The prevailing discourse comparing Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Natural Intelligence (NI) overlooks a critical dimension: culture. Intelligence, whether artificial or human, cannot be fully understood without recognizing its cultural foundations and adaptive contexts. This Perspective introduces two key contributions. First, it defines the Cultural Cognition Gap, the disconnect between AI’s static, pattern-based reasoning and the dynamic, culturally adaptive nature of human cognition, evident in real-world deployment failures. Second, it proposes Culture Driven AI, a conceptual and normative framework advocating for AI (...) systems designed to engage with cultural plurality and fluidity as central features of intelligent behavior. By situating intelligence within its cultural contexts, this work highlights the limitations of current AI design and calls for interdisciplinary collaboration to develop systems that are not only technically aligned but also culturally attuned, ethically grounded, and responsive to the diverse realities of human societies. (shrink)

This paper introduces the concept of AI-inclusive epistemology, suggesting that artificial intelligence (AI) may develop its own epistemological perspectives, function as an epistemic agent, and assume the role of a quasi-member of society. We explore the unique capabilities of advanced AI systems and their potential to provide distinct insights within knowledge systems traditionally dominated by human cognition. Additionally, the paper proposes a framework for a sustainable symbiotic society where AI and human intelligences collaborate to enhance the breadth and depth of (...) epistemological pursuits. Through this exploration, we aim to redefine conventional knowledge paradigms by integrating the AI perspective, thereby fostering a more comprehensive and dynamic epistemological landscape. (shrink)

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly integrated into healthcare systems, offering advances in diagnosis, treatment, and operational efficiency. However, the cultural assumptions embedded in AI training data often misalign with the sociocultural realities of diverse patient populations—a phenomenon we term the Cultural Calibration Gap (CCG). This conceptual paper defines the CCG as a structural and epistemic deficit, distinct from algorithmic bias or dataset shift, that undermines clinical validity, patient trust, and health equity. We analyze how culturally uncalibrated AI systems exacerbate disparities (...) in diagnosis and care, compromise informed consent, and erode trust, particularly in communities with collective, spiritual, or traditional health frameworks. To address the CCG, we propose a three-pronged strategy: epistemic inclusion of diverse knowledge systems and data sources, participatory design grounded in community-based research, and regulatory reform mandating cultural responsiveness in model validation and oversight. We argue that tackling the CCG is not merely an ethical imperative but a scientific necessity, aligning healthcare AI with the evolving vision of human-centric, adaptive Healthcare 5.0. Culturally calibrated AI systems promise not only improved precision and trustworthiness but also more equitable and contextually meaningful care across global health landscapes. (shrink)

The Urdu and Pashto term ghairat is often translated into English as ‘honour’, but this translation fails to capture its full ethical depth and cultural specificity. In South Asian and Muslim-majority societies, ghairat refers not simply to an individual’s reputation but to a deeply embedded, gendered moral code of vigilance, modesty and communal dignity. Even Pakistan’s Supreme Court has remarked that ghairat lacks a precise English equivalent, noting that in some contexts, it carries a connotation closer to ‘arrogance’ than ‘honour’.1 (...) Western discourse is most familiar with ghairat through media coverage of ‘honor killings’, where women are killed by family members for perceived moral lapses. While such acts are undeniably brutal and ethically indefensible, they reflect a distorted and extreme manifestation of ghairat. The concept itself operates much more widely and subtly in everyday decisions, shaping family roles, gender norms and even access to healthcare. In its idealised form, ghairat embodies dignity and a sense of moral responsibility to protect family and community integrity. In its harmful form, it can become a mechanism of control and oppression, especially for women, limiting autonomy and delaying or denying essential care. In healthcare settings, the influence of ghairat often becomes starkly visible. …. (shrink)

In the expanding discourse on AI alignment and ethics, interdisciplinarity and cultural inclusivity are often treated as intrinsic goods. This has led to a proliferation of efforts connecting artificial intelligence with diverse cultural, religious, and philosophical frameworks. While such engagements can offer valuable perspectives, they also risk producing epistemic distortions when pursued without a clear rationale or contextual necessity. This paper identifies two such distortions: forced relevance and coerced inclusion. It first interrogates the growing tendency to draw connections between AI (...) and external frameworks—such as theology, feminism, or postcolonial theory—not because a specific ethical or technical challenge demands them, but because these discourses are academically available or currently in vogue. When interdisciplinarity is treated as an end in itself, it risks instrumentalizing both AI and the traditions it draws upon, obscuring the purposes of each. Second, the paper challenges the assumption that all communities seek or ought to seek participation in global AI ethics discourse. Ethical reasoning in many traditions may be expressed through silence, ritual, or non-textual forms that do not conform to dominant expectations of discursive inclusion. When legitimacy is linked to visibility, these epistemologies are often sidelined. To address these concerns, the paper introduces the concept of epistemic modesty, a principled stance that respects irrelevance, dignifies refusal, and accepts non-participation as a legitimate ethical position. Rather than rejecting cultural engagement, it advocates for a more thoughtful and pluralistic approach to cross-cultural AI, one that listens carefully, engages selectively, and upholds the right not to align. (shrink)

This paper puts forth Central Asian AI ethics principles and proposes a layered strategy tailored for the development of ethical principles in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) in Central Asian countries. This approach includes the customization of AI ethics principles to resonate with local nuances, the formulation of national and regional-level AI ethics principles, and the implementation of sector-specific principles. While countering the narrative of ineffectiveness of the AI ethics principles, this paper underscores the importance of stakeholder collaboration, provides (...) a comprehensive framework, and emphasizes the need for responsible AI practices. By adopting this approach, Central Asian region can contribute towards the regional integration and global discourse on AI ethics while promoting the responsible use of AI technology in their respective countries. (shrink)

This paper explores the potential of integrating ancient educational principles from diverse eastern cultures into modern AI ethics curricula. It draws on the rich educational traditions of ancient China, India, Arabia, Persia, Japan, Tibet, Mongolia, and Korea, highlighting their emphasis on philosophy, ethics, holistic development, and critical thinking. By examining these historical educational systems, the paper establishes a correlation with modern AI ethics principles, advocating for the inclusion of these ancient teachings in current AI development and education. The proposed integration (...) aims to provide a comprehensive education that not only encompasses foundational knowledge but also advanced learning, thereby equipping future AI professionals with the necessary tools to develop AI systems that are ethically responsible, culturally aware, and aligned with human values such as fairness, safety, transparency, and collaboration. This approach not only addresses the AI alignment problem but also fosters cultural harmony and global understanding, which are crucial in an increasingly interconnected world. The paper posits that the wisdom of ancient educational systems, when harmonized with modern AI ethics, can guide the development of AI technologies that are beneficial for humanity, ensuring these advancements are not just technologically sound but also ethically and culturally informed. (shrink)

As the scope of innovative technologies is expanding, their implications and applications are increasingly intersecting with various facets of society, including the deeply rooted traditions of religion. This paper embarks on an exploratory journey to bridge the perceived divide between advancements in technology and faith, aiming to catalyze a dialogue between the religious and scientific communities. The former often views technological progress through a lens of conflict rather than compatibility. By utilizing a technology-centric perspective, we draw metaphorical parallels between the (...) functionalities of new technologies and some theological concepts of Islam. The purpose is not to reinterpret religious concepts but to illustrate how these two domains can coexist harmoniously. This comparative analysis serves as a conversation starter with an intention to mitigate any apprehensions towards technology by highlighting its potential to align with religious concepts. By fostering an environment where technological innovations are seen as tools for enhancement rather than threats to tradition, we contribute to a more inclusive discourse that encourages the religious community to engage with and potentially embrace contemporary technological advancements. (shrink)

Humans often unconsciously perceive social robots involved in their lives as partners rather than mere tools, imbuing them with qualities of companionship. This anthropomorphization can lead to a spectrum of emotional risks, such as deception, disappointment, and reverse manipulation, that existing approaches struggle to address effectively. In this paper, we argue that a Virtual Interactive Environment (VIE) exists between humans and social robots, which plays a crucial role and demands necessary consideration and clarification in order to mitigate potential emotional risks. (...) By analyzing the relational nature of human-social robot interaction, we discuss the connotation of such a virtual interactive environment that is similar to the emotional states aroused when reading novels. Building on this comprehension, we further demonstrate that manufacturers should carry out comprehensive Virtual Interactive Environment Indication (VIEI) measures during human-social robot interaction with a stricter sense of responsibility when applying social robots. Finally, we contemplate the potential contributions of virtual interactive environment indication to existing robot ethics guidelines. (shrink)

The ongoing evolution of advanced AI systems will have profound, enduring, and significant impacts on human existence that must not be overlooked. These impacts range from empowering humanity to achieve unprecedented transcendence to potentially causing catastrophic threats to our existence. To proactively and preventively mitigate these potential threats, it is crucial to establish clear redlines to prevent AI-induced existential risks by constraining and regulating advanced AI and their related AI actors. This paper explores different concepts of AI existential risk, connects (...) the enactment of AI red lines to broader efforts addressing AI's impacts, constructs a theoretical framework for analyzing the direct impacts of AI existential risk, and upon that proposes a set of exemplary AI red lines. By contemplating AI existential risks and formulating these red lines, we aim to foster a deeper and systematic understanding of the potential dangers associated with advanced AI and the importance of proactive risk management. We hope this work will contribute to the strengthening and refinement of a comprehensive AI redline system for preventing humanity from AI existential risks. (shrink)

Firstly, the "Metaverse" possesses two distinctive features, "thickness" and "imagination," promising the public a structure of unknown scenarios but with unclear definitions. Attempts to establish an open framework through incompleteness, however, fail to facilitate interactions between humans and the scenario. Due to the dilemma of "digital twinning," the "Metaverse" cannot be realized as "another universe". Hence, the "Metaverse" is, in fact, only a virtual experiential territory created by aggregating technologies that offer immersion and interactivity. Secondly, when artificial intelligence serves as (...) a key supporting technology for the "Metaverse," it presents multifaceted existential risks, manifested as safety, cognitive, and ethical dilemmas. Finally, we propose that the framework for responsible "Metaverse" governance should be constructed through three pathways: collective responsibility, realism, and the co-governance of the virtual and real. (shrink)