Social justice within the framework of Pancasila often stands in contrast to the realities of everyday life, which are marked by inequality, marginalization, and the erosion of human dignity. This tension raises a fundamental philosophical question: how can social justice be meaningfully enacted in a society fraught with emotional tensions and moral dilemmas? To date, studies on justice have largely focused on normative and structural aspects, while the role of emotion in shaping moral awareness and ethical action has received relatively (...) little attention. This research seeks to understand how emotions—such as guilt, shame, anger, disappointment, and love—influence moral perception and responses to injustice. It employs a qualitative approach using a philosophical-interpretative method, combining philosophical literature reviews, emotion theory, and in-depth interviews with purposively selected communities. Data collection was conducted through literature studies and interviews, while analysis was carried out using thematic interpretation and philosophical reflection. The findings reveal that emotions play a crucial role in shaping ethical orientations toward justice. Guilt and shame act as catalysts for reflection and solidarity, while anger, disappointment, and love serve as moral energies that drive active engagement in the struggle for justice. These insights enrich the discourse of applied ethics by positioning emotion as a vital foundation in the formulation and implementation of social justice. -/- . (shrink)

This research focuses on transgender patients discrimination in Yogyakarta in accessing healthcare services. There are two questions on this research: what is the obstacle faced by the transgender-patients in accessing healthcare services? How is the analysis of biomedical ethics seeing this issue? The results on this research are despite the fact they were not being discriminated in the hospital, they did not get the health insurance by the government because of the administrative issue which can not accommodate their gender choice. (...) Therefore, this research seeks to understand the barriers of transgender patients in accessing healthcare services through the perspective of biomedical ethics of Tom L. Beauchamp and James Childress. The researcher concludes that the general rule on social benefits applied in society is still limited only to the specific genders. It is not in accordance with the two principles in biomedical ethics: the principle of justice states that the transgender who is physically harmed has right to get social benefits to remedy the effect of the disadvantages due to their natural property and to have more equal chance of life; and the principle of autonomy states that an autonomous decision of the transgender people to choose their gender is related to the individual rights although they have different view with others and as long as their action do not leave the disadvantage to others, it must be respected as a moral obligation. (shrink)

Recent philosophical accounts of discrimination face challenges in accommodating robust intuitions about the particular way in which it is wrongful—most prominently, the intuition that discriminatory actions intrinsically violate equality irrespective of their contingent consequences. The paper suggests that we understand the normative structure of discrimination in a way that is different from the one implicitly assumed by these accounts. It argues that core discriminatory wrongs—such as segregation in Apartheid South Africa—divide into two types, corresponding to violations of relational and distributive (...) equality; and that a pluralistic view of the internal structure of each type should be adopted. This normative structure serves to appropriately vindicate the mentioned intuitions; it also contributes to clarifying the normative underpinnings of legal concepts associated with discrimination (including the distinctions between direct and indirect, or ‘disparate treatment/impact’ discrimination, and intentional vs. unintentional discrimination), and developing a more productive public discourse around allegations of discrimination. (shrink)

The distinction between intentional and unintentional discrimination is a prominent one in the literature and public discourse; intentional discriminatory actions are commonly considered particularly morally objectionable relative to unintentional discriminatory actions. Nevertheless, it remains unclear what the two types amount to, and what generates the moral difference between them. The paper develops philosophically-informed conceptualizations of the two types based on which the moral difference between them may be accounted for. On the suggested account, intentional discrimination is characterized by the agent (...) viewing the content of an underlying discriminatory belief as a consideration that counts in favor of her action. This, it is argued, amounts to endorsing the discriminatory belief, which generates the particular moral severity of intentional discrimination. (shrink)

In her recent book, Faces of Inequality (2020), Moreau aims at developing a normative account of discrimination that is guided by the main features of anti-discrimination law. The critical comment argues against this methodology, indicating that due to indeterminacy relative to their underlying normative principles, central anti-discrimination norms cannot fulfill this guiding role. Further, using the content of such norms to guide ethical discussions is likely to be misleading, as it reflects evidentiary considerations that are unique to the legal context. (...) The critical comment’s claims are developed based on a close examination of indirect discrimination (or disparate impact) norms, and, as such, have wider implications for ongoing moral and political debates that are heavily influenced by the content of these norms. (shrink)

The advancement of digital technology has significantly transformed marketing strategies, particularly within the culinary industry. This study aims to analyze the impact of digital marketing on purchasing decisions at Richeese Factory in Kisamaun, Tangerang, using a quantitative approach through a survey involving 111 respondents selected through purposive sampling. The data were analyzed using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method, with the assistance of SmartPLS version 4 software. The findings indicate that digital marketing has a positive and significant influence on purchasing (...) decisions. Several key indicators contribute to this effect, including information accessibility, customer interactivity, the credibility of marketing content, and the effectiveness of social media in enhancing brand awareness and consumer purchase interest. The study concludes that a well-designed digital marketing strategy can significantly improve consumer purchasing decisions. Therefore, Richeese Factory is encouraged to continue optimizing its digital marketing efforts through social media and e-commerce platforms to strengthen its competitiveness and increase customer loyalty. (shrink)

This research aims to explore the influence of electronic word of mouth (e-WOM) on purchasing decisions using a case study of Richeese Factory consumers. The research uses a qualitative approach to uncover the factors that contribute to and strengthen consumer attitudes toward related products. Through in-depth interviews and analysis, this research aims to gain a comprehensive understanding of how e-WOM influences consumer perceptions and shapes the purchasing decision process. The results of this research suggest that Richeese Factory Kisamaun Tangerang has (...) been relatively successful in implementing e-WOM strategies to influence consumer purchasing decisions, driven by considerations such as the quantity and quality of reviews, credibility-reliability, and usefulness of reviews. (shrink)

HIn Taking Root: Human Rights and Public Opinion in the Global South (Oxford University Press, 2017), James Ron, Shannon Golden, David Crow, and Archana Pandya challenge conventional wisdom about human rights advocacy. The book draws on a unique series of nationally representative surveys conducted in Mexico, Colombia, Morocco, India, and Nigeria between 2011 and 2013—capturing the views of nearly 6,000 respondents in urban and rural settings. -/- The central finding: human rights principles enjoy far more popular legitimacy in the Global (...) South than elites often assume. Across diverse contexts, majorities of ordinary people expressed support for the idea that governments should respect human rights. At the same time, respondents were cautious about human rights NGOs, often perceiving them as elite-driven, internationally funded, and disconnected from local needs. -/- This book breaks new ground by empirically examining the “demand side” of human rights—the beliefs and attitudes of citizens, rather than just the strategies of NGOs or the policies of states. Its insights are essential for understanding how rights movements can build legitimacy and local support in societies marked by poverty, inequality, and political violence. -/- The project has taken on new resonance in light of recent debates over the foreign funding of NGOs and the fragility of human rights support in polarized environments. For example, James Ron’s more recent essay, “A Human Rights Funding Tragedy Foretold”, builds directly on Taking Root’s insights, showing how overreliance on external donors has left many Global South NGOs politically vulnerable. (shrink)

The Birch–Swinnerton–Dyer conjecture asserts a deep equality between the algebraic rank of an elliptic curve over Q and the analytic order of vanishing of its Hasse–Weil L–function at the central point s= 1. Despite major progress in special cases, a general proof has remained elusive, largely due to the absence of a canonical structure simultaneously governing the algebraic, analytic, and cohomological aspects of the theory. In this paper we construct a canonical generating structure G(E) naturally associated with an elliptic curve (...) E/Q. This structure is defined as the maximal height–non–degenerate subspace of a height–completed cohomological representation and contains the classical Selmer group as a proper substructure. We show that G(E) admits a natural self–adjoint spectral operator whose determinant intrinsically encodes the analytic behavior of the Hasse–Weil L–function. Within this framework, the order of vanishing of L(E,s) at s= 1 is identified with dim G(E), and this dimension is shown to coincide with the Mordell–Weil rank of E. Moreover, the Tate– Shafarevich group is shown to contribute only to height–degenerate directions and therefore does not obstruct the Birch–Swinnerton–Dyer correspondence. As a result, the Birch–Swinnerton–Dyer conjecture for elliptic curves over Q is reduced to — and structurally explained by — the existence and maximality of the canonical generating structure introduced here. (shrink)