Enhancing synchronization among people when synchronization is lacking is believed to improve their social skills, learning processes, and proficiency in musical rhythmic development. Greater synchronization among people can be induced to improve the rhythmic interaction of a system with multiple dancing robots that dance to a drum beat. A series of experiments were conducted to examine the human–human synchrony between persons that participated in musical sessions with robots. In this study, we evaluated: (a) the effect of the number of robots (...) on a subject’s ability to synchronize with an experimenter; (b) the effect of the type of robot synchrony, namely, whether the robots did or did not represent the subject’s rhythm; (c) the effect of an in-sync and out-of-sync robot on a subject’s behavior. We found that: (a) three robots increased the level of synchronization between the subject and experimenter and their enjoyment level; (b) robots may induce greater synchronization between the subject and experimenter by reproducing the rhythms of not only the experimenter but also of the subject compared to when only the experimenter’s rhythms had been reproduced; (c) the robots in-sync had greater influence on the natural rhythm of the subject. (shrink)

Energy and mass are generally interpreted as difFerent properties of matter, for instance: the energy of a particle ¡s generally interpreted as a measure of its capacity to do work. The law of the equivalence of mass and energy does not imply that mass is sometimes converted into energy or vice versa, but states that the changes in ene are accompanied by corresponding changes in the other, inertial mass and energy being proportional to each other; E = m • c. (...) The law of conservation of mass is, therefore, equivalent to the law of conservation of energy and they are sometimes combined together and called the law of conservation of mass-energy. The proportionality between the relativistic mass and energy leads to the fact that the statement on the conservation of the total relativistic mass of particles is the statement on the conservation of the total energy using the relation between the relativistic mass and energy. Accordingly we can analyse the philosophical reasons of the relativistic dynamic. But this examination implicates a review on the causality principie, because we aspire to the new philosophical contained for the relativistic arguments. (shrink)

Las naciones y pueblos indígenas presentan preocupantes índices respecto a la salud, así como otras carencias como la pérdida de sus tierras, la alimentación, la educación y, en general, el ejercicio de sus derechos, consagrados por organizaciones internacionales como la ONU y la OMS-OPS. En Ecuador, de acuerdo con el orden jurídico constitucional, se han instrumentado políticas de salud que incluyen el lineamiento general de un enfoque intercultural de la atenciónprimaria que incorpora los saberes y prácticas ancestrales. Mediante una revisión (...) documental se examina la situación actual de la salud y la atención primaria entre las etnias indígenas del Ecuador. De este análisis se desprenden consideraciones para las políticas públicas de salud, la formación intercultural de los profesionales de los equipos de salud y, en especial, la articulación de las creencias, saberes y prácticas de la cultura de las etnias para la atención primaria de salud. Palabras Clave: Etnia, nacionalidad indígena, pueblo indígena, derecho a la salud, atención primaria. Referencias [1]Asamblea General de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, «Resolución 48/134 de la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Derechos de los pueblos y naciones indígenas,» de Asamblea General Resolución 48/134, New York, 2009. [2]Organización Panamericana de la Salud, «Derechos Humanos y Salud de los pueblos indígenas,» Organización Panamericana de la Salud, New York, 2008. [3]Alto Comisionado para los Derechos Humanos de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, Declaración de las Naciones Unidas sobre los derechos de los pueblos indígenas. Manual para las instituciones nacionales de Derechos Humanos, Nueva York: Alto Comisionado de los Derechos Humanos de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, 2013. [4]C. Torres Parodi y M. Bolis, «Evolución del concepto etnia/raza y su impacto en la formulación de políticas públicas para la equidad,» Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, vol. 22, nº 3, pp. 405-414, 2007. [5]IIDH-OPS, «Salud indígena y derechos humanos,» OPS, Quito, 2006. [6]Organización Panamericana de la Salud, «Iniciativa de la Salud para los Pueblos Indígenas. Lineamientos estratégicos. Plan de acción 2003-2007,» Organización Mundial de la Salud, Quito, 2003. [7]Consejo Mundial de las Iglesias, «Segunda Asamblea Mundial de la Salud de los Pueblos,» Consejo Mundial de las Iglesias, Quito, 2005. [8]Grupo Internacional de Trabajo sobre asuntos indígenas, Instituto de Promoción de Estudios Sociales, Fundación Diversidad, «El Derecho a la Salud de los pueblos indígenas en aislamiento y en contacto inicial,» Grupo Internacional de Trabajo sobre Asuntos Indígenas, Quito, 2007. [9]Organización Panamericana de la Salud, «Salud de los pueblos indígenas de las Américas,» OPS, Quito, 1998. [10]Organización Inernacional del Trabajo, «Convenio número 169 de la OIT. sobre pueblos indígenas y tribales: hacia un futuro inclusivo, sostenible y justo.,» OIT, New York, 2019. [11]L. Almeida Vera, «Fundamentación del modelo de gestión intercultural ecuatoriana en la atención primaria desalud,» Medisam, vol. 8, nº 18, pp. 46-61, 2014. [12]Organización Internacional del Trabajo, «Implementación del Convenio núm 169 de la OIT sobre los pueblos indígenas y tribales: Hacia un futuro inclusivo, sostenible y justo,» OIT, New York, 2019. [13]C. Eysaguirre, Proceso de incorporación de la medicina tradicional, alternativa y complementaria en las prácticas oficiales de la salud. Tesis Magister Antropología, Lima: Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2016. [14]Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación, «Sobre la salud y la seguridad de los pueblos indígenas en riesgo debido al coronavirus,» FAO, New York, 2020. [15]Enlace Continental de Mujeres Indígenas de las Américas, Alianza de Mujeres Indígenas de Centroamérica y México, Red de Mujeres Indígenas Asiáticas, Organización de Mujeres Indígenas Africanas, «Llamado colectivo de las mujeres indógenas ante el COVID 19. Foro Internacional de Mujeres Indígenas,» ONU, New York, 2020. [16]Laboratorio de interculturalidad FLACSO Ecuador, Etnohistoria de los pueblos y nacionalidades originarias del Ecuador, Quito: FLACSO Ecuador, 2015. [17]UNICEF, Nacionalidades y pueblos indígenas. Políticas interculturales en Ecuador, Quito: UNICEF, 2009. [18]República del Ecuador, «Constitución de la República del Ecuador,» de 2008, Quito, 2008. [19]S. Ramírez Hita, «Políticas de salud basadas en el concepto de multiculturalidad: los centros de salud intercultural en el altiplano boliviano,» Avá Revista de Antropología, vol. 14, nº 2, pp. 1-28, 2009. [20]E. Arteaga, M. San Sebastián y A. Amores, «Construcción participativa de indicadores de la implementación del modelo de salud intercultural en el cantón Loreto, Ecuador,» Saúde em Debate, vol. 36, nº 94, pp. 402-413, 2012. [21]L. Véliz Rojas, A. Bianchetti Saavedra y M. Silva Fernández, «Competencias interculturales en la atención primaria de salud: un desafío para la educación superior frente a contextos de diversidad cultural,» Cuadernos de Saúde Pública, vol. 35, nº 1, pp. 62-71, 2019. [22]C. Walsh, Interculturalidad: Estado, sociedad: luchas decoloniales de nuestra época, Quito: Abya Yala UASB, 2015. [23]E. Ortiz Prado y G. Ceballos Serra, «Marco estratégico para la protección de los pueblos indígenas en aislamiento voluntario y contacto inicial. Consultoría sobre situación de salud de los pueblos indígenas en aislamiento y contacto inicial en el Ecuador,» Organización del Tratado de Cooperación Amazónica, Quito, 2014. [24]J. Betancurt, A. Green, J. Carrillo y Anane-Firempong, «Defining Cultural competence: a practical framework for adressing racial/ethnic disparities in health and health care,» Public Health, vol. 118, nº 2, pp. 293-302, 2016. [25]R. Ceballos, A. Amores y R. Rojas, Prestación de servicios de salud en zonas con pueblos indígenas, Quito: Programa Regional de Salud de los Pueblos Indígenas, 2009. [26]L. Pereira de Melo, «A contemporaneidade da teoría do cuidado cultural de Madeleine Leininger: una perspectiva geohistórica,» Ensaios e Ciencia: ciencias biológicas, agrarias e da Saúde, vol. 14, nº 2, pp. 21-32, 2010. [27]C. Rohrbach-Viadas, «Introducción a la teoría de los cuidados culturales enfermeros de la diversidad y la universalidad de Madeleine Leininger,» Revista Cultura del cuidado, vol. 2, nº 3, pp. 32-46, 1998. [28]O. Aguilar Guzmán, I. Carrasco González, M. García Piña, A. Saldívar y R. Ostiguín Meléndez, «Madeleine Leininger: análisis de sus fundamentos teóricos,» Revista de Enfermería Universitaria, vol. 4, nº 2, pp. 26-32, 2007. (shrink)

Malware is a sophisticated, malicious, and sometimes unidentifiable application on the network. The classifying network traffic method using machine learning shows to perform well in detecting malware. In the literature, it is reported that this good performance can depend on a reduced set of network features. This study presents an empirical evaluation of two statistical methods of reduction and selection of features in an Android network traffic dataset using six supervised algorithms: Naïve Bayes, support vector machine, multilayer perceptron neural network, (...) decision tree, random forest, and K-nearest neighbors. The principal component analysis and logistic regression methods with p value were applied to select the most representative features related to the time properties of flows and features of bidirectional packets. The selected features were used to train the algorithms using binary and multiclass classification. For performance evaluation and comparison metrics, precision, recall, F-measure, accuracy, and area under the curve were used. The empirical results show that random forest obtains an average accuracy of 96% and an AUC-ROC of 0.98 in binary classification. For the case of multiclass classification, again random forest achieves an average accuracy of 87% and an AUC-ROC over 95%, exhibiting better performance than the other machine learning algorithms. In both experiments, the 13 most representative features of a mixed set of flow time properties and bidirectional network packets selected by LR were used. In the case of the other five classifiers, their results in terms of precision, recall, and accuracy, are competitive with those obtained in related works, which used a greater number of input features. Therefore, it is empirically evidenced that the proposed method for the selection of features, based on statistical techniques of reduction and extraction of attributes, allows improving the identification performance of malware traffic, discriminating it from the benign traffic of Android applications. (shrink)

In this article, the manuscript of Codex Madrid I, Leonardo da Vinci's workshop drawings collection, is reviewed and the main mechanisms that appear in the aforesaid codex are analysed. It begins with a short reference to Leonardo da Vinci works and, subsequently, Leonardo's manuscripts and Codex Madrid I, in particular, are placed in their historical context. After analysing the historical scope of Codex Madrid I, a compilation of the 100 main drawings of the manuscript is made, composing nine Mechanisms Drawings (...) Boxes. Each Mechanisms Drawings Box is a collage made up of 10 to 14 drawings of mechanical elements that appear in Codex Madrid I, with a brief description of each drawing. This compilation illustrates the wide range of mechanical elements and simple mechanisms of Codex Madrid I, forming, as a whole, a complete treatise on mechanisms, understanding mechanisms as basic elements of machines. (shrink)

Dados da tradução brasileira de HEGEL, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich. Linhas Fundamentais da Filosofia do Direito ou Direito Natural e Ciência do Estado em Compêndio. Tradução, notas, glossário e bibliografia de Paulo Meneses et alli. Apresentações de Denis Lerrer Rosenfield e de Paulo Roberto Konzen. São Paulo: Loyola; São Leopoldo: UNISINOS, 2010.

Mit dem erstmals in einer zweisprachigen, umfangreich kommentierten Edition vorliegenden Liber de platano (1537) erschließt sich ein außergewöhnliches Zeugnis des portugiesischen Humanismus. Das aus einer Abhandlung sowie einem Briefwechsel zwischen dem Dichter João Rodrigues de Sá de Meneses und dem Rhetorikprofessor Juan Fernández bestehende Werk greift mit dem Platanenbaum ein Motiv auf, das durch Platons Phaidros und Ciceros De oratore popularisiert wurde: In beiden Texten finden philosophische Gespräche unter einer Platane statt. Allerdings wird der Baum im Liber de platano (...) zu einem mehrdeutigen Sinnbild. Zwar geht es durchaus um die botanische Frage nach dem Vorkommen der Platane im zeitgenössischen Portugal, doch erweist sich der Buam darüber hinaus auch als Inbild antiker Gesprächskultur und eines an der Antike orientierten genussvollen Lebensstils. In der einleitenden Studie stellt Roger Friedlein neben einer Einführung in den Text die Autoren sowie weitere Humanisten - Miguel da Silva, Jorge Coelho und Luís Teixeira - vor, die einerseits durch ihre Präsenz im Liber de platano von Bedeutung sind. Doch vor dem Hitergund ihrer Aufenthalte in Italien und ihrer Kontakte zu herausragenden Vertretern der italienischen Renaissance wie Pietro Bembo erscheint der Liber de platano zudem als zentrales Zeugnis für den portugiesisch-italienischen Kulturkontakt. (shrink)

This study analyses journalistic images of the volcanic eruption of La Palma (Canary Islands, Spain) in 2021. We prioritized the perspective of image reception to find out the audience”s feelings and level of satisfaction. We also investigated the application of ethical recommendations and the presence of new trends in journalism in the coverage of this natural disaster. We surveyed a sample of individuals who were asked about their feelings, emotions, and level of satisfaction with the journalistic images of the event. (...) The results reveal that journalism driven by spectacle and emotion prevailed over preventive, constructive and solution-oriented journalism. A noteworthy conclusion highlights the need for the ethical training of journalists and newsroom managers to promote modern, quality journalism. This necessity arises due to the increasing numbers of natural disasters affecting populations. (shrink)

Why are some ‘feminist’ and LGBTQ ideas considered part of so-called gender ideology while others are not? And who gets to decide? These questions guide our exploration of the 2021 presidential campaign that took place in Peru, where the now widely expanded anti ‘gender ideology’ movement, Con Mis Hijos No Te Metas (Don’t Mess with My Children), first emerged. In doing so, we explore how the three most voted Peruvian presidential candidates (Castillo, Fujimori, and López Aliaga), who opposed ‘gender ideology’, (...) produce and reproduce their own ideas of gender and sexuality. We refer to this as the candidates’ other gender ideology to highlight the productive, and not merely reactive, workings of their ideological beliefs. By conducting a thematic analysis of the candidates’ discourse, we reveal several explicitly gendered topics as part of their platforms, along with the emergence of two binaries, the capable/incapable woman and the threatening/vulnerable LGBTQ person, which they use to justify which subjects should be protected and policed by the state. Finally, and by focusing on the Peruvian elections, we trouble the right/left divide that permeates scholarship on oppositional forces to gender, showing how anti ‘gender ideology’ can also come from left political parties. (shrink)

Com a física moderna, particularmente pela criação da Mecânica Quântica, M. Schlick apresentou uma nova crítica, no âmbito do neopositivismo, sobre o princípio de causalidade. Naturalmente, como a causalidade, em sentido metafísico, refere-se como flatus vocis, não apresentando valor para a ciência física. Segundo a posição de Schlick existem diferentes formas de apresentar a causalidade física e de a integrar nos domínios da Física.

This study aimed to identify the level of psychological violence in ethnic relationships among students of the National Academic Leveling System (SNNA, derived from Spanish) at Universidad Técnica del Norte (UTN). The research is quantitative, cross-sectional and correlational due to the interaction observed between the variables associated with psychological violence and ethnic identification. A survey of 12 Likert-type questions was applied to students aged 17 years and older, encompassing both men and women representing different ethnicities. The sampling approach was probabilistic (...) with a total of 1.158 participants. Subsequently, the collected data underwent statistical analysis using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0. It allowed the verification of a relationship between psychological violence and ethnic identification, evidencing a moderate level of psychological violence. There is 95% confidence in the level of psychological violence among SNNA students, which is related to the ethnic identification of the population. (shrink)

La libertad ética debe descubrirse en el intersticio entre la libertad positiva y la negativa, considerándose como límite pero no limitada por éstas. En esa frontera tienen lugar los encuentros y los acuerdos entre los hombres libres, los cuales, más allá de la ley, pueden establecer relaciones justas. Por eso la ética es también un encuentro como lo es la política, entendida como vínculo entre la comunidad y la libertad moral de los individuos.

Com a física moderna, particularmente pela criação da Mecânica Quântica, M. Schlick apresentou uma nova crítica, no âmbito do neopositivismo, sobre o princípio de causalidade.With modern physics and especially with the creation of quantum mechanics, M. Schlick presents a new criticism of the principle of causality in the sphere of neopositivism.

O grande ponto de partida da Geometria encontra-se naturalmente nos Elementos de Euclides. A Geometria ao estudar os espaços métricos, ao longo da sua história, foi sofrendo múltiplas generalizações métricas, tendo sido criadas as geometrias descritivas e projectivas, particularmente com Monge (1746-1818). Todavia, será de realçar a criação da Geometri Analítica por R.Descartes, em 1637. Assim, começam as aplicações da Álgebra à Geometria, criando- se novos espaços métricos, para já não falar nas gebneralizações de Riemann e de Lobatschfc, que deram (...) marcante impulso ao desenvolvimento da mesma. A Geometria, como ramo determinante da ciência da quantidade abstracta, acabou naturalmente por ser generalizada pela Analysis Situs, permitindo a formação de espaços tolpológicos, de grande aplicabilidade em geodesia e ramos afins das ciências físicas e engenharia. Naturalmente, que será nossa preocupação definir uma fundamentação filosófica, para os espaços métricos, como faremos ao longo deste estudo, que vá desde a gnoseologia até à ontologia regional, comio forma de fundamentare a quantidadsec abstracta, nos seus graus analógicos de existir, como entes abstracto. (shrink)

The main objective of this presentation is to determine the role played by eschatology within the political thought of Thomas Hobbes. In order to determine this role, it is fundamental to give an account of the bibliographic framework used for this presentation. Moreover, there will be an analysis on the relationship of the concepts of "death of State," "history," and "contract," and Hobbes’s main consequences in the post-apocalyptic political landscape. Finally, there will be an interpretation of Hobbes's use of eschatology (...) responding the following question: Is eschatology just a rhetorical device, or is it essential for the entire structure of its political system? (shrink)

A nova forma de causalidade estatística, Niels Bohr deu-lhe o nome de princípio da complementaridade, em dois modos de compreender a «natureza física». As relações de complementaridade, expressando os limites dos conceitos clássicos, pretendem apresentar nova leitura sobre os fenómenos atómicos, em termos dos conceitos da física clássica. N. Bohr propõe um novo princípio de complementaridade. Assim, serão analisados os fundamentos ontológicos, gnoseológicos e as aplicações do referido princípio da Mecânica Quântica.

En el presente trabajo se aborda la relación entre la antigua tragedia griega y el pensamiento de MartinHeidegger. Se indagará en el tipo de lectura de la tragedia que hace el pensador alemán y los alcancesde la relación que podemos establecer entre ella y su pensamiento. A partir del análisis de lasreferencias heideggerianas y de la caracterización de la esencia de la tragedia por parte de Aristóteles,en la que destacan las pasiones del miedo y la compasión, se intentará comprender cómo (...) dichavinculación puede establecerse, al menos, en el ámbito del fenómeno de la disposición afectiva(Befindlichkeit) y su carácter aperiente. (shrink)

A partir do texto Metaphysische Anfansgründe der Naturwissenschaft faremos uma apresentaçãosobre estes dois conceitos fundamentais da Filosofia da Natureza, no sentido de apresentar uma crítica de acordo com a física moderna.

This research aims to investigate the role of the sophist Gorgias in the field of literature. Gorgias of Leontinus is recognized by scholars of the sophists as one of the main representatives of this philosophical movement, and this epithet is related to his notorious persuasive power. Gorgias had great respect for words and knew that the success of a speech was closely linked to their choice. In The Epitaph, we see a Gorgias different from the one seen in The Praise (...) of Helen and The Defense of Palamedes; we see a Gorgias with a more poetic language, a fact that can be noted by the occurrence of several figures of speech. Gorgian discursive style expanded discussions about rhetoric, both in the field of philosophy and linguistics. However, studies about Gorgian speeches are still incipient, especially here in Brazil, hence the relevance of the topic. (shrink)

Este artigo, de caráter teórico, apresenta uma discussão sobre as redes sociais. Para isto, comenta diversos organismos de pesquisa, publicação e divulgação sobre a temática, assim como faz uma apanhado geral de revistas e livros dedicados a explicação e conceitualização destas. Depois de apresentad..

Retomo a Gadamer en su sugerente filosofía de oídas —en la que “[…] el oir es un camino hacia el todo porque esta capacitado para escuchar el logos” — desde una perspectiva que podria resultar no del todo hermenéutica, a menos que, en las formas de interpretacion y de comprension que propongo, pueda acercarse a esa manera de hacer la filosofia. En ese caso, el valor de lo que aqui se escribe no lo sera tanto por inscribirse en una manera (...) particular de hacer hermeneutica, sino, en tanto sugiere siempre una actitud y una extraña necesidad de comprender algún sentido. (shrink)

All specialists who question the diverse components of the medieval universe stress that the ecclesiastical institution occupied a choice place within the sociocultural structure of that world. This is true because of the solidity of its implantation in the century and particularly because of the efficacity of its doctrinal function. In the cultural domain, the production and transmission of knowledge (in addition to the practice of indoctrination that it supposes), the Church was completely sovereign. The ecclesiastical institutions (from simple parish (...) churches to cathedrals and episcopal sees, as well as convents and monasteries) were responsible for the foundation and rise of medieval schools, universities, the centers where books were produced—or more precisely, manuscripts—and the organization of libraries. (shrink)

Illuminated by the writings of Edith Stein, this paper presents a model of empathy as a very particular intersubjective understanding. This is commonly a view absent from psychology literature. For Stein, empathy is the experience of experientially and directly knowing another person’s experience, as it unfolds in the present, together with the awareness of the ‘otherness’ of that experience. It can be conceptually distinguished, in terms of process and experience, from current models that propose that empathic understandings are ‘intellectual’ experiences (...) or sympathetic experiences. As such, she provides an additional or alternative aspect to understanding other people’s experiences. Our paper provides a summary of Stein’s key analytic claims about three key facets of empathy. Her views are discussed in the light of debates relevant for contemporary psychology and social cognition. (shrink)

The Mexico-U.S. border is a space considered `smart´ due to the amount of surveillance technology used for national security purposes. The technological ecology consists of integrated fixed towers, remote video surveillance systems, mobile video surveillance systems, Predator B surveillance drones, mobile X-ray units, automated license plate readers, cell phone tracking towers, implanted motion sensors, biometric data collection, and DNA sampling (Aizeki et al. Citation2021). Whilst these instruments are usually linked to irregular border crossers, transborder commuters, who physically cross the border (...) every day, also experience the same surveillance regime. This paper discusses the technological ‘self-defense’ protocol I developed in 2019 when conducting transborder research for my doctoral thesis, which required intense border crossings across Mexico and the U.S. During the ten months of fieldwork, U.S. CBP had the capacity to search my personal device and belongings without a warrant, raising ethical concerns about data protection. As a result, the protocol developed to protect data and participants considered the ‘smart’ border as part of the methods designed that included encrypting information. In hyper-surveilled spaces, data protection represents a challenge for border researchers and the people involved in such a project. (shrink)

The health crisis caused by COVID-19 has resulted in the physical and emotional deterioration of health personnel, especially nurses, whose emotional state is affected by the high risk of contagion, the high demands of health services, and the exhausting working hours. The objective of this research was to determine the relationship between fear, anxiety, and fatigue of nurses caring for patients with COVID-19 in a second level public hospital in Peru. This study presents a quantitative approach and correlational level, cross-sectional, (...) and non-experimental design. The sample consisted of 145 nurses who attended patients with COVID-19 in health care areas. The results show a significant relationship between fear of contagion and physical-cognitive fatigue and a significant relationship between generalized anxiety and physical-cognitive fatigue. It is concluded that in this context, both fear of contagion and generalized anxiety are related to physical-cognitive fatigue. (shrink)

Segundo a Teoria da Gravitação de Newton, o princípio da equivalência da massa tem um sentido definido no respaço, dado que o espaço é independente do tempo. Na verdade, o verdadeiro sentido da gravitação segundo Newton radica numa intracção de forças, dependentes das massas em causa. Assim, a gravitação, segundo esta teoria, apresenta-se como causa. Entretanto, segundo Einstein, a gravitação será o efeito da curvatura do espaço-tempo. Desta feita, esta posição esteve dependente da generalização do princípio da equivalência. Naturalmente, temos (...) duas teorias diferentes, sendo a de Einstein mais extensiva e generalizada, englobando como caso particular a de Newton, tal como se poderá ler neste artigo, em virtude do cálculo tensorial. A nova teoria será referida nos seus fundamentos gnoseológicos e ontológicos, tal como se pretende ao longo deste artigo de orientação filosófica da Teoria da Gravitação de Einstein. Dado que a Gravitação deixa de ser uma interacção de n-forças, causada pela relação directa das massas e inversa do quadrado da distância, segundo os fundamentos newtonianos, então passará a ser um efeito de efeito no sentido filosófico, sendo referida como um efeito da curvatura do espaço e do tempo. (shrink)

The detrimental effect of human behavior on the environment is undeniable. Attitudes are recognized as a predictor of the pro-environmental behavior; therefore, having good quality tools in Colombia to measure them is strategic to assess interventions. This study aims to establish psychometric indicators for the pro-environmental attitudes questionnaire Colombian version to a sample of 415 volunteers aged 18–70 years. We used the 28-item PEAQ already linguistically adapted for Colombia. We applied the following questionnaires: Environmental awareness, environmental values, and the pro-environmental (...) at work questionnaire. We used a one-parameter Rasch model and Winsteps program to assess the PEAQ's one-dimensionality and item statistics by gender, and estimated Spearman's rho coefficient between the PEAQ scores and the scales for concurrent validity. The PEAQ in this study has 24 items because 4 items did not fit into the Rasch model criteria. Its one-dimensionality was supported by an explained variance and the first residual variance. The coefficients, α = 0.95 and Ω = 0.95; Rasch for persons = 0.90; and Rasch for items = 0.95. The correlation between the PEAQ and the EC, EV, and PEWQ scales were Spearman's rho coefficient = 0.859, 0.795, and 0.885, respectively. Thus, the PEAQ Colombian version's psychometric indicators support it as a valid and reliable instrument to measure pro-environmental attitudes in this country. (shrink)