In this article we investigate origins of several cases of failure of Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems employing machine learning and deep learning. We focus on omission and commission errors in (a) the inputs to the AI system, (b) the processing logic, and (c) the outputs from the AI system. Our framework yields a set of 28 factors that can be used for reconstructing the path of AI failures and for determining corrective action. Our research helps identify emerging themes of inquiry (...) necessary for developing more robust AI-ML systems. We are hopeful that our work will help strengthen the use of machine-learning AI by enhancing the rates of true positive and true negative judgements from AI systems, and by lowering the probabilities of false positive and false negative judgements. (shrink)

In this paper, multi attribute decision making problem based on grey relational analysis in neutrosophic cubic set environment is investigated. In the decision making situation, the attribute weights are considered as single valued neutrosophic sets. The neutrosophic weights are converted into crisp weights. Both positve and negative GRA coefficients, and weighted GRA coefficients are determined. Hamming distances for weighted GRA coefficients and standard (ideal) GRA coefficients are determined. The relative closeness coefficients are derived in order to rank the alternatives. The (...) relative closeness coefficients are designed in ascending order. Finally, a numerical example is solved to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach. (shrink)

IntroductionFrontline healthcare workers have faced significant plight during the ongoing Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Studies have shown their vulnerabilities to depression, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress, and insomnia. In a developing country like India, with a rising caseload, resource limitations, and stigma, the adversities faced by the physicians are more significant. We attempted to hear their “voices” to understand their adversities and conceptualize their resilience framework.MethodsA qualitative approach was used with a constructivist paradigm. After an initial pilot, a socio-demographically heterogeneous population (...) of 172 physicians working in COVID-designated centers were purposively sampled from all over India. Following in-depth virtual interviews using a pre-formed semi-structured guide, the data was transcribed and translated verbatim. The interview was focused on their challenges, needs, and processes of coping and support. Charmaz’s grounded theory was used for analysis supplemented by NVivo 10 software.ResultsFear of infection, uncertainty, stigma, guilt, and social isolation emerged as the main challenges. Simultaneously, their “unmet needs” were flexible work policies, administrative measures for better medical protection, the sensitivity of media toward the image of HCW, effective risk communication for their health, and finally, social inclusion. Their resilience “framework” emerged as a process while navigating these adversities and consisted of three facets: forming a “resilient identity,” managing the resilience, and working through the socio-occupational distress. The role of mental well-being, social network, peer support, problem negotiation, and self-care emerged as the key coping strategies.ConclusionThe study findings support the global call for better psychosocial health and quality of life of the frontline HCWs. Their “unheard voices” explored in the study can anchor subsequent resilience-enhancing interventions and policies. Guidelines focusing on the psychological wellbeing of frontline HCWs need to be grounded in their unmet needs and lived experiences. (shrink)

in this article I tried to show the present scenario of educational structure of India which is far away from the vision of Tagorean Brahmacharyasram.

Here in this article I tried to compare between the educational theories of Sri Aurobindo and Rabindranath Tagore.

In this present article I want to explore Sri Aurobindo's theory of Life Divine.

Background: Risks to healthcare workers have escalated during the pandemic and they are likely to experience a greater level of stress. This cross-sectional study investigated mental distress among healthcare workers during the early phase of Coronavirus disease-2019 outbreak in India.Method: 140 healthcare workers of a tertiary care hospital in India were assessed for perceived stress and insomnia. A factor analysis with principal component method reduced these questions to four components which were categorized as insomnia, stress-related anxiety, stress-related irritability, and stress-related (...) hopelessness. Further statistical analyses were done on these factor scores to identify the predictors and investigate the differences between the different categories of healthcare workers.Result: Doctors had the highest level of anxiety among the healthcare workers. Both doctors and nurses perceived a greater level of irritability than the other HCWs. Compared to doctors and nurses, other HCWs were more likely to experience insomnia. Lower age, higher education, female gender, and urban habitat were associated with greater perception of anxiety. Older age, being quarantined, and single marital status were the significant predictors of irritability. Female gender, single marital-status, and higher number of medical ailments contributed to perceived hopelessness. Quarantine significantly predicted insomnia.Conclusion: Different categories of healthcare workers are experiencing varied mental health problems owing to their heterogeneous socio-demographic backgrounds. Tailored and personalized care, as well as policies, might help in alleviating their problems. Further research is warranted to explore the psychological distress and remedies among these frontline workers during and after the ongoing pandemic crisis. (shrink)

Apart from the Higher Education Institutes (HEIs), different other sectors are also involved in translational research activities. The industries, start-ups and software sectors have created much of the innovations, which are creating impact in our lives. This chapter is technology-agnostic and discussed various management aspect of translation research in both HEIs and non-HEIs. At the most fundamental level, management is a discipline that consists of a set of five general functions: planning, organizing, staffing, leading and controlling. This chapter compares with (...) full empathy the practices in the HEI and the non-HEI sectors, across all the management functions as used in translational research. The purpose of this chapter is to show what different management practices are being followed in non-HEI sectors and identify those practices that may be adapted for the enhancement of translational research in Indian HEIs. The chapter is divided into nine sections. The introduction explains the rationale behind this comparison; the second section provides some essential background information to proceed forward; the third section gives a peep into various stages of translational research; the fourth section examines the managerial functions in HEIs, and the fifth section does for the non-HEIs. The subsequent sections underline the differences in practices in HEI and non-HEI sectors, recent initiatives to enhance translational research and industry-academia interactions. Finally, in Sect. 9, the authors have identified some effective management practices in the non-HEI sectors, which may be suitably adapted to strengthen the translational research at the HEIs. (shrink)

Ramabai Espinet is a Trinidadian academic, novelist, and poet of Indian origin. Her work explores the ethno-cultural ties and tensions that inform Indian Caribbean diasporic sensibility. Espinet was born into an Indian Christian family of indentured descent. She completed her Ph.D. from the University of West Indies (1993) on the reception of Euro-Creole women writers in Caribbean literature with reference to Jean Rhys and Phyllis Shand Allfrey. Later, she moved to Canada and taught Caribbean studies at New College and English (...) Literature at Seneca College. (shrink)

House of a Thousand Doors: Poems and Prose Pieces, published in 1988, is one of Meena Alexander’s early but most successful contributions to diasporic writing. The book is a collection of fifty-nine poems and a profound memoir that chronicles the author’s life and journey through memory, identity, and the complexities of diaspora. The poems, letters, essays, and brief narratives in the volume are connected thematically through recurring images of space and time. The collection republishes several poems from her early works (...) and her 1980 book, Stone Roots, but adds a specific narrative framework that ties in her introspection with her ruminations on history. Specifically, she explores the effects of colonization and alienation, unearthing the hidden layers beneath the surface of ordinary lives. (shrink)

Sujatha Gidla was born in a Dalit family in Kakinada in Andhra Pradesh, India. Her great-grandparents had converted to Christianity during the British colonial rule. Her grandfather studied in a school run by Canadian missionaries, and her parents worked as college professors. Gidla studied in a local school and a government college and later pursued her master’s in physics at the Regional Engineering College of Warangal within her home state. During this time, she joined an active protest against a faculty (...) member practicing caste discrimination and was the only woman to do so. She was taken away to an undisclosed prison where she was tortured and contracted tuberculosis. Later, she worked as a researcher at the premier Indian Institute of Technology, Madras (now Chennai) on a project funded by the Indian Space Research organization. She moved to the United States when she was 26; for 10 years, she worked as a software application designer at the Bank of New York before losing her job in the financial downturn of 2009. She published her first book, Ants Among Elephants, in the USA. It was chosen as one of the Wall Street Journal’s Top 10 Nonfiction Books 2017 and won the Shakti Bhatt Award. Gidla’s writing has appeared in The Oxford India Anthology of Telugu Dalit Writing. (shrink)

An important literary voice in South Asian and diasporic fiction, Meena Alexander was an acclaimed poet, novelist, essayist, and scholar. She was born in Allahabad, India, shortly after the country became independent; her family moved to Sudan soon after she was born. After completing school and college in Sudan, Alexander pursued her PhD in England. She taught in India at several universities, including Delhi University, Jawaharlal Nehru University, and the University of Hyderabad. Later, Alexander moved to the United States, where (...) she taught at several prestigious institutions. Alexander was an Assistant Professor at Fordham University from 1980 to 1987 and served as the Distinguished Professor of English at Hunter College and the CUNY Graduate Center. She lived in New York City. (shrink)

Heterochronic genes control the timing of developmental programs. In C. elegans, two key genes in the heterochronic pathway, lin-4 and let-7, encode small temporally expressed RNAs (stRNAs) that are not translated into protein. These stRNAs exert negative post-transcriptional regulation by binding to complementary sequences in the 3′ untranslated regions of their target genes. stRNAs are transcribed as longer precursor RNAs that are processed by the RNase Dicer/DCR-1 and members of the RDE-1/AGO1 family of proteins, which are better known for their (...) roles in RNA interference (RNAi). However, stRNA function appears unrelated to RNAi. Both sequence and temporal regulation of let-7 stRNA is conserved in other animal species suggesting that this is an evolutionarily ancient gene. Indeed, C. elegans, Drosophila and humans encode at least 86 other RNAs with similar structural features to lin-4 and let-7. We postulate that other small non-coding RNAs may function as stRNAs to control temporal identity during development in C. elegans and other organisms. BioEssays 24:119–129, 2002. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (shrink)

There are confusions regarding the nature of the theories of Swaraj and Boycott. Here in this book I tried to search for their underline sense in the new light of spirituality.

Urbanization affects concurrent human-animal interactions as a result of altered resource availability and land use pattern, which leads to considerable ecological consequences. While some animals have lost their habitat due to urban encroachment, few of them managed to survive within the urban ecosystem by altering their natural behavioral patterns. The feeding repertoire of folivorous colobines, such as gray langur, largely consists of plant parts. However, these free-ranging langurs tend to be attuned to the processed high-calorie food sources to attain maximum (...) benefits within the concrete jungle having insignificant greenery. Therefore, besides understanding their population dynamics, the effective management of these urbanized, free-ranging, non-human primate populations also depends on their altered feeding habits. Here, we have used a field-based experimental setup that allows gray langurs to choose between processed and unprocessed food options, being independent of any inter-specific conflicts over resources due to food scarcity. The multinomial logit model reveals the choice-based decision-making of these free-ranging gray langurs in an urban settlement of West Bengal, India, where they have not only learned to recognize the human-provisioned processed food items as an alternative food source but also shown a keen interest in it. However, such a mismatch between the generalized feeding behavior of folivorous colobines and their specialized gut physiology reminds us of Liem's paradox and demands considerable scientific attention. While urbanization imposes tremendous survival challenges to these animals, it also opens up for various alternative options for surviving in close proximity to humans which is reflected in this study, and could guide us for the establishment of a sustainable urban ecosystem in the future. (shrink)

Softlifting (software piracy by individuals) is an unethical behavior that pervades today''s computer dependent society. Since a better understanding of underlying considerations of the behavior may provide a basis for remedy, a model of potential determinants of softlifting behavior is developed and tested. The analysis provides some support for the hypothesized model, specifically situational variables, such as delayed acquisition times, and personal gain variables, such as the challenge of copying, affect softlifting behavior. Most importantly, the analysis indicated that ethical perception (...) of softlifting has no significant affect on softlifting behavior. These findings suggest major implications for both software manufacturers and academicians attempting to reduce piracy behavior through ethics instruction. (shrink)