By bootstrapping the output of the PC algorithm (Spirtes et al., 2000; Meek 1995), using larger conditioning sets informed by the current graph state, it is possible to define a novel algorithm, JPC, that improves accuracy of search for i.i.d. data drawn from linear, Gaussian, sparse to moderately dense models. The motivation for constructing sepsets using information in the current graph state is to highlight the differences between d-­‐separation information in the graph and conditional independence information extracted from the sample. (...) The same idea can be pursued for any algorithm for which conditioning sets informed by the current graph state can be constructed and for which an orientation procedure capable of orienting undirected graphs can be extracted. Another plausible candidate for such retrofitting is the CPC algorithm (Ramsey et al, 2006), yielding an algorithm, JCPC, which, when the true graph is sparse is somewhat more accurate than JPC. The method is not feasible for discovery for models of categorical variables, i.e., traditional Bayes nets; with alternative tests for conditional independence it may extend to non-­‐linear or non-­‐Gaussian models, or both. (shrink)

Patent landscaping is the process of identifying all patents related to a particular technological area, and is important for assessing various aspects of the intellectual property context. Traditionally, constructing patent landscapes is intensely laborious and expensive, and the rapid expansion of patenting activity in recent decades has driven an increasing need for efficient and effective automated patent landscaping approaches. In particular, it is critical that we be able to construct patent landscapes using a minimal number of labeled examples, as labeling (...) patents for a narrow technology area requires highly specialized (and hence expensive) technical knowledge. We present an automated neural patent landscaping system that demonstrates significantly improved performance on difficult examples (0.69 $$F_1$$ on ‘hard’ examples, versus 0.6 for previously reported systems), and also significant improvements with much less training data (overall 0.75 $$F_1$$ on as few as 24 examples). Furthermore, in evaluating such automated landscaping systems, acquiring good data is challenge; we demonstrate a higher-quality training data generation procedure by merging (Abood and Feltenberger Artif Intell Law 26:103–125 2018 ) “seed/anti-seed” approach with active learning to collect difficult labeled examples near the decision boundary. Using this procedure we created a new dataset of labeled AI patents for training and testing. As in prior work we compare our approach with a number of baseline systems, and we release our code and data for others to build upon “(Code and data may be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.34703/gzx1-9v95/QDLKVW Code and data are released under the Creative Commons NC-BY 4.0 license at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ )”. (shrink)

Let U be an admissible structure. A cPCd(U) class is the class of all models of a sentence of the form $\neg\exists\bar{K} \bigwedge \Phi$ , where K̄ is an U-r.e. set of relation symbols and φ is an U-r.e. set of formulas of L∞ω that are in U. The main theorem is a generalization of the following: Let U be a pure countable resolvable admissible structure such that U is not Σ-elementarily embedded in HYP(U). Then a class K of countable (...) structures whose universes are sets of urelements is a cPCd(U) class if and only if for some Σ formula σ (with parameters from U), M is in K if and only if M is a countable structure with universe a set of urelements and $(\mathrm{HYP}_\mathfrak{U}(\mathfrak{M}), \mathfrak{U}, \mathfrak{M}) \models \sigma$ , where HYPU(M), the smallest admissible set above M relative to U, is a generalization of HYP to structures with similarity type Σ over U that is defined in this article. Here we just note that when Lα is admissible, HYPLα(M) is Lβ(M) for the least β ≥ α such that Lβ(M) is admissible, and so, in particular, that HYPHF(M) is just HYP(M) in the usual sense when M has a finite similarity type. The definition of HYPU(M) is most naturally formulated using Adamson's notion of a +-admissible structure (1978). We prove a generalization from admissible to +-admissible structures of the well-known truncation lemma. That generalization is a key theorem applied in the proof of the generalized Spector-Gandy theorem. (shrink)

The article reveals ideological-theoretical, methodological, and politico-ideological basic principles for an adequate analysis of the specifics of modern Chinese (Sinicized) Marxism. The attributive features of modern Chinese Marxism (Marxism with Chinese specifics (the adaptation of Marxism to the Chinese Context, Sinicized Marxism), as the most effective version in world history for correcting and modernizing the axiomatics of the Marxist-Leninist theoretical model of social development, as well as improving the ideology of the ruling Communist Party in order to increase the effectiveness (...) of its domestic and foreign state policies, have been characterized by means of concrete-historical and systematic comparative analysis of the ideational grounds and basic socio-philosophical postulates, political and ideological prescriptions of the program documents of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Communist Party of China. Within the framework of this study, special attention has been paid to highlighting the essence and features of the Soviet and Chinese strategy of socialist construction, created to implement Marxist socialist and communist projects, as well as revealing the scientific evaluation of the differences between the political doctrines of the CPSU and the CPC in the interpretation of objective logic (the duration of stages, goals, and objectives of fundamental economic, social, political, and cultural transformations) of the process of constructing high-level development socialism ("developed socialism") and the further progressive movement of such a society to the phase of communism. (shrink)

Since the 18th CPC National Congress, China's digital economy has been booming, the scale of which is the second largest in the world, and the economic development is resilient. The continuous development of the digital economy will not only be conducive to promoting China's economic development and boosting domestic demand, but also play a key role in promoting the construction of China's modernised economic system and shaping China's competitive advantages in the international environment, while the rapid development of the digital (...) economy at the same time, the current tax structure of the digital economic development of the inadaptability gradually appeared. In this paper, by systematically sorting out the development situation of China's digital economy and the current tax policies related to the digital economy, we point out the potential risks and challenges of the development of the digital economy, and give the corresponding recommendations. (shrink)

The chromosome passenger complex (CPC) localizes to chromosomes and microtubules, sometimes simultaneously. The CPC also has multiple domains for interacting with chromatin and microtubules. Interactions between the CPC and both the chromatin and microtubules is important for spindle assembly and error correction. Such dual chromatin‐microtubule interactions may increase the concentration of the CPC necessary for efficient kinase activity while also making it responsive to specific conditions or structures in the cell. CPC‐microtubule dependent functions are considered in the context of the (...) first meiotic division. Acentrosomal spindle assembly is a process that depends on transfer of the CPC from the chromosomes to the microtubules. Furthermore, transfer to the microtubules is not only to position the CPC for a later role in cytokinesis; metaphase I error correction and subsequent bi‐orientation of bivalents may depend on microtubule associated CPC interacting with the kinetochores. (shrink)

We construct a closed timelike curve (CTC) spacetime sourced by a planar clothoid (Euler spiral) cosmic string with mass per unit length µ and angular momentum. The metric ds2 = −(dt+a(r) dϕ) 2+dr2+α(r) 2 r 2 dϕ2+dz2 generalizes the Jensen–Soleng spinning string [1] to rdependent parameters. The deficit function α(r) = 1−C/r2 (C = Gµa2 sc/π) is established in Ref. [2]. The frame-dragging function a(r) is derived here from the vacuum Einstein equation Gtϕ = 0 (Appendix A): the linearized vacuum (...) equation reduces to d/dr[a ′ /(rα)] = 0, giving a ′ (r) = Krα(r) with integration constant K of dimensions [m−1 ] fixed by the outer junction condition. For the clothoid this integrates to a(r) = K(r 2 /2 − C ln r) + a0. Two radii play distinct roles and must not be conflated. The deficit-closure locus rα = √ C where α = 0: here Γr ϕϕ = 0 and any orbit obeying a ′ = Krα is radially geodesic (verified; universal for this class), but the sectional curvature 2C/[r 2 (r 2 − C)] and Kretschmann scalar 16C 2 /[r 4 (r 2 − C) 2 ] both diverge there — rα is a genuine curvature singularity, not a coordinate artifact. The chronology horizon rc > rα where gϕϕ = 0: curvature is finite there, a CTC family γr0 (λ) = (t0, r0, λ, z0) exists for r0 ≤ rc, and a time-travelling observer undergoes a coordinate-time displacement ∆ttravel = −2∆tfall < 0, emerging in the causal past. Seven properties of the CTC family are proved rigorously: (i) closure; (ii) timelikeness; (iii) finite proper time; (iv) accessibility from infinity with no event horizon; (v) the orbit at rα is radially geodesic (exact identity, Γr ϕϕ|α=0 = 0), but this locus is singular — no regular force-free traversable CTC is obtained there; (vi) no exotic matter; (vii) Novikov–Brouwer self-consistency. The string is treated as a manufactured device assembled at finite time, producing a compactly generated chronology horizon to which the Kay–Radzikowski–Wald (KRW) theorem [7] formally applies. The geodesy argument for KRW suppression applies at rα but is moot there (singular background); at rc the orbit is not geodesic and KRW applies in full. The central open problems are: (a) whether α(r) can be capped by a matter core before reaching zero, yielding a regular geodesic CTC at rc; and (b) the renormalized ⟨Tµν⟩ren on any such regularized background. The geodesic identity and the singularity obstruction are both exact, verified results; together they constitute a sharp structural finding and a well-posed programme for future work. (shrink)

The helical Zn identification program [1, 4] establishes a joint parity constraint k ≡ m (mod n) on scalar field modes in identified spacetime interiors (and kz+m ≡ 0 (mod n) for the Chronotunnel Toroid), suppressing the Kay–Radzikowski–Wald (KRW) divergence [7] by factor 1/n. A natural question for any quantum gravity application is whether this mode constraint is robust against modifications of the dispersion relation at trans-Planckian energies, as predicted by loop quantum gravity [9], doubly special relativity [10], and string-theoretic (...) scenarios [11]. We prove that the mode constraint is a topological invariant of the Zn helical identification: it follows from the action of the deck transformation gn on the periodicity structure of field modes, independently of the dispersion relation. More precisely: any field theory on the quotient manifold Mf = M/⟨gn⟩ whose modes are labeled by the same Fourier quantum numbers (k, m) satisfies k ≡ m (mod n) (diagonal sublattice Dn, M¨obius–Ori program) or kz + m ≡ 0 (mod n) (anti-diagonal sublattice An, Chronotunnel Toroid program) regardless of the functional form of ω(k, m). Four corollaries are established: (i) the 1/n mode-density suppression of the KRW divergence is robust against all polynomial modifications of the dispersion relation; (ii) the constraint holds for scalar, electromagnetic, and gravitational perturbations; (iii) the constraint is preserved by any Lorentz-violating modification that respects the periodic boundary conditions; (iv) both sublattices Dn and An are topologically stable, and their n = 2 coincidence D2 = A2 is preserved. These results connect the helical identification program to quantum gravity phenomenology and establish that the 1/n KRW suppression is not an artifact of standard dispersion but a topological property of the identification that survives into any effective field theory compatible with the periodic boundary conditions. (shrink)

We present an axiomatization for Basic Propositional Calculus BPC and give a completeness theorem for the class of transitive Kripke structures. We present several refinements, including a completeness theorem for irreflexive trees. The class of intermediate logics includes two maximal nodes, one being Classical Propositional Calculus CPC, the other being E1, a theory axiomatized by T → ⊥. The intersection CPC ∩ E1 is axiomatizable by the Principle of the Excluded Middle A V ∨ ⌝A. If B is a formula (...) such that → B is not derivable, then the lattice of formulas built from one propositional variable p using only the binary connectives, is isomorphically preserved if B is substituted for p. A formula → B is derivable exactly when B is provably equivalent to a formula of the form → A) →. (shrink)

We construct an extensionℒP of the standard languageℒ of classical propositional logic by adjoining to the alphabet ofℒ a new category of logical-pragmatic signs. The well formed formulas ofℒ are calledradical formulas (rfs) ofℒP;rfs preceded by theassertion sign ⊢ constituteelementary assertive formulas ofℒP, which can be connected together by means of thepragmatic connectives N, K, A, C, E, so as to obtain the set of all theassertive formulas (afs). Everyrf ofℒP is endowed with atruth value defined classically, and everyaf is (...) endowed with ajustification value, defined in terms of the intuitive notion of proof and depending on the truth values of its radical subformulas. In this framework, we define the notion ofpragmatic validity inℒP and yield a list of criteria of pragmatic validity which hold under the assumption that only classical metalinguistic procedures of proof be accepted. We translate the classical propositional calculus (CPC) and the intuitionistic propositional calculus (IPC) into the assertive part ofℒP and show that this translation allows us to interpret Intuitionistic Logic as an axiomatic theory of the constructive proof concept rather than an alternative to Classical Logic. Finally, we show that our framework provides a suitable background for discussing classical problems in the philosophy of logic. (shrink)

This paper investigates the contingency of logic within the framework of possible world semantics. Possible world semantics captures the meaning of necessitation, i.e., a statement is necessarily true if it holds in all possible worlds. Standard Kripkean semantics assumes that all possible worlds are governed by one single logic. We relax this assumption and introduce mixed models, in which different worlds may obey different logical systems. The paper provides a first case study where we mix classical propositional logic ($$\mathsf{{CPC}} $$) (...) and intuitionistic propositional logic ($$\mathsf{{IPC}} $$) in the possible world semantics. We define the class of mixed models $$\mathcal {M}\mathcal {M}(\mathsf{{CPC}}, \mathsf{{IPC}})$$, together with a subclass of concrete mixed models ($${\mathcal {CMM}} $$), and establish their semantic properties. Our main result shows that the set of formulas valid in $$\mathcal {M}\mathcal {M}(\mathsf{{CPC}}, \mathsf{{IPC}})$$ corresponds exactly to the intuitionistic modal logic $$\mathsf{{iK}} $$ extended with the Box Excluded Middle axiom ($$\mathsf{{iK}+\mathsf{{bem}}} $$). To demonstrate this, we prove soundness and completeness results linking $$\mathcal {M}\mathcal {M}(\mathsf{{CPC}}, \mathsf{{IPC}})$$ and $${\mathcal {CMM}} $$, and birelational models for $$\mathsf{{iK}+\mathsf{{bem}}} $$. (shrink)

Oxford Legal Philosophy publishes the best new work in philosophically-oriented legal theory. It commissions and solicits monographs in all branches of the subject, including works on philosophical issues in all areas of public and private law, and in the national, transnational, and international realms; studies of the nature of law, legal institutions, and legal reasoning; treatments of problems in political morality as they bear on law; and explorations in the nature and development of legal philosophy itself. The series represents diverse (...) traditions of thought but always with an emphasis on rigour and originality. It sets the standard in contemporary jurisprudence.This book shows that civil disobedience is generally more defensible than private conscientious objection.Part I explores the morality of conviction and conscience. Each of these concepts informs a distinct argument for civil disobedience. The conviction argument begins with the communicative principle of conscientiousness (CPC). According to the CPC, having a conscientious moral conviction means not just acting consistently with our beliefs and judging ourselves and others by a common moral standard. It also means not seeking to evade the consequences of our beliefs and being willing to communicate them to others. The conviction argument shows that, as a constrained, communicative practice, civil disobedience has a better claim than private objection does to the protections that liberal societies give to conscientious dissent. This view reverses the standard liberal picture which sees private 'conscientious' objection as a modest act of personal belief and civil disobedience as a strategic, undemocratic act whose costs are only sometimes worth bearing.The conscience argument is narrower and shows that genuinely morally responsive civil disobedience honours the best of our moral responsibilities and is protected by a duty-based moral right of conscience.Part II translates the conviction argument and conscience argument into two legal defences. The first is a demands-of-conviction defence. The second is a necessity defence. Both of these defences apply more readily to civil disobedience than to private disobedience. Part II also examines lawful punishment, showing that, even when punishment is justifiable, civil disobedients have a moral right not to be punished. (shrink)

We study the notion of conservative translation between logics introduced by (Feitosa & D’Ottaviano2001). We show that classical propositional logic (CPC) is universal in the sense that every finitary consequence relation over a countable set of formulas can be conservatively translated into CPC. The translation is computable if the consequence relation is decidable. More generally, we show that one can take instead of CPC a broad class of logics (extensions of a certain fragment of full Lambek calculus FL) including most (...) nonclassical logics studied in the literature, hence in a sense, (almost) any two reasonable deductive systems can be conservatively translated into each other. We also provide some counterexamples, in particular the paraconsistent logic LP is not universal. (shrink)

A theory of cognitive systems individuation is presented and defended. The approach has some affinity with Leonard Talmy's Overlapping Systems Model of Cognitive Organization, and the paper's first section explores aspects of Talmy's view that are shared by the view developed herein. According to the view on offer -- the conditional probability of co-contribution account (CPC) -- a cognitive system is a collection of mechanisms that contribute, in overlapping subsets, to a wide variety of forms of intelligent behavior. Central to (...) this approach is the idea of an integrated system. A formal characterization of integration is laid out in the form of a conditional-probabilitybased measure of the clustering of causal contributors to the production of intelligent behavior. I relate the view to the debate over extended and embodied cognition and respond to objections that have been raised in print by Andy Clark, Colin Klein, and Felipe de Brigard. (shrink)

This essay presents the conditional probability of co-contribution account of the individuation of cognitive systems (CPC) and argues that CPC provides an attractive basis for a theory of the cognitive self. The argument proceeds in a largely indirect way, by emphasizing empirical challenges faced by an approach that relies entirely on predictive processing (PP) mechanisms to ground a theory of the cognitive self. Given the challenges faced by PP-based approaches, we should prefer a theory of the cognitive self of the (...) sort CPC offers, one that accommodates variety in the kinds of mechanism that, when integrated, constitute a cognitive system (and thus the cognitive self), to a theory according to which the cognitive self is composed of essentially one kind of thing, for instance, prediction-error minimization mechanisms. The final section focuses on one of the central functions of the cognitive self: to engage in conscious reasoning. It is argued that the phenomenon of conscious, deliberate reasoning poses an apparently insoluble problem for a PP-based view, one that seems to rest on a structural limitation of predictive-processing models. In a nutshell, conscious reasoning is a single-stream phenomenon, but, in order for PP to apply, two streams of activity must be involved, a prediction stream and an input stream. Thus, with regard to the question of the nature of the self, PP-based views must yield to an alternative approach, regardless of whether proponents of the predictive processing, as a comprehensive theory of cognition, can handle the various empirical challenges canvassed in the preceding section. (shrink)

Most causal discovery algorithms in the literature exploit an assumption usually referred to as the Causal Faithfulness or Stability Condition. In this paper, we highlight two components of the condition used in constraint-based algorithms, which we call “Adjacency-Faithfulness” and “Orientation- Faithfulness.” We point out that assuming Adjacency-Faithfulness is true, it is possible to test the validity of Orientation- Faithfulness. Motivated by this observation, we explore the consequence of making only the Adjacency-Faithfulness assumption. We show that the familiar PC algorithm has (...) to be modified to be correct under the weaker, Adjacency-Faithfulness assumption. The modified algorithm, called Conservative PC (CPC), checks whether Orientation- Faithfulness holds in the orientation phase, and if not, avoids drawing certain causal conclusions the PC algorithm would draw. Howtion: ever, if the stronger, standard causal Faith-. (shrink)

A review of Chinese cinema history reveals a close and intertwined relationship between its development and the Lingnan region, from figures such as Lai Man-wai, Zheng Junli, and Chu Yuan, to films ranging from Chuang Tzu Tests His Wife to The House of 72 Tenants. From the signing of the Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA) by the central government and the Hong Kong SAR government at the beginning of the new century, to the cultural development concept (...) of "Jointly Building a Humanistic Bay Area" put forward in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Development Plan issued by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council in February 2019, Hong Kong and mainland China's film cultures have converged, intertwining with each other. In the past, the film industry in Guangdong leveraged its geographical and policy advantages to flourish. Looking ahead, as the largest ticket box in the Chinese film market for consecutive years, the Lingnan film market centered on Guangdong still holds potential for development. This paper attempts to trace the development trajectory of film in Hong Kong and Guangdong since the signing of CEPA in the new century, elucidating the new characteristics of film cultural integration and development. (shrink)

This study aims to enrich our understanding of the relationship between political connections and the adoption of environmental corporate socially responsible investments. In addition to the individual-level political connections, i.e., entrepreneurs’ personal ties to government officials, we propose in China the creation of Communist Party of China branches in privately owned firms serve as organizational and institutionalized dimensions of political connection building. Drawing on the social exchange theory, this paper details how CPC branches function in privately owned firms and how (...) entrepreneurs are motivated by the reciprocal logic to engage in ECSR. We also supplement this main effect by examining the boundary conditions of it at the firm and regional level. Using a dataset with 17,690 firm observations in China, we find that the existence of CPC branches gives rise to the ECSR investments and the firm-level contingencies such as centralized governance and financial constraints, and the regional-level contingencies such as the development of the market system, are important moderators that shape the association of political links and ECSR investments. These findings have ample implications to understand the ECSR activities and extend social exchange theory beyond the individual level on which it is typically applied. (shrink)

The demand for organ transplants, both globally and in South Korea, substantially exceeds the supply, a situation that might have been aggravated by the enactment of the Life-Sustaining Treatment Decision Act (LSTDA) in February 2018. This legislation may influence emergency medical procedures and the availability of organs from brain-dead donors. This study aimed to assess LSTDA’s impact, introduced in February 2018, on organ donation status in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients in a metropolitan city and identified related factors. We conducted (...) a retrospective analysis of a regional cardiac arrest registry. This study included patients aged 16 or older with cardiac arrest and a cerebral performance category (CPC) score of 5 from January 2015 to December 2022. The exclusion criteria were CPC scores of 1–4, patients under 16 years, and patients declared dead or transferred from emergency departments. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyse factors affecting organ donation. Of the 751 patients included in this study, 47 were organ donors, with a median age of 47 years. Before the LSTDA, there were 30 organ donations, which declined to 17 after its implementation. In the organ donation group, the causes of cardiac arrest included medical (34%), hanging (46.8%), and trauma (19.2%). The adjusted odds ratio for organ donation before the LSTDA implementation was 6.12 (95% CI 3.09–12.12), with non-medical aetiology as associated factors. The enactment of the LSTDA in 2018 in South Korea may be linked to reduced organ donations among patients with OHCA, underscoring the need to re-evaluate the medical and legal aspects of organ donation, especially considering end-of-life care decisions. (shrink)

In this paper we illustrate the expressive power of implication in classical propositional logic (CPC) by reworking the NP-hardness proof of the SAT problem from the point of view of implication as the primary connective. As a result two natural normal forms of implicational formulas emerge: conjunctions of implications CINF and INF where only implication and negation is used. Also, we provide a new, entirely proof-theoretic, demonstration of the result of Stålmarck that the classical validity problem for purely implicational formulas (...) is co-NP-complete. Our approach uses a new focused proof system for the implicational fragment of CPC and illustrates both the proof-theoretic and automata-theoretic aspects of classical implication. (shrink)

The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants monitors the misconduct of its members using the AICPA Code of Professional Conduct. To accomplish this task, the AICPA relies on various stakeholders to report known violations of its CPC. We examine the full population of sanctions imposed by the AICPA on its members under its CPC from 2008–2013 to identify recent trends in the misconduct of accounting professionals. While we find that multiple stakeholders identify and report violations, we also find that the (...) most common types of violations remain consistent with those reported in the 1990s. Further, we develop a taxonomy based on prior accounting literature to determine whether the AICPA CPC is being enforced to defend the public interest and/or the private interests of the accounting profession. In contrast to prior studies, our results suggest that as the accounting profession emerges from a recession and period of intense public scrutiny, the AICPA CPC is largely being enforced to defend the public interest. This public interest focus was most pronounced during the recessionary years of 2008–2010, as evident from misconduct reported by parties such as the Internal Revenue Service, Securities and Exchange Commission, Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, and state boards of accountancy. Although key stakeholders have recently focused on reporting misconduct that threatens the public interest, we believe there are still areas in need of improvement, especially around the level of detail provided in the AICPA’s sanction records. We propose some possible solutions to improve public transparency. (shrink)

We present an axiomatization for Basic Propositional Calculus BPC and give a completeness theorem for the class of transitive Kripke structures. We present several refinements, including a completeness theorem for irreflexive trees. The class of intermediate logics includes two maximal nodes, one being Classical Propositional Calculus CPC, the other being E1, a theory axiomatized by T → ⊥. The intersection CPC ∩ E1 is axiomatizable by the Principle of the Excluded Middle A V ∨ ⌝A. If B is a formula (...) such that (T → B) → B is not derivable, then the lattice of formulas built from one propositional variable p using only the binary connectives, is isomorphically preserved if B is substituted for p. A formula (T → B) → B is derivable exactly when B is provably equivalent to a formula of the form ((T → A) → A) → (T → A). (shrink)

This report summarises an eight-paper research programme that constructs, analyses, and defends a new class of spacetimes containing closed timelike curves (CTCs) — trajectories in spacetime that return to their own starting point, implying, in principle, travel to the past. The programme does not claim to have built a time machine. It proves, within classical general relativity and semiclassical quantum field theory, that a specific family of topological modifications to known exact solutions: (a) satisfies all classical energy conditions (no exotic (...) matter required), (b) produces genuine CTCs, and (c) reduces the quantum back-reaction that Hawking's Chronology Protection Conjecture (CPC) relies upon to suppress CTC formation by a precisely computed factor of 1/n — where n is an integer the designer controls. -/- The core physical idea is elegant. A helical identification — wrapping a spacetime on itself like the threads of a screw — forces all quantum fields on the interior to satisfy a topological mode constraint that removes exactly (1 − 1/n) of their degrees of freedom. Fewer modes means less stress-energy divergence at the chronology horizon. Whether this reduced divergence is enough to allow CTC formation without quantum destruction is the central open problem the programme precisely isolates, and it is a genuinely new question in semiclassical gravity. (shrink)

We perform a quantitative quantum field theory in curved spacetime (QFTCS) calculation of ⟨Tµν⟩ren at the inner Cauchy horizon r− of the near-extremal Kerr spacetime with the helical Zn identification of Ref. [1]. Two independent suppression mechanisms for the Kay–Radzikowski–Wald (KRW) divergence [8] are established. Mechanism 1 (primary): the Zn identification restricts scalar, electromagnetic, and gravitational field modes to the diagonal sublattice Dn = {(k, m) : k ≡ m (mod n)} of density 1/n in Z 2 . This gives (...) an exact 1/n suppression of the overall coefficient of the image-sum two-point function on Mfint (exact in the two-point function structure, independent of background curvature), and a leading-order 1/n suppression of Re⟨Tµν⟩ (n) ren with O(β) curvature corrections identified as open computation 1 (Claim ?? of Ref. [4]). This result is non-local by construction: it operates through the global Hadamard two-point function via the method of images and is independent of any local observer property. Mechanism 2 (secondary, conditional): for τ > τthresh = πa( √ 2 − 1), the CTC orbit is radially geodesic, eliminating the per-traversal Unruh thermal amplification that drives the blueshift cascade. The geodesic mechanism suppresses the Unruh component of the divergence and is secondary: Mechanism 1 alone is sufficient for the main conclusion. At n = nmax ∼ a/ℓP for M = 108M⊙, a ≳ 0.99M, Mechanism 1 alone gives horizon destruction timescale tdest ∼ 10300 yr ≫ tHubble. Adding Mechanism 2 (τ > τthresh) further suppresses ⟨Tµν⟩ren to ∼ 6 × 10−117 J m−3 (∼ 10−230 of the Planck energy density), rendering the estimate conservative. We establish three results rigorously and identify two open computations. The Zn identification is imposed on the interior vacuum Mint only; the no-surgery principle [1] ensures the exterior asymptotically flat Kerr metric is unaffected, and the Israel junction conditions at the boundary Σ1 are satisfied exactly. The nmax UV cutoff arises from the Planck-time CTC-orbit condition, not from an ad hoc truncation, and constitutes a physical UV bound whose covariant status is discussed explicitly. The near-extremal (a ≳ 0.99M, not a = M) regime keeps κ− > 0 throughout, so the near-horizon plane-wave approximation is controlled, improving monotonically as a → M− without reaching the degenerate NHEK limit. (shrink)

We present a unified account of a programme of seven papers studying whether the Kay– Radzikowski–Wald (KRW) quantum back-reaction actually enforces Hawking’s Chronology Protection Conjecture (CPC) in finite, asymptotically flat, classically well-behaved closed timelike curve (CTC) spacetimes. The programme establishes a precise distinction between CPC-existence (the KRW theorem: a divergence exists) and CPC-enforcement (the divergence destroys the CTC region on a physically relevant timescale), and shows that the latter is not guaranteed by any existing theorem for any of the constructions (...) studied. Two independent suppression mechanisms are identified and developed. Topological suppression: the helical Zn identification imposes a joint parity constraint on scalar field modes, reducing the KRW divergence coefficient by exactly 1/n at leading UV order (proved via an exact polylogarithm vanishing identity). The mode constraint is topologically robust against any modification of the dispersion relation. For near-extremal supermassive Kerr (M ≳ 106M⊙, a ≳ 0.99M) with Znmax identification (nmax ∼ a/ℓP ), the horizon destruction timescale satisfies τdest ∼ 10300 yr ≫ τHubble. Geometric suppression: the geodesic cap construction places regular (α > 0) closed timelike curves in a spacetime where Γr φφ = 0 throughout the CTC region, eliminating the per-traversal Unruh amplification that drives the blueshift cascade. A new Geodesic–Singularity Inseparability Theorem proves this mechanism is impossible in the asymptotically flat vacuum spinning string class without matter. The two mechanisms are proved to be logically independent and can be combined: Zn identification of the geodesic cap interior gives ⟨Tμν⟩ren ∼ (1/n)⟨TCasimir⟩ with zero Unruh component. Four open problems are precisely scoped: the KRW coefficient CJR for the troposkein (jump-rope) construction; O(β) corrections on the H2 background; the junction Bogoliubov calculation for the geodesic cap; and the Ernst Vortex pure-vacuum compact toroidal CTC. (shrink)

The Cabin Pressure Control System is an essential part of the aviation environmental control system that ensures aircraft structure and flight crew safety. However, the CPCS usually has potential faults of sensors and actuators. To this end, a Simple Adaptive Control- based reconfiguration method is proposed to compensate for the above adverse effects. Some good pressure control performance of CPCS can be achieved by the basic pressure controller when the system is in normal operation. A parallel feedforward compensator is designed (...) to guarantee the closed-loop system’s stability and the almost strictly positive realness of the augmented system. Thus, the simple adaptive controller can be utilized for the CPCS. In particular, the reconfiguration system can update the control law online when the fault occurs without the system identification process. The reference model is obtained by mathematical model linearization after considering the mechanical characteristics of the CPCS. Extensive simulations under various typical fault scenarios are carried out throughout the entire flight envelope of the aircraft from take-off to landing. Simulation results validate the robustness and reconfiguration control capability of the proposed method. (shrink)

The article explores the critical role of the judicial mindset in applying Lithuania’s Civil Procedure Code (CPC). It addresses why, nearly 30 years after the CPC’s adoption, specific procedural innovations from Western legal traditions remain underutilised. A key factor is that judges’ perspectives on procedural law have not fully evolved, with some still influenced by Soviet-era civil procedure paradigms. The article also outlines strategies to accelerate shifts in judicial thinking for more effective implementation of the CPC.

The neuro-cognitive appraisal of different linguistic constructions is an ongoing global research agenda, being pursued in different disciplines of linguistics, including cognitive, psycho-neuro as well as in formal linguistics. In this study, we focus on the acoustic and neuro-cognitive features of a special type of linguistic constructions, which are very much predominant in languages of Southeast Asian families. Here, multi-verb constructions are broadly classified into two categories, namely, complex predicate constructions (CPC) and serial verb constructions (SVC). In this study, we (...) try to quantify how the different natures of events—given by CPC and SVC—are acoustically different from one another and also how they are construed neuro-cognitively by the native speakers of the language that exhibit this phenomenon. For this, we take the help of a host of new tools and techniques that have emerged and evolved over the course of the past couple of decades for neuro-psychological human response analysis and biosensors like EEG analysis, etc. The techniques used in this study involve conventional linear spectral analysis techniques coupled with robust nonlinear analysis which provides us with in-depth information about how the processing of event construals occurs in the human brain and also the time scale of processing. For the present study, we chose to work on complex predicate and serial verb constructions in Bengali. A corpus of 100 utterances (50 CPCs and 50 SVCs) was prepared with recordings taken from 10 native Bengali speakers. An EEG study coupled with a human response survey was conducted on 5 participants with the multi-verbs being presented in the form of a visual stimulus. The visual stimulus included word level and sentential layer multi-verbs being presented to the participants randomly. EEG spectral power was extracted from the eight electrodes chosen for our study and a comparative analysis was carried out for the two types of multi-verb constructions. In this context, a robust nonlinear technique called Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) was also applied to find the neural signal complexity associated with the processing of words and sentences belonging to the two classes of multi-verbs. The study presents first-of-its-kind human response and EEG data corresponding to two types of multi-verb processing in the Bengali language. (shrink)

Habermas (2023) analisa uma nova mudança estrutural da esfera pública. Em razão disso, supomos uma esfera pública processual em mutação. Para argumentar, optamos pela leitura do Código de Processo Civil (CPC) em sintonia com Habermas (2023). No plano normativo, o processo é regulado pela Constituição Federal e pelo Código de Processo Civil. Em termos físicos, ele é composto de peças processuais redigidas em papel ou de peças processuais digitalizadas, pois a maioria dos tribunais brasileiros adotou o processo 100% digital. Em (...) termos funcionais, os tribunais adotam o processo como instrumento da jurisdição (devido processo legal). Nesse contexto, a regulação dos atos digitais importa para a existência válida e regular do processo. Por outro lado, a nova esfera pública processual regula a participação dos sujeitos processuais (autor, réu, juiz, servidores, promotores, advogados e defensores públicos, etc.). Essa participação vem sofrendo coerções normativas do tipo: interpretação conforme valores e normas fundamentais estabelecidas na Constituição Federal, solução consensual de conflitos, solução integral do mérito, comportamento de acordo com a boa-fé, dever de cooperação entre si, paridade de tratamento, ônus de argumentação das partes e ônus de avaliação dos argumentos pelo juiz. Podemos acrescentar a utilização das provas digitais e as audiências telepresenciais. Com esse aporte normativo e teórico, intuímos o processo como instrumento dessa esfera pública processual, na qual participam sujeitos com ônus argumentativos e a possibilidade de influenciar o convencimento e as deliberações judiciais. Portanto, a nova esfera pública processual denota o direito de participação e de influência, tal como deduzimos em Habermas. (shrink)

The construction of faculty profession in China is the key prerequisite for training high-quality innovative faculty and paying attention to the development of faculty. The development of faculty in China is particularly concerned with the construction of university faculty ethics. Chinese government has always attached great importance to the construction of faculty’s ethics in colleges and universities. Since the 19th National Congress of CPC, Chinese government has put the importance of faculty development in a prominent position. Chinese government focuses on (...) the construction of faculty’s morality and faculty’s ethics in higher education system with Chinese characteristics. In recent years, China has successively carried out a series of practical regulations and carried out a couple of activities, such as faculty morality construction, to continue to deepen faculty’s ideological and political idea and belief. (shrink)

ExcerptEvery new Chinese leader considers it his duty to make his contribution to state administration theory, which, while formally considered to be Marxist, is moving ever further away from the classical doctrines of Marx and Engels and from their Soviet, Leninist-Stalinist version. Chinese party theoreticians explain that it is the changing situation and specific nature of Chinese society, and not just the ambitions of the country’s leaders, that create the need for new theories. It is no coincidence that a whole (...) section of Xi Jinping’s report to the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) was devoted to the “Sinification” (中国化) and “modernization” (时代化) of Marxism, which, together, are acknowledged as one of the CPC’s most important achievements in the field of theory. (shrink)

Freedom, equality, justice and rule of law, four of the twelve core values advocated by the CPC, are the value requirements in social aspect, which provide a definite answer to the question of what society is to be built in China. These four values are a reflection of the nature of a socialist society, an embodiment of the cultural-ethical elements of socialism with Chinese characters, a voice from contemporary Chinese people’s heart and a revelation of the values pursued in the (...) contemporary society of China. (shrink)

Using national longitudinal data from the China Family Panel StudiesChina Family Panel Studies (CFPS) from 2010 to 2021, this study investigates the association between membership in the Communist Party of China (CPCCommunist Party of China (CPC)) and managerial promotionsManagerial promotion in ChinaChina. The study employs the random-effectsRandom-Effects (RE) model with lagged variablesLagged variable and applies the propensity score matchingPropensity Score Matching (PSM) method to address endogeneityEndogeneity problems. The results suggest that the probability of managerial promotionsManagerial promotionamong CPCCommunist Party of China (...) (CPC) members is higher than that of non-CPCCommunist Party of China (CPC) members. Furthermore, CPC membership’sCPC membership positive effect on managerial promotionsManagerial promotion in the public sectorPublic sector is greater than that in the private sectorPrivate sector. These conclusions are reaffirmed through several robustness and sensitivity checksSensitivity check. The results indicate that the managerial promotionManagerial promotion in ChinaChina is significantly affected by the grassroots CPCCommunist Party of China (CPC) organizations in workplaces. (shrink)

ExcerptSignificant political changes are taking place in contemporary China. The current Chinese leader, Xi Jinping, has decisively changed the system for the succession of power established by Deng Xiaoping, the architect of Chinese reforms. Xi has eliminated the two-term limit on the presidency that was introduced to the Chinese constitution in 1982. He has centralized the system of governance significantly, reinforced the role of Party bodies in relation to state bodies, and transferred the main decision-making function from the traditional ministries (...) and the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee departments to numerous governing groups, most of which he personally heads. In foreign policy, Xi has effectively abandoned the principle of “keeping a low profile and biding your time” (tao guang yang hui) put forward by Deng Xiaoping. According to official Chinese ideology, the new theory of government is one of the foundations of the “Xi Jinping thought” that, along with the provisions of the founders of Marxism and some other Chinese leaders, should guide the people of China. This provision was enshrined in the country’s constitution in 2018. However, the most important change, from the point of view of the Chinese authorities, was the implementation of a multifaceted government reform that foreign observers dubbed the “fifth modernization.”1. (shrink)

The concluding chapter draws together the main insights, stressing the continuities and identifying the new developments. In terms of continuities, I begin with enmeshed governance, in the sense that—as Engels pointed out—the organs of governance stand in the midst of society. We find this emerging in actual practice with the Soviet Union’s Primary Party Organisations, the DPRK’s Chongsanri and Taean methods in agriculture and industry, and through the deep enmeshment of grassroots Party branches in China. The second continuity concerns depoliticised (...) elections and electoral democracy in socialist countries, with the result that the criteria for election become competence, experience, and merit. Through enmeshed governance and depoliticised elections, we find the characteristic dialectic of socialist governance in terms of consultative (including grassroots) and electoral democracy. The next topic moves to new developments beyond Marx and especially Engels. In the Soviet Union it became clear that the leadership of the Communist Party is an inescapable feature of socialist governance and democracy. Although there was a singular political party in the Soviet Union, in the DPRK and China there are multiple political parties in light of the united front experience of anti-colonial struggle for national liberation. For the Communist Party to lead in an effective and legitimate way, socialist rule of law is a must. While we find elements of rule of law in the Soviet Union and the DPRK, it has achieved it fullest development in China, where the constitution and complete rule-of-law procedures apply for CPC leadership. The final section broaches the question of the common good, in terms common prosperity, a people-centred approach, the “two combinations” of two-person mindedness (仁 ren) and the many Marxist permutations of “common,” and unity in diversity. I close by asking how different systems of governance and democracy may be evaluated. (shrink)

The final case study concerns the leadership of the Communist Party, with a focus on grassroots Party building. The local Party branch is the foundation and stronghold of the Communist Party, and when the branch is vigorous and unified, so is the Party. This chapter has four sections. The first is devoted to a careful and explanatory analysis of the Regulations for the Work of Branches of the Communist Party of China, which were promulgated in a trial version in 2018. (...) Of interest here is the dialectical nature of the Party branch, which is both unified with the Central Committee and thoroughly democratic, creative, and innovative; the ten types of Party branches; the tasks and responsibilities of branches; and their comprehensive democratic practices. The second section focuses on one type of grassroots Party branch: the industrial enterprise branch. After dealing with branches in non-public enterprises, I analyse educational activities, especially those surrounding the centenary of the CPC. The final topic of this section deals with the consistent focus on the working masses, not merely since these enterprise branches are composed of many types of industrial worker, but also because such branches focus on the well-being of all workers and their families in the enterprise. The third and fourth sections of the chapter concern the enhanced roles of the Party branch secretary, drawing on some first-hand accounts, and the role of trade unions in a socialist system. (shrink)

The Western liberal view of human rights has been imposed by the West on the rest of the world as universal values applicable to all cultures and traditions. This paper argues that the Chinese Marxist approach provides an alternative conceptualization of human rights, which entails anti-hegemonic sovereignty, and prioritization of social and economic rights over others. It begins with distinction between false universal and genuine universal to illustrate that the West-promoted universal is false rather than genuine. Western liberal view of (...) human rights is critiqued, followed by different perspectives on sovereignty and human rights. Anti-hegemonic sovereignty, this paper maintains, is a prerequisite for human rights improvements. The right to socio-economic well-being is a top priority for the Chinese government, as Chinese cultural traditions, Confucianism for example, value social and economic rights. The West-touted human rights discourse is intended to retain Western hegemony and seek global dominance. The Communist Party of China (CPC) has strived for human rights on behalf of the Chinese people through such projects as reform and opening-up, poverty alleviation, common prosperity, and Belt and Road Initiative, among other programs. This paper concludes that the Chinese Marxist approach goes beyond the debates over cultural relativism and Western-style “universalism”, and provides an alternative that features genuine universality and privileges the right to socio-economic well-being. (shrink)

R. Suszko’s Sentential Calculus with Identity \( SCI \) results from classical propositional calculus \( CPC \) by adding a new connective \(\equiv \) and axioms for identity \(\varphi \equiv \psi \) (which we interpret here as ‘propositional identity’). We reformulate the original semantics of \( SCI \) using Boolean prealgebras which, introduced in different ways, are known in the literature as structures for the modeling of (hyper-) intensional semantics. We regard intensionality here as a measure for the discernibility of (...) propositions (and hyperintensionality as a high degree of intensionality). As concrete examples of \( SCI \) -based intensional modeling, we review and study algebraic semantics of some Lewis-style modal logics in the vicinity of \( S3 \) and present conditions under which those modal systems can be restored, in a precise sense, as certain axiomatic extensions of \( SCI \). This generalizes work of Suszko which is focused on the modal systems \( S4 \) and \( S5 \). Our approach is particularly intended as a proposal to consider and to further study \( SCI \) (and its extensions) as a general framework for the modeling of (hyper-) intensional semantics. (shrink)

ExcerptThe analysis proposed by this article aims to produce, through textual analysis and comparison, a panoramic view of the meanings that the term daobi (倒逼) has acquired over the decades since its introduction in 1989 in scholarly research and subsequently in 2003 in the official terminology of the CPC. Daobi can mean “pressure,” “reverse force,” “reversal of pressure,” “occasioning,” or “nudging.” So far, though lacking awareness of daobi, concepts such as “Sino-centric consultative Leninism”1 or “inclusive authoritarianism”2 do indicate several points (...) that overlap with the aspects covered by daobi; yet an exaggerated, exclusive focus on such etic terms from Western scholarship can reify the Chinese subject matter. Centering instead on the dynamic interplay between Chinese politics and its emic self-descriptions, and pursuing an immanent critique, this article will trace the stages of development of daobi in the Chinese ideological landscape. The article will present daobi’s transformation from a scholarly concept with limited applicability to a political concept included in the lexicon of the CPC. Daobi has been developed in multiple directions by Chinese leaders Hu Jintao and, even more forcefully, Xi Jinping. This development has endowed it with many new attributes and a new potential for applicability in various domains at the national and international levels. The critical implication of daobi not only reveals the dynamic interplay between top and down, but also embodies the self-rectifying mechanism and immanent critique of the CPC, which emphasizes transforming critique into a constructive force. (shrink)

In his book from 1984 Horst Wessel presents the system of strict logical consequence Fs (see also (Wessel, 1979)). The author maintained that this system axiomatized the relation |=s of strict logical consequence between formulas of Classical Propositional Calculi (CPC). Let |= be the classical consequence relation in CPC. The relation |=s is defined as follows: phi |=s psi iff phi |= psi, every variable from psi occurs in phi and neither phi is a contradiction nor psi is a tautology. (...) Clearly, if phi |=s psi, then neither phi is a tautology nor psi is a contradiction. Intuitions connected with the relation |=s were presented in (Wessel, 1984). The analysis of the relation |=s is also carried out in (Pietruszczak, 2004). In the present paper we will show that the system Fs is not a complete axiomatization of the relation |=s. Moreover, we will present the system VF s that is an «extension to completeness» of the Fs. (shrink)

PurposeTo explore the changes of cerebral blood flow and fractional anisotropy in stroke patients with motor dysfunction after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment, and to better understand the role of rTMS on motor rehabilitation of subcortical stroke patients from the perfusion and structural level.Materials and MethodsIn total, 23 first-episode acute ischemic stroke patients and sixteen healthy controls were included. The patients were divided into the rTMS and sham group. The rehabilitation assessments and examination of perfusion and structural MRI were performed (...) before and after rTMS therapy for each patient. Voxel-based analysis was used to detect the difference in CBF and FA among all three groups. The Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to evaluate the relationship between the CBF/FA value and the motor scales.ResultsAfter rTMS, significantly increased CBF was found in the ipsilesional supplementary motor area, postcentral gyrus, precentral gyrus, pons, medulla oblongata, contralesional midbrain, superior cerebellar peduncle, and middle cerebellar peduncle compared to that during the prestimulation and in the sham group, these fasciculi comprise the cortex-pontine-cerebellum-cortex loop. Besides, altered CBF in the ipsilesional precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus, and pons was positively associated with the improved Fugl-Meyer assessment scores. Significantly decreased FA was found in the contralesional precentral gyrus, increased FA was found in the ipsilesional postcentral gyrus, precentral gyrus, contralesional supplementary motor area, and bilateral cerebellum, these fasciculi comprise the corticospinal tract. The change of FMA score was positively correlated with altered FA value in the ipsilesional postcentral gyrus and negatively correlated with altered FA value in the contralesional precentral gyrus.ConclusionOur results suggested that rTMS could facilitate the motor recovery of stroke patients. High frequency could promote the improvement of functional activity of ipsilesional CPC loop and the recovery of the microstructure of CST. (shrink)

The chief political philosophy of Sun Yat-sen 孫 逸 仙 (1866-1925), the famed San Min doctrine (三民主義,lit. the Three Principles of the People), has over the years been subject to ample academic speculation on its true connotations. Sun's views on the question of labour, communism, Marxism, Leninism, etc., disseminated through the minsheng ( 民 生) constituent of his ideology, is particularly notorious for its ambiguity. Strikingly, even the term "minsheng" per se has been translated and interpreted in many ways, sometimes (...) as "socialism," other times as a much more Confucian-imbued "people's livelihood. "Three periods deemed crucial in de development of Sun's minsheng doctrine are singled out in this article for further investigation: 1905, the year Sun Yat-sen initially elaborated on the San Min doctrine (incl. minsheng); 1921, the year Sun published his The International Development of China (Shiye jihua 實業計畫) after two years of isolated self-reflection in Shanghai; and 1924, when Sun systemized his ideas to some extent during the First United Front (di yi ci Guo Gong hezuo 第 一 次 国 共 合 作, 1923-1927) between his KMT and the CPC under Soviet auspices. Special attention will be given to the last period, where Sun's ideas vis- à -vis Marxism allegedly underwent a noteworthy transformation during the summer of 1924. The argument will be made that an ideological evolution in Sun's discourse is indeed present during this summer, but not at all unanticipated when one takes Sun's citations of 1905 and 1921 in mind and considers his inspirators. (shrink)

Zhongdong Railway Incident was an unfortunate event that caused Sino-soviet war. The responsibility was on both sides, but China should take the main responsibility. Northeast local authorities and Zhang Xueliang were the main policy makers, and Nanjing government took an attitude of active encouragement and support. The dispute of two slogans “Supporting Soviet union” and "Guarding Soviet union with armed forces" was established four months later, and the resolution ended with expelling Chen Duxiu from the Party membership. Liu Shaoqi, Secretary (...) of CPC Provincial Committee of Manchuria successfully led workers in winning the war under extremely dangerous and complex circumstance. He not only showed a firm proletarian position, rich fighting experiences and flexible struggle strategy, but also provided valuable experiences for CPC's leading workers to struggle in the white area. (shrink)

Generally believed that "theory of continuing revolution under the dictatorship of the proletariat" is a "Cultural Revolution" guiding ideology, which in ten years the "Cultural Revolution" period has been widely publicized, has written to the Chinese Communists "nine", "Top Ten", "Eleventh large "by the political report and constitution, but also to write the fourth and fifth National People's Congress meeting adopted constitutional changes, the impact is huge. When it was proposed that "the history of Marxism has set a third great (...) milestone," and after more than ten years later, "since the founding of the party on a number of resolutions on the question of history" has made ​​it a completely different assessment that It is the "leftist" errors and this should be "resolutely corrected." In this paper, the editorial "October Socialist Revolution opened up along the path," CPC "nine", Hua Guofeng, the Third Plenum and "since the founding of the party on a number of resolutions on the question of history," as the coordinates of the tracking the fate of its history and study. q "The Theory on Continuing the Revolution under the Leadership of Proletarians" is commonly regarded as the guiding ideology of the Cultural Revolution. Widely publicized during the decade-long Cultural Revolution, it has been incorporated into the Chinese Communist Party's constitution and the People's Republic of China's constitution for numerous times and has exerted a great influence on the state. By the time it was initially proposed in 1967, it was regarded as' the third landmark in the history of Marxism. But it was subject to a completely different fate more than ten years later as it was labeled "pinko" and was required to he "corrected" in Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic of China. This paper aims to conduct an investigation of the historical fate of "the Theory on Continuing the Revolution under the Dictatorship of Proletarians" with reference to the following texts: Go Ahead Along the Way Inaugurated by October Socialist Revolution, Report of the Ninth National Congress of the CPC, Hua Guofeng's Talkings, Report of the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic of China. (shrink)

Analysis of the use of the key term the people shows that it has varied both semantically and syntactically along the time-line of the evolution of the CPC.

There is a unique relationship between Maoist policies and philosophy. This uniqueness is idue, on the one hand, to the pedagogical orientation of the CPC, and to the essential role of the cultural revolution, on the other.

In The Report to the Seventeenth Congress of the Communist Party of China (December 31, 2007) it is pointed out: “Promote Chinese culture and build the common spiritual home for the Chinese nation. Chinese culture has been an unfailing driving force for the Chinese nation to keep its unity and make progress from generation to generation. … We will further publicize the fine traditions of Chinese culture … and enhance the influence of Chinese culture worldwide.” In The Report to the (...) Sixteenth Congress of the Communist Party of China (November 17, 2002) it is pointed out: “National spirit is the moral kingpin on which a nation relies for survival and development. Without an inspiring spirit and lofty character, it is impossible for a nation to stand proudly in the family of nations. For more than 5000 years, the Chinese nation has evolved a great national spirit centering on patriotism and featuring unity and solidarity, love of peace, industry, courage and ceaseless self-improvement.” In The Communique of the Sixth Plenum of the 16th CPC Central Committee (October 11, 2006) it is pointed out: “Carry forward the content of our traditional culture that is conducive to social harmony, and form moral norms and behavioral norms in line with traditional virtues and the spirit of the time.”. (shrink)

Introduction At the 4th Plenum of the Communist Party of China (CPC), held in September 2004, the CCP set out on a new self-declared path to establish itself as a permanent “governing party” (zhizheng dang) instead of remaining a “revolutionary” party.1 The 36-page resolution on the Enhancement of the Party's Governance Capability says that China's reform and development have reached a critical stage in which new situations and new problems are mushrooming.2 The CPC concedes that it needs to enhance its (...) governance capability to consolidate its ruling status and meet domestic and global challenges. A new…. (shrink)

It is well known that, in the terminology of Moschovakis, Descriptive set theory (1980), every adequate normed pointclass closed under ∀ω has an effective version of the generalized reduction property (GRP) called the easy uniformization property (EUP). We prove a dual result: every adequate normed pointclass closed under ∃ω has the EUP. Moschovakis was concerned with the descriptive set theory of subsets of Polish topological spaces. We set up a general framework for parts of descriptive set theory and prove results (...) that have as special cases not only the just-mentioned topological results, but also corresponding results concerning the descriptive set theory of classes of structures. Vaught (1973) asked whether the class of cPCδ classes of countable structures has the GRP. It does. A cPC(A) class is the class of all models of a sentence of the form ¬∃K̄φ, where φ is a sentence of L∞ω that is in A and K̄ is a set of relation symbols that is in A. Vaught also asked whether there is any primitive recursively closed set A such that some effective version of the GRP holds for the class of cPC(A) classes of countable structures. There is: The class of cPC(A) classes of countable structures has the EUP if ω ∈ A and A is countable and primitive recursively closed. Those results and some extensions are obtained by first showing that the relevant classes of classes of structures, which Vaught showed normed, are in a suitable sense adequate and closed under ∃ω, and then applying the dual easy uniformization theorem. (shrink)