cuáles son los posibles temas comunes entre la CF y la DSI y qué puede aportar la bioética personalista para conciliar ambas vertientes? (shrink)

The “Averroism” of Ibn Ṭumlūs (d. 620/1223) has already been attested to by both biographers and textual evidence. Conversely, a close reading of a section in his Kitāb al-Qiyās of his Mukhtaṣar fī al-mantiq (Compendium on Logic) reveals that this “Averroism” has a specific resonance. Unlike Ibn Rushd (d. 595/1198), Ibn Ṭumlūs belongs to this group of philosophers who dedicated a special section to the examination of jurisprudential inferences, titled by him “al-Qawl fī al-maqāyīs al-fiqhiyyah”, which is a part of (...) his Kitāb al-Qiyās. In this article, first, I will introduce the text of Ibn Ṭumlūs, and present its teaching by placing it in its intellectual context, namely in the light of al-Fārābī’s, al-Ghazālī’s, and Ibn Rushd’s relevant texts. Then, I provide an English translation followed by a critical edition of the Arabic text. The purpose is to highlight the value (and limitations) of Ibn Ṭumlūs’s effort, based on al-Fārābī (d. 339/950), al-Ghazālī (d. 505/1111) and Ibn Rushd, to apply Aristotelian syllogistic model to the jurisprudential inferences. (shrink)

This study explores the factors associated with the cultivation of neglected and underutilized crop species (NUS) and agroecology adoption (crop rotation with legumes) amid the climate crisis in rural Lebanon and Morocco. A mixed-methods approach (interviews and questionnaire survey) was used. Five key informant interviews as well as a survey of 923 farmers: 465 in Lebanon (242 men and 223 women) and 458 in Morocco (238 men and 220 women) were conducted. This paper addresses two key questions: (1) what are (...) the predictors of agroecology and NUS cultivation, and (2) what are the primary gendered NUS varietal preferences of farmers and why? Using insights from feminist political ecology, and applying logistic regression analysis, key predictors of adoption include gender, with Moroccan women more likely to adopt agroecology, and age, as older farmers in Morocco are less likely to engage. In Lebanon, marital status influences adoption, with divorced or widowed farmers more engaged in NUS cultivation. Education and wealth also play significant roles, with higher levels of both positively associated with agroecology and NUS adoption. Amid the climate crisis, men and women farmers both indicated that traits like drought resistance and suitability for low rainfall conditions are key drivers for NUS and agroecology adoption. Some key reasons for NUS varietal preferences included, market demands, the need to reduce burden on women, taste and cooking qualities, and to adjust to the climate. Farmers, especially women, also indicated importance of flour blending in their uptake of barley cultivation. These findings highlight the complex motivations behind NUS varietal selection, and the importance of context-specific strategies to support sustainable agriculture in the MENA region. (shrink)

Workplace compassion is one of the cornerstone remedies to employees’ suffering. Compassionate acts will directly affect the job performance of employees. This research study looks at the analysing relationship between workplace compassion and job performance, namely, task performance and contextual performance. Workplace compassion, task performance and contextual performance were explored from a previous literature perspective and were tested and analysed statistically. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed among teachers and co-teachers employed in international nurseries in Cairo and Giza governorates located in Egypt. (...) Results revealed a positive relationship between workplace compassion and job performance (task and contextual constructs). Discussion of the results along with managerial implications and recommendations were addressed based on the research findings. (shrink)

Dear editorOrgans transplantation is the solution for many end stage insufficiencies, but organ shortage is still matter of debate. As a consequence, organ procurement (OP) remains currently the best way to provide organs in western countries. Besides, the news of the death of a loved one, especially when he is young and dies in violent circumstances, can be a devastating event for families. In those conditions, the process of donation request from the coordinators may be difficult and requires experience and (...) “tact”. Despite these precautions, refusals are not rare.An 18 year-old-patient was transported in shock after a car accident to our hospital. Emergent laparotomy was performed for mesenteric and hepatic trauma requiring liver packing. She also presented a cervical and cerebral trauma with a fast deterioration of the neurological status. A tentorial herniation was quickly suspected. The family had been contacted and the severity of the situation explained without mentioning brain. (shrink)