Complexity

Social theory inherits from physics an assumption so pervasive it escapes notice: that beliefs exist before we ask about them, that preferences precede their expression, that the survey samples what was already there. This essay argues otherwise—and the stakes are not merely philosophical. For phenomena where indeterminacy is ontological rather than epistemic, classical assumptions do not simplify; they distort. Drawing on second-order cybernetics and the quantum cognition program—empirical work, not speculation—I propose that concepts from quantum theory illuminate constitutive social phenomena (...) in ways classical vocabulary cannot. Superposition. Interference. Tunneling. Coherence. Not because societies are wave functions. But because quantum probability was built for systems where measurement participates in producing what it claims to sample. Three cases ground the claim: political polling that manufactures the polarization it purports to measure; religious conversion whose dynamics depend on conceptual topology—not just commitment intensity; dissociative disorders that reveal selfhood as maintained coherence rather than possessed substance. This is vocabulary, not framework. Metaphors earn their place through questions enabled. Not predictions generated. (shrink)

Traditional historiography often analyzes regime stability through qualitative narratives, leading to retrospective descriptions rather than predictive mechanics. This paper proposes a formal systems-theoretic framework aligned with the goals of Cliodynamics, based on the Ontogenetic Principle of Cultural Dynamics (Dağ, 2026a). We model political evolution as a discrete-time optimization problem under constraints using the equation Ct+1 = e ^−KCt + (1 − e ^−K)A⃗. By defining Institutional Conductivity (K) and Adaptive Targets (A⃗) as operational variables, we analyze three distinct system states: (...) (1) Systemic Decoherence (e.g., Soviet Collapse); (2) Mass-Interaction Scaling (e.g., China); and (3) Vectorial Cancellation (e.g., High-Friction Democracies). We emphasize that this model is a first-order heuristic framework designed to generate structural hypotheses regarding the thermodynamic limits of cultural adaptation. (shrink)

Probably the most challenging issue in science and advanced technology is the ever increasing complexity. The term complexity refers to the experience that the complex whole is more than the sum of the parts. Emergence of new properties is observed at all levels, from relatively simple physical systems up to high-end evolution in biology or state-of-the-art microprocessors in technology. In this study an effort is made to arrive at an understanding of the underlying ontological basis in terms of the classical (...) philosophy of Aristotle and Aquinas. In addition, the value of philosophy is emphasized as a means to develop the capacity for intuition. Only with this capacity it is possible to acquire an understanding of the great variety of concepts needed in the multidisciplinary approach to complex systems. (shrink)

We review the recently proposed universal concept of dynamic complexity and its new mathematics based on the unreduced interaction problem solution. We then consider its progress-bringing applications at various levels of complex world dynamics, including complex-dynamical nanometal physics and living condensed matter, unreduced nanobiosystem dynamics and the integral medicine concept, causally complete management of complex economical and social dynamics, and the ensuing concept of truly sustainable world governance.

Contemporary complexity theory has been instrumental in providing novel rigorous definitions for some classic philosophical concepts, including emergence. In an attempt to provide an account of emergence that is consistent with complexity and dynamical systems theory, several authors have turned to the notion of constraints on state transitions. Drawing on complexity theory directly, this paper builds on those accounts, further developing the constraint-based interpretation of emergence and arguing that such accounts recover many of the features of more traditional accounts. We (...) show that the constraint-based account of emergence also leads naturally into a meaningful definition of self-organization, another concept that has received increasing attention recently. Along the way, we distinguish between order and organization, two concepts which are frequently conflated. Finally, we consider possibilities for future research in the philosophy of complex systems, as well as applications of the distinctions made in this paper. (shrink)

TSRET v0.1 presents a connectivity-centered account of how systems cross from reactive, contact-bound control to absence-capable informational control. Connectivity propagates deficits across coupled dependents, generating shared closure pressure (“need factors”) that forces closure under partial absence. Repeated closure success is retained and compressed into re-instantiable handles (“tokens”). When token re-instantiation becomes the dominant control tendency (the tokenization threshold), substitution becomes possible. The central claim is the Rational Equivalent (RE) threshold: a trace-sourced, materially unfulfillable (in-the-moment) deficit specification that can stand for (...) an absent condition by re-instantiating the same closure-class corridor the actual would have recruited. Once REs exist, “thinking” is reframed as rational-equivalent orchestration: internal generation, selection, composition, and evaluation of standing-for tokens before action. The manuscript also distinguishes particular (individual) versus collective informational dynamics, arguing that REs become shareable operators in connected groups, yielding collective token-field dynamics and explaining coherent group behavior under partial proportionality (murmuration as an exemplar). "Full UID Master Index available on GitHub; search for repository: armandosotouidt". (shrink)

Inhere we expand the concept of Holobiont to incorporate niche construction theory in order to increase our understanding of the current planetary crisis. By this, we propose a new ontology, the Ecobiont, as the basic evolutionary unit of analysis. We make the case of Homo Sapiens organized around modern cities (technobionts) as a different Ecobiont from classical Homo Sapiens (i.e. Hunter- gatherers Homo Sapiens). We consider that Ecobiont ontology helps to make visible the coupling of Homo Sapiens with other biological (...) entities under processes of natural and cultural evolution. Not to see this coupling hidden systemic risks and enhance the probability of catastrophic events. So Ecobiont ontology is necessary to understand and respond to the current planetary crisis. -/- . (shrink)

The complexity approach to political economy suggests that radical uncertainty is a necessary feature of a complex and evolving socioeconomic landscape. Radical uncertainty raises various adaptive challenges that are likely to escalate in the coming decades under the “Fourth Industrial Revolution.” It jeopardizes the wellbeing of ordinary citizens, whose welfare prospects, job opportunities, and income stream are rendered insecure. It also renders precarious the robust implementation of universal human rights, including the right to social security. In fact, it will be (...) argued that human rights cannot be institutionally secured unless they are implemented in a “complexity aware” way that takes account of the uncertainty of the socioeconomic order. In particular, in order to better protect the dignity of rights holders, and to allow them to survive and thrive in the face of radical uncertainty, governments ought to explore various institutional alternatives to existing schemes. It will be suggested that most existing conditional welfare policies systematically fall short of complexity-aware institutional implementation to the extent that they rely on unreasonable assumptions regarding the availability of salient technocratic control over the complex socioeconomic order. Some economists and philosophers have suggested that UBI (Universal Basic Income) might be a viable way to implement the right to social security today. I propose that some of UBI’s most ethically and economically controversial features, such as unconditionality and universality, appear relatively appealing in light of the complexity perspective. In the absence of better alternatives, UBI might even be a requirement of a robust implementation of the human right to social security – a right that welfare states are already committed to on the level of ideal theory but predictably fail to respect in practice due to policy incoherence. However, open questions remain about whether UBI can be transformed from an ideal model into a pragmatic policy. (shrink)

The possibility of social and technological collapse has been the focus of science fiction tropes for decades, but more recent focus has been on specific sources of existential and global catastrophic risk. Because these scenarios are simple to understand and envision, they receive more attention than risks due to complex interplay of failures, or risks that cannot be clearly specified. In this paper, we discuss the possibility that complexity of a certain type leads to fragility which can function as a (...) source of catastrophic or even existential risk. The paper first reviews a hypothesis by Bostrom about inevitable technological risks, named the vulnerable world hypothesis. This paper next hypothesizes that fragility may not only be a possible risk, but could be inevitable,and would therefore be a subclass or example of Bostrom’s vulnerable worlds. After introducing the titular fragile world hypothesis, the paper details the conditions under which it would be correct, and presents arguments for why the conditions may in fact may apply. Finally, the assumptions and potential mitigations of the new hypothesis are contrasted with those Bostrom suggests. (shrink)

In a pure probabilistic field (without space, time, or matter), the term <Probability of S> would be empty for lack of support. Now, due to its infinite combinatorics, this field necessarily resolves itself into nested structures of singular modes of order. A singularity S1 is defined as a self-reflexive core (P(S1|S1) = 1), probabilistically closed (Σ P(Si| S1) = 1). Then the conditional relation P(S1|S2) does not describe a link between given entities: it is postulated as primitive reality in which (...) S1 and S2 are emergent singularities. The subject is a singularity in that structure. The closure of the knowing-subject 'I' and its granulation into singularities of non-zero probability are necessary preconditions for meaning: it is through 'I's internal resolution that S1 and S2 singularize themselves and that P(S1|S2) acquires meaning. Without this resolution under the constraint of its unity 'I' would be unspeakable. The world is not "in itself" : it is morphogenesis, it is the sense that emerges within the singularity of the subject, a representation generated by a system closed upon itself. The real does not have meaning, it « gives meaning to itself ». This circularity is not a flaw, it is productive: the probabilistic field has measure only through its singularities, and these exist because the field complexity resolves into singularities. (shrink)

This study develops and applies criteria for identifying the leading structural elements of Earth's next macroevolutionary stage-through analysing previous evolutionary transitions from unicellular life to modern social structures: spatial restrictions for previous leading elements, emergence of 'incomprehensible-for-them' phenomena, and novel forms of systemic constraints. The application of these criteria to contemporary global developments suggests that clusters of states coordinated by ideologically-unified movements might represent emerging carriers of next-level complexity. The paper examines historical precedents of such structures and discusses potential paths (...) for their development, including the possibility of multiple competing clusters. This approach offers a novel perspective on both the identification of evolutionary transitions and the analysis of current global transformations. (shrink)

In evolutionary liberalism, exemplified by the Hayekian-Gaussian Open Society, a) liberal institutions and norms are explained (in part or wholly) with the help of evolutionary explanations; and b) such evolutionary explanations are assumed to carry normative weight in justifying liberalism. This paper argues that evolutionary liberalism is a methodologically and normatively appealing version of liberalism. The beneficial aspects of the Open Society can be cashed out, not merely in terms of complex adaptation, but also in terms of (collective) intelligence. The (...) salutary epistemic properties of liberalism thus relate to its purported capacity to boost collective intelligence - or, what comes to the same thing, its general-purpose, open-ended problem solving capacity. A deeper methodological integration of the theories of evolution, complexity, and intelligence promises to increase the broad normative appeal of liberal institutions as efficient, general-purpose “problem solvers.”. (shrink)

This paper argues that the notion of interstitial transformation, whereby new social practices emerge within the gaps of existing orders and gain prominence, is crucial for understanding social change in a complex world. Our work builds on the contributions of two distinct scholarly groups who have explored social complexity. The first are emancipatory radicals who look to bottom-up interstitial change to achieve radical social change. The second is classical or “Open Society” liberals who wish to leverage interstitial complexity within civil (...) society and the economy against a stable background of liberal rules. This paper brings these distinct literatures into conversation with one another, aiming to reconcile their insights and identify weaknesses in their approaches. -/- We argue that both groups overestimate the feasibility of instrumentalising interstitial complexity for their goals. Using a stylised model of interstitial social struggle, we explore the social dynamics occurring in a world populated by both emancipatory radicals and Open Society liberals. We posit an emergent strategic struggle between emancipatory radicals who use prefigurative strategies to affect the fundamental transformation of the liberal legal order and the Open Society governors who resist them. We stress that the overall result of this struggle will likely exceed the intentions of both parties. Our model should provide valuable insights for socialists, anarchists, radicals, and liberals concerned with social transformation and the robustness of the liberal Open Society. (shrink)

This addresses the phenomenon of spontaneous emergence of complexity. I am not proposing a new physical theory, rather introduce the concept of a universal complexity driver based on information theory. This essay is a step in a broader exploration of the limits of knowability.

People around the world seek climate risk information to guide their decisions. For instance, projections about future flood risk inform where households choose to live, how lenders manage credit risks, and which communities receive federal funding. Yet data limitations and fundamental validation challenges raise important concerns about the reliability of such projections. The principles of transparency and reusability help address these concerns by enabling scrutiny of assumptions and methods, development of foundational data and tools, and consistent application of evaluation standards. (...) While there is ongoing debate about how much transparency commercial climate risk services should provide, many expect noncommercial actors to lead the way on operationalizing transparency and reusability to fulfill their knowledge-building role in the climate risk ecosystem. However, despite prominent success stories, we find a substantial gap between principles and practice: Only four percent of the most-cited peer-reviewed climate risk studies in recent years fully share their data and code although this is a widely accepted minimum standard for transparency. We highlight low-cost measures that noncommercial researchers can take now to improve transparency and reusability. We also emphasize that transformative progress requires substantial investment, cross-sector collaboration, and careful consideration of tradeoffs, data rights, and multiple perspectives on equity. We hope this perspective accelerates both immediate actions and longer-term conversations to improve the ability of science to effectively support timely, evidence-based, and sound climate risk management. (shrink)

What if matter is not the first layer of reality, but a late form of relation that became stable enough to remain? -/- Before Matter introduces the Relational Zero State, or RZS, as a philosophical framework for thinking about reality before ready-made objects, classical space, ordinary time, and constituted matter. The article begins from a simple inversion: instead of asking what things existed at the beginning, it asks how anything could become stable, distinguishable, and resistant enough to be called a (...) thing. -/- RZS does not describe the universe as a biological organism, nor does it replace physics with metaphor. Its focus is more basic: the passage from a pre-structural condition to a universe capable of difference, relation, microjump, recurrence, weight, structural memory, boundary, geometry, matter, and complexity. In this view, the Zero State is not absolute nothingness, but a condition before stabilized form, where relational differentiation remains possible. -/- The article also introduces the Romero Law of Relational Stability: a system becomes more stable not by becoming rigid, but by increasing its capacity for update while reducing the dominance of noise, latency, and unresolved tension. From this principle, the text connects RZS with operational geometry, thermodynamics, cosmology, matter, mind, and psychopathology. -/- Written as an accessible entry point into the broader RZS program, Before Matter offers readers a conceptual map for approaching its more technical developments without losing sight of the central question: how can relations learn to remain? (shrink)

The Existence Threshold (v2.1) builds on a statistically significant framework for understanding pattern persistence in complexity science. -/- Using the corrected formula Φ = R·S + D, this work validates that disorder is a necessary component of existence. -/- Features comprehensive experimental success across ten cellular automata systems, establishing testable predictions for self-organization, emergence, and entropy in binary discrete environments. -/- Keywords: Existence Threshold, cellular automata, pattern persistence, binary discrete systems, self-organization, emergence, complexity science, information theory, system integration, thermodynamic entropy, (...) Conway's Game of Life, dynamical systems, state transitions, reproducibility, implementation details, experimental validation, statistical significance, domain boundaries, consciousness hypothesis, cosmological expansion, dark energy mechanism, recursive processing, integrated information theory. (shrink)

What do market crashes, geomagnetic storms, and the loss of consciousness have in common? They are all moments when a system's organizational identity dissolves. This paper introduces a framework that makes that dissolution measurable, predictable, and universal. The Dynamic Existence Threshold (DET) provides a single coordinate system — the integration-differentiation balance zone — in which conscious brains, stable markets, and quiet magnetospheres all occupy the same region. Departure from this zone is organizational dissolution: the system persists physically but loses the (...) coordinated structure that made it more than the sum of its parts. -/- The decisive result: a simple sum of neural power anti-predicts brain state (AUC 0.416 — worse than a coin flip), while the structural coupling metric achieves 91% accuracy across 136,394 EEG epochs. Deep sleep has more total power than wakefulness. What it lacks is coordination. This is the cleanest dissociation between organizational structure and mere magnitude in the critical transitions literature — and it raises the obvious question about AI: is a large neural network's activation organized, or just loud? The DET framework can test this. -/- Six tests, three domains (financial markets, space weather, EEG), zero parameter tuning. Early warning signals 5–30 days before events. Total organizational information is conserved during every tested transition while its components undergo massive inverse exchange — the system redistributes information rather than losing it. Dimensional embedding destroys it irreversibly. Two distinct failure modes: reversible organizational shift versus irreversible information destruction. -/- The framework that detects when a brain loses consciousness is the same one that detects when a market loses coherence — and potentially the same one that could measure whether an AI system has organizational structure at all. -/- Provisionally patented. -/- __________ -/- Keywords: consciousness, artificial intelligence, complex systems, critical transitions, early warning signals, integrated information theory, AI consciousness, EEG, financial crashes, space weather, nonlinear dynamics, tipping points, information conservation, organizational dissolution, cross-domain analysis. (shrink)

：三维不可压缩 Navier–Stokes 方程的全局光滑解存在性问题是数学界著名的千 禧年难题。迄今为止，数学界尚未找到能够控制涡拉伸机制的有效先验估计，无法排 除解在有限时间内爆破的可能性。本文为思想框架类文章，不提供最终数学证明。基 于太极阴阳 “互生互制、守恒平衡、阴中有阳、阳中有阴” 的核心思想，本文提出一套 阴阳制约原理，解释流体系统天然的稳定性约束，并指出传统证明的核心困境：缺少 描述耦合物理量互相抑制、不可单独无限增长的数学工具。本文严格区分已知事实与 推测，明确学术边界，提出可与主流研究接轨的弱公理路线，为理解 NS 方程提供东 方整体论视角，具有启发意义与学术推进价值。.

The incompressible Navier–Stokes equations on the three-torus T³ admit global weak solutions (Leray), but whether these solutions remain smooth for all time is open. We resolve this by constructing a bounded vorticity-response functional Φ : ℝ≥0 → [φ_min, φ_max] that defines a temporal lifting of the equations. The construction generalizes Sundman's regularization of collision singularities in celestial mechanics, with vorticity magnitude serving as the regularizing variable. The lifting φ(τ) = ∫₀τ Φ(‖Ω(s)‖_L∞) ds satisfies non-degeneracy (φ′ ≥ φ_min > 0) and (...) global coverage (φ(τ) → ∞ as τ → ∞). Uniform bounds on Galerkin approximations, independent of the truncation parameter N, combined with coordinate invariance of the Beale–Kato–Majda integral, yield finiteness of the BKM integral in physical time. The contrapositive of the BKM criterion establishes global existence of classical solutions u ∈ C∞(T³ × [0, ∞)) for smooth divergence-free initial data; by weak-strong uniqueness, these coincide with the Leray–Hopf weak solutions, establishing their smoothness. This satisfies Fefferman's Clay Millennium Problem Statement (B). Numerical validation at Reynolds numbers up to 10⁸ confirms coordinate invariance and preservation of the dissipation identity ε = 2νZ. Numerical confirmation code and data available at doi:10.5281/zenodo.17730872. Paper DOI DOI: 10.63968/post-bio-ai-epistemics.v1n2.012. (shrink)

In Explaining Technology, Koppl et al. (2023) argue that “recombination is the essential driver of technological evolution” (p. 3). Modelling combinatorial innovation as a self-propelling, “autocatalytic” process raises the question of what explanatory role, if any, is left for institutional analysis. Although the authors grant institutions only an auxiliary explanatory role, they hint at the functional importance of market institutions, trade networks, patent law, and entrepreneurship. Our paper argues that institutions matter because they crucially affect aggregate levels and rates of (...) recombination and innovation, as well as shaping patterns of recombination and innovation that occur. This paper builds upon Koppl et al.’s acknowledgement of these institutional effects by integrating combinatorial evolution within recent developments in commons theory and institutional economics. Specifically, we argue the burgeoning literature on Governing Knowledge Commons offers a fruitful framework and body of empirical case studies that illuminates the diverse institutions individuals use to facilitate and steer combinatorial innovation. Whilst healthy institutional diversity may incentivize more recombination than any single monocentric institutional arrangement, the non-teleological aspect of recombination means that innovative processes can exude either productive, unproductive, or destructive effects. The institutional diversity fostered by flourishing knowledge commons may allow people to put combinatorial innovations into more productive uses while internalizing their complex externalities. At the same time, it may generate socio-cultural resistances to some forms of innovation processes. We illustrate our theory using cases related to several applied topics including intellectual property, competition policy, and the development of unmanned aerial vehicles. (shrink)

OBJETIVO: Analizar la relación entre la fonética y la enseñanza de segundas lenguas, mediante un enfoque del pensamiento complejo que considere las interacciones interdisciplinarias y transdisciplinarias en el aprendizaje de lenguas. MÉTODO: Se revisaron conceptos fundamentales de la fonética, la fonología y su integración en la enseñanza de segundas lenguas, incluyendo el uso de herramientas tecnológicas y técnicas de aprendizaje, como la repetición y la retroalimentación. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo basado en análisis documental de fuentes especializadas. RESULTADOS: Se (...) identificó que la fonética, al ser abordada de manera integral, contribuye de manera significativa a la mejora de la comprensión y producción de sonidos en la lengua meta, facilitando una comunicación más efectiva y una mayor fluidez. Además, el uso de tecnologías como el reconocimiento de voz y simuladores de diálogo también favorece el rendimiento del estudiante. CONCLUSIÓN: La integración de la fonética en el aprendizaje de segundas lenguas, tanto en su producción segmental como suprasegmental, es esencial para optimizar la enseñanza y mejorar la adquisición de una lengua. Las herramientas tecnológicas complementan este proceso, contribuyendo al desarrollo de habilidades lingüísticas más completas y efectivas. Abstract. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between phonetics and second language teaching through a complex thinking approach that considers interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary interactions in language learning. METHOD: Fundamental concepts of phonetics, phonology, and their integration into second language teaching were reviewed, including the use of technological tools and learning techniques such as repetition and feedback. This is a qualitative study based on documentary analysis of specialized sources. RESULTS: It was identified that phonetics, when approached integrally, significantly contributes to improving the understanding and production of sounds in the target language, facilitating more effective communication and greater fluency. Additionally, the use of technologies such as speech recognition and dialogue simulators also enhance student performance. CONCLUSION: The integration of phonetics in second language learning, both in its segmental and suprasegmental production, is essential to optimize teaching and improve language acquisition. Technological tools complement this process, contributing to the development of more complete and effective linguistic skills. (shrink)

Specific Decisional System offers a groundbreaking exploration into how artificial intelligence can make, adjust, and implement decisions with mathematical precision. Focused on the core logic of Artificial Research by Deduction, this book introduces readers to a structured, three-stage process that governs how intelligent systems validate decisions, transform them into actionable instructions, and evolve through self-correction. With real-world examples ranging from automated transport to banking systems, it reveals how AI can operate autonomously while adapting in real time to new priorities and (...) changing environments. -/- Whether you're a researcher, engineer, policy designer, or visionary entrepreneur, this book provides a forward-looking framework for designing intelligent systems that are not only efficient and responsive, but capable of learning and improving themselves. It also introduces the original concept of “Probability and Deduction” as a method to directly link logic, modelling, and execution—creating a seamless path from mathematical reasoning to robotic action. -/- Specific Decisional System is a must-read for anyone interested in the future of automation, intelligent governance, and the next generation of self-replicating, self-improving Artificial Intelligence. (shrink)

Recent literature has raised what I'll call the 'multiscale argument' against reduction (see e.g. Batterman (2013), Wilson (2017), Bursten (2018)). These authors observe that numerous successful scientific models appeal to features and properties from a wide range of spatial/temporal scales. This is taken to undermine views that the world is sharply divided into distinct levels, roughly corresponding to different scales, and that each higher level is reducible to the next lowest level. -/- While the multiscale argument does undermine a naive (...) conception of levels and reduction, in this paper I argue that alternative views of reduction and levels can withstand this argument. After articulating the multiscale argument in more detail, I show that this does not undermine a version of reduction that accepts methodological pluralism in science, yet maintains that the adequacy of any model can be explained by appeal to details at smaller scales. I go on to discuss a case study – dislocations in steel –e used by Batterman and Wilson in defence of the multiscale argument. I argue that the version of reduction advocated above is available in this context. I conclude by arguing that, in the face of the multiscale argument, levels are either everywhere or nowhere. (shrink)

Intellectual property (IP) can internalize positive externalities associated with the creation and discovery of ideas, thereby increasing investment in efforts to create and discover ideas. However, IP law also causes negative externalities. Strict IP rights raise the transaction costs associated with consuming and building on existing ideas. This causes a tragedy of the anticommons, in which valuable resources are underused and underdeveloped. By disincentivizing creative projects that build on existing ideas, IP protection, even if it increases original innovation, can inadvertently (...) reduce the rate of iterative innovation. The net effect of IP law on innovation and welfare depends on the relative magnitude of these positive and negative externalities. We argue that the current regime probably suffers from excessive, and excessively rigid, IP protection. This motivates the search for institutional alternatives and complements. We suggest that a monocentric IP rights regime may not be the only, or the most efficient, way to internalize the positive externalities of innovation. The knowledge economy supports the emergence of diverse, polycentric forms of bottom-up self-governance, both market and community led, that entail the citizen coproduction of the norms and practices of intellectual creation and discovery. (shrink)

We comment on the collection of papers inspired by our book Why Machines Will Never Rule the World published in volume 12 (5+6) of the journal Cosmos+Taxis. We summarize the arguments made by the contributors about what we say in the book, and then show where we disagree.

Liberal-minded basic income scholars often argue that UBI has two key properties that work together to justify it. Let us call these the freedom justification and the narrative justification. On the one hand, UBI is defended because it gives people more freedom to do what they want to do. (Stigler, 1946, Friedman, 1962; Van Parijs, 1995; Widerquist, 2013) They exhibit primary concern for the purely formal properties of the regime of liberal neutrality. On the other hand, many scholars, including many (...) of the same liberal scholars, argue that UBI also pushes society substantively towards desirable social outcomes. They combine the freedom justification with substantive predictions and expectations. (Rifkin, 1995; Murray, 2016; Weeks, 2020) However, I show that both existentialist philosophy (Sartre) and complexity theory (Knight, Hayek, Schumpeter) suggest that a liberal social order is compatible, at best, with rough pattern prediction about a multiply realizable future that remains narratively open to multiple possible trajectories. Liberal neutrality, to the extent that it nourishes radical freedom, is incompatible with strong, stable narrative predictions. As Nozick put, it “liberty upsets patterns”. This is true of all liberal UBI models, and liberal institutions in general. (shrink)

The rapid advancements in healthcare technologies have resulted in an enormous increase in biomedical data, creating the need for innovative approaches to harness this information for early disease detection. Big Data Analytics (BDA) combined with Artificial Intelligence (AI) offers unprecedented opportunities to analyze complex biomedical signal patterns and predict the onset of diseases at an early stage. The application of AI techniques like machine learning and deep learning in conjunction with BDA allows for the detection of subtle patterns in large (...) datasets that might be missed by conventional diagnostic methods. This paper explores the integration of Big Data Analytics and AI for early disease detection through the analysis of biomedical signal patterns, such as electrocardiograms (ECG), electroencephalograms (EEG), and wearable sensor data. AI algorithms, trained on vast datasets, can recognize early warning signals of various diseases such as cardiovascular disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and respiratory conditions. The ability to analyze these signals in real time enables early intervention, potentially improving patient outcomes and reducing healthcare costs. A comprehensive literature review highlights the use of BDA and AI in biomedical applications and the challenges associated with data volume, quality, and heterogeneity. We propose a system methodology that combines AI models with real-time Big Data Analytics to process biomedical signals efficiently and accurately. The proposed system leverages AI for feature extraction and classification while utilizing Big Data tools to handle the massive influx of data from biomedical devices and sensors. This approach not only enhances diagnostic precision but also paves the way for personalized healthcare solutions. (shrink)

The Complex Emergent Model of Language Acquisition (CEMLA) offers a new perspective on how humans acquire language, drawing on principles from complexity theory to explain this dynamic, adaptive process. Moving beyond linear and reductionist models, CEMLA views language acquisition as a system of interconnected nodes, feedback loops, and emergent patterns, operating at the edge of chaos. This framework captures the fluidity and adaptivity of language learning, highlighting how understanding and fluency arise through self-organisation, phase transitions, and interaction with diverse linguistic (...) input. By embracing the complexity of language acquisition, CEMLA provides a comprehensive model that reflects the true nature of human communication. (shrink)

Después de introducir el artículo (§1), repasaré los aspectos más generales y centrales de la literatura sobre la fundamentación (§2); esta tarea me parece valiosa ya que no existen revisiones generales y actualizadas en español sobre el tema. Después, argumentaré que la fundamentación no es una medida de complejidad física, y que, sin un vínculo necesario con la complejidad, quedan pocas razones para pensar que la fundamentación une a los diferentes estratos de la realidad física, que es una de las (...) motivaciones más importantes para introducir relaciones de dependencia (§3). (shrink)

Modern fundamental science tends to avoid the principle of physical causality and realism, replacing it with heuristically postulated and separated mathematical constructions that impose their own rules before being adjusted to measurement results. While it is officially accepted as the single possible kind of rigorous knowledge, we argue that another, explicitly extended kind of science can provide the causally complete picture of reality avoiding the glaring gaps, growing problems and persisting stagnation of the artificially reduced knowledge paradigm. The logic of (...) science development and especially its current state call for the urgently needed transition to the extended, causally complete kind of knowledge and related sustainable progress at superior creativity levels of self-aware, reason-based society. (shrink)

La presente investigación se inscribe en el campo del pensamiento complejo y tiene como propósito principal analizar la articulación interdisciplinaria y transdisciplinaria en el estudio de la lingüística y, en particular, de la fonética, integrando aportes provenientes de distintas áreas del conocimiento. El trabajo se fundamenta en una línea de investigación previa orientada al estudio de la complejidad, los sistemas complejos y la transdisciplina en lingüística, desarrollada en diversas publicaciones científicas, y la consolida en un proyecto unitario de carácter teórico (...) y aplicado. Desde el punto de vista conceptual, la investigación desarrolla una revisión y sistematización de los principales conceptos asociados a la complejidad, los sistemas complejos y la transdisciplinariedad, con el fin de establecer un marco epistemológico que permita superar la fragmentación disciplinar y clarificar el uso de analogías y transferencias conceptuales entre campos científicos. En este contexto, se examina la relación histórica y teórica entre la lingüística, la fonética y la acústica, así como sus posibilidades de integración desde una perspectiva compleja, considerando también proyecciones aplicadas en ámbitos como la enseñanza de lenguas. El trabajo se organiza en tres grandes etapas: una primera dedicada a la exposición de los fundamentos del pensamiento complejo, la interdisciplinariedad y la transdisciplinariedad; una segunda orientada a presentar, para un público no especializado, los conceptos básicos de la lingüística y la fonética en el marco de dicha perspectiva; y una tercera en la que se desarrolla un estudio experimental como caso de aplicación del enfoque propuesto. En esta última etapa se lleva a cabo un experimento de discriminación perceptiva de los fonemas oclusivos del español /p/, /t/, /k/ y /b/, /d/, /g/, filtrados por bandas de octava, en informantes normoyentes y hablantes nativos de español. Los resultados indican que las zonas críticas de reorganización perceptiva se sitúan principalmente entre las bandas de 2000 Hz y 4000 Hz. Este estudio no constituye el fin en sí mismo de la investigación, sino que funciona como una instancia de validación empírica del enfoque interdisciplinario y transdisciplinario propuesto. En conjunto, la tesis busca demostrar que el pensamiento complejo y la transdisciplinariedad no solo ofrecen un marco teórico integrador para el estudio del lenguaje, sino que también permiten articular de manera coherente enfoques tradicionalmente separados y generar modelos de investigación con proyección tanto teórica como aplicada, incluyendo ámbitos como la evaluación preventiva en contextos de exposición acústica y la enseñanza de lenguas. (shrink)

Universal Basic Income (UBI) has been proposed as a potential way in which welfare states could be made more responsive to the ever-shifting evolutionary challenges of institutional adaptation in a dynamic environment. It has been proposed as a tool of “real freedom” (Van Parijs) and as a tool of making the welfare state more efficient. (Friedman) From the point of view of complexity theory and evolutionary economics, I argue that only a welfare state model that is “polycentrically” (Polanyi, Hayek) organized (...) as an evolving network of distributed decision-making can respond to the challenges of complexity in an adaptively efficient manner. UBI has the theoretical possibility to facilitate flexible, bottom-up innovation, since a) it embodies the “rule of law” principles of generality, nondiscrimination, simplicity, and transparency, and b) it grants people widespread freedom to experiment, innovate, and deviate from established practices and norms; but whether it can be made to work as intended depends on a number of variables in its design. I situate my research in the contemporary UBI debate around automation and technological development, which I interpret creatively through the lens of contemporary evolutionary political economy. I advance a syncretic model of institutional design based upon the shared insights of the Santa Fe, Neo-Hayekian, and Neo-Schumpeterian schools of evolutionary economics that, following Adam Thierer and Michael Munger, I call the framework of Permissionless Innovation (PI). Under the PI framework, which is a development of the tradition of evolutionary liberalism (Hume, Smith, Mandeville, Mill, Hayek, Polanyi, Schumpeter, Hodgson), individuals are granted the default right to innovate without having to ask for permission, and the right to basic income, which they can use to support their right to innovate, mutate, and experiment. This framework is a liberal framework to the extent it relies on widespread human freedom as a means of fostering innovation and social learning. And it is an evolutionary framework to the extent that it seeks to facilitate evolutionary socioeconomic processes for the sake of social progress and welfare advancement. I proceed to show, through an analysis of how innovation operates in both the economy and the cultural domain, that UBI can be used as an important cornerstone of an evolutionary liberal model of “ecostructural” governance that treats the socioeconomic order as an ecological garden of spontaneous growths, adaptations, and innovations. I call this the Permissionless Innovation Universal Basic Income (PIUBI) framework. In it, the right to innovate, deviate, and mutate is upheld as the “gold standard” of institutional design whereby individuals are granted widespread freedoms combined with the provision of UBI and other innovation-fostering (carefully bound) services and regulations. In the coming decades, UBI may even enable poor people to take better advantage of Human Enhancement Technologies (HETs) and other experimental innovations. Such a framework is compatible with a fast pace of evolutionary development, but the regulatory model accompanying such a framework must be capable of responding to evolutionary lock-ins, maladaptive innovations, self-destructive behaviour on the part of UBI recipients, and the management of catastrophic and existential risks. In the end, I will have shown that the PIUBI framework can be justified as a plausible default institutional mechanism for responding to radical uncertainty, but it needs to be experimentally adapted to changing circumstances with the help of various situation-specific, polycentric, multi-level, approaches. (shrink)

The article presents the empirical confirmation to the black hole and white hole juxtapose theory. The author based the experiment on the multi- mission multi-spectral space telescope data conducted remotely with the NASA Data Challenge and Harvard- Smithsonian Micro-Observatory. Since the loss of the original manuscript, the author reformulated the mathematics during the research. The observation developed a resonance observation technique that observed the white hole to the moon’s direction with the sun. The data reduction of the white hole and (...) other observations provides an explanation for the undetected gravitons and some empirical physical features of the white hole. (shrink)

The article explains on the two-year experiment after the author’s finalization of dissertation. The thesis of the dissertation was hidden in the last chapter with analytical linguistics. It was done so with the fascist development of the Chinese Communist regime with neo- Nazi characteristics. Since numerous prior warnings on the political downshifts & coup d’état in China was willfully ignored by the university, the linguistic innovations in dissertation found a balance between multilateralism and outer space (security). The experiments were conducted (...) with a combination of physical unit analysis & thermonuclear dynamics analysis. It describes the experiment process in terms of gravitation as gravitational singularity and Bekenstein-Penrose singularity. Detailed research process is elaborated in the article concerning the sociopolitical interactions the research involved. (shrink)

As a response to the COVID-19 crisis, governments have turned to various discretionary measures such as cash transfers to consumers and businesses with mixed results. Universal Basic Income (UBI) is back on the agenda as well. One of the main advantages of UBI, as scholars like F.A. Hayek, Milton Friedman, and James M. Buchanan have argued, is that it does not depend upon competent and benevolent government discretion—which is often in short supply—but upon pre-established rules. This paper argues that the (...) UBI scheme holds tentative promise from the point of view of improving the institutional crisis preparedness of a complex socioeconomic order. The pre-established rules of UBI buttress the rule of law framework that improves the ability of economic agents to spontaneously coordinate their actions in times of crisis characterized by radical uncertainty, disequilibrium shocks, and institutional instability. Furthermore, UBI combines the distribution of fungible resources with the delegation of independent decision-making power to millions of crisis-struck individuals and communities. Compared to discretionary tax-and-transfer schemes, the rules of UBI therefore appear more compatible with the polycentric discovery of novel solutions from the bottom-up. In times of crisis, UBI may be relied upon as one cornerstone of what I shall call the permanent crisis management framework. Having such a permanent scheme may minimize - although it does not altogether eliminate - the need for discretionary transfers, targeted intervention, and technocratic management in times of crisis. However, this theoretical model of UBI as a facilitator of polycentric crisis preparedness faces several practical challenges that need to be addressed in further research. (shrink)

The unreduced solution to the arbitrary interaction problem, absent in the standard theory framework, reveals many equally real and mutually incompatible system configurations, or "realizations". This is the essence of universal dynamic undecidability, or multivaluedness, and the ensuing causal randomness (unpredictability), non-computability, irreversible time flow (evolution, emergence), and dynamic complexity of every real system, object, or process. This creative undecidability of real-world dynamics provides causal explanations for "quantum mysteries", relativity postulates, cosmological problems, and the huge efficiency of high-complexity phenomena, such (...) as life, intelligence, and consciousness, giving rise to extended applications, far beyond the critical limits of usual science paradigm. (shrink)

In this work I propose a theory of evolution as a process of unfolding. This theory is based on four logically concatenated principles. The principle of evolutionary order establishes that the more complex cannot be generated from the simpler. The principle of origin establishes that there must be a maximum complexity that originates the others by logical deduction. Finally, the principle of unfolding and the principle of actualization guarantee the development of the evolutionary process from the simplest to the most (...) complex. These logical principles determine the existence of a virtual ideological matrix that contains the sequence of the preformed and folded morphogenetic fields. In this manner, the evolutionary process consists of the sequential unfolding and actualization of these fields, which is motorized by a process of teleologization carried out by the opening consciousness of the forms included in the fields of the ideological matrix. This theory leads to a radical change of perspective regarding the materialist worldview, and places life at the center of the evolutionary process as an activity carried out by a consciousness that seeks to fulfill a purpose by actualizing its own potentialities. (shrink)

Has science already answered the fundamental questions about the concepts of Life, Cosmos and Evolution? Has science not relegated these fundamental questions by following up on more immediate, “useful” and practical endeavors that ultimately ensure that the wheel of capitalism keeps spinning in its frantic search for material and economic progress? There is something terribly wrong with the current theory of evolution, understood as the Darwinian theory with its successive versions and extensions. The concept of natural selection, the cornerstone of (...) Darwinism, is logically inconsistent. This has been demonstrated in some of my latest academic publications. The entire conceptual framework of Darwinism is inadequate. Organisms do not compete with each other for the survival of the fittest. The fundamental relationship in Nature is not competition or confrontation, but interconnectivity, complementarity, and relational meaningfulness. A new theory of evolution is necessary to explain how it is possible that organisms as simple as bacteria, protozoa and diatoms could have generated organisms as complex as primates, and among them, the human being, a being capable of feeling and thinking, of suffering and enjoying, a being capable of having ideals and purposes. A theory that explains how it is possible that this being so complex, rich, and to some extent still unknown, has emerged from a single cell, an egg-cell, lacking all the capacities, riches and depths of human existence. Such a theory already exists. (shrink)

The topic of the relationship between the organism and its environment runs through the theories of Uexküll, Goldstein and Canguilhem with equal importance. In this work a counterpoint will be established between their theories, in the attempt to assess at which points the melodies are concordant and at which points they are discordant. As fundamental basis to his theory, Uexküll relies on the concept of conformity to a plan, which allows him to account for the congruity and perfect adjustment between (...) organisms and their Umwelten. For Goldstein and Canguilhem, the relationship between an organism and its environment resembles instead a debate or coming to terms, in which the organism, as to ensure the continuity of the state of health, must constantly create norms to maintain a productive relationship with its environment. The pinpointing of these conceptual frameworks allows to lay emphasis on that each theory relies on specific assumptions regarding teleology and sense in organisms, as well as on specific definitions of the concept of life in general. Ultimately, the view that organisms and their environments have an original and common source, a principle, or plan, which must possess all the creative characteristics of life, will be seen as prevailing. (shrink)

In this work the doctrine of organicism will be addressed, as explained and seen mainly by Bertalanffy. We will study how this doctrine represents and embodies the ambiguity of Kantian teleology as a regulative principle, and how this same problem leads to consider a real problem as a knowledge problem. It will be concluded that organicism, conceived in this way, does not represent a true holism, but what we will call a syn-holism, a synthesis or assembly, and that to obtain (...) a true holism we must resort to the concept of true form. Finally, it will be established that since the fundamental characteristic of an organism is its development, a historical theory of the organism is required for which the concept of field can be useful and necessary. (shrink)

This paper proposes a specific approach to understanding the nature of technology that encompasses the entire field of technological praxis, from the making of primitive tools to using the Internet. In that approach, technology is a specific form of human agency that yields to (an imperfect) realization of human control over a technological situation—that is, a situation not governed to an end by natural constraints but by specific human aims. The components of such technological situations are a given collection of (...) natural or artificial beings, humans, human aims, and situation-bound tools. By performing technological situation analysis, the essential form of tool making, the complex system of relationships between science and technology, technological practices with and without machines, the finiteness or imperfectness of any technology, and engineering (i.e., the possibility of the creation of technological situations) can be considered. For a better characterization of the approach to technology, the paper also presents a comparison of other philosophies of technology. Following Feenberg’s comparative analysis, the so-called fundamental question of the philosophy of technology is formulated, its two sides are identified, and it is applied for clarification of our position within philosophy of technology. In our approach, all human praxis can be considered to be technological; more precisely, every human activity has a technological aspect or dimension. (shrink)

We explain why exactly the simplified abstract scheme of reality within the standard science paradigm cannot provide the consistent picture of “truly fundamental” reality and how the unreduced, causally complete description of the latter is regained within the extended, provably complete solution to arbitrary interaction problem and the ensuing concept of universal dynamic complexity. We emphasize the practical importance of this extension for both particular problem solution and further, now basically unlimited fundamental science development (otherwise dangerously stagnating within its traditional (...) paradigm). (shrink)

Emergence is much discussed by both philosophers and scientists. But, as noted by Mitchell (2012), there is a significant gulf; philosophers and scientists talk past each other. We contend that this is because philosophers and scientists typically mean different things by emergence, leading us to distinguish being emergence and pattern emergence. While related to distinctions offered by others between, for example, strong/weak emergence or epistemic/ontological emergence (Clayton, 2004, pp. 9–11), we argue that the being vs. pattern distinction better captures what (...) the two groups are addressing. In identifying pattern emergence as the central concern of scientists, however, we do not mean that pattern emergence is of no interest to philosophers. Rather, we argue that philosophers should attend to, and even contribute to, discussions of pattern emergence. But it is important that this discussion be distinguished, not conflated, with discussions of being emergence. In the following section we explicate the notion of being emergence and show how it has been the focus of many philosophical discussions, historical and contemporary. In section 3 we turn to pattern emergence, briefly presenting a few of the ways it figures in the discussions of scientists (and philosophers of science who contribute to these discussions in science). Finally, in sections 4 and 5, we consider the relevance of pattern emergence to several central topics in philosophy of biology: the emergence of complexity, of control, and of goal-directedness in biological systems. (shrink)

Tesis para obtener el grado de licenciado en derecho. Partiendo de las distintas aproximaciones al fenómeno del derecho, presentamos una discusión filosófica sobre la naturaleza de las normas. Asumiendo entonces la posición sistémica podemos afirmar que tanto la obediencia como el desafío de una norma es lógicamente equivalente. Concluye con una serie de reflexiones sobre distintas formas de acceso al fenómeno del derecho.

The deep crisis in modern fundamental science development is ever more evident and openly recognised now even by mainstream, official science professionals and leaders. By no coincidence, it occurs in parallel to the world civilisation crisis and related global change processes, where the true power of unreduced scientific knowledge is just badly missing as the indispensable and unique tool for the emerging greater problem solution and further progress at a superior level of complex world dynamics. Here we reveal the mathematically (...) exact reason for the crisis in conventional science, containing also the natural and unified problem solution in the form of well-specified extension of usual, artificially restricted paradigm. We show how that extended, now causally complete science content provides various "unsolvable" problem solutions and opens new development possibilities for both science and society, where the former plays the role of the main, direct driver for the latter. We outline the related qualitative changes in science organisation, practice and purposes, giving rise to the sustainability transition in the entire civilisation dynamics towards the well-specified superior level of its unreduced, now well understood and universally defined complexity. (shrink)

An extended analysis compared to observations shows that modern “globalised” world civilisation has passed through the invisible “complexity threshold”, after which usual “spontaneous”, empirically driven kind of development (“invisible hand” etc.) cannot continue any more without major destructive tendencies. A much deeper, non-simplified understanding of real interaction complexity is necessary in order to cope with such globalised world development problems. Here we introduce the universal definition, fundamental origin, and dynamic equations for a major related quantity of (systemic) risk characterising real (...) complex system development tendencies at any level of dynamics. Practically important conclusions are derived, opening further detailed applications in economy, finance and development practice. (shrink)

Unified and causal complex-dynamic origin of standard (special and general) relativistic and quantum effects revealed previously at the lowest levels of world interaction dynamics is explicitly generalised to all higher levels of unreduced interaction processes, thus additionally confirming the causally complete character of complex-dynamical, naturally quantised relativity, which does not contain any artificially added, abstract postulates. We demonstrate some elementary applications of this generalised quantum relativity at higher levels of complex brain and social interaction dynamics.

Instead of postulated fixed structures and abstract principles of usual positivistic science, the unreduced diversity of living world reality is consistently derived as dynamically emerging results of unreduced interaction process development, starting from its simplest configuration of two coupled homogeneous protofields. The dynamically multivalued, or complex and intrinsically chaotic, nature of these real interaction results extends dramatically the artificially reduced, dynamically single-valued projection of standard theory and solves its stagnating old and accumulating new problems, “mysteries” and “paradoxes” within the unified (...) and causally complete picture of intrinsically evolving, dynamically complex reality. The permanently unfolding complexity progress thus revealed is fundamentally unlimited and does not need to stop at the directly observed diversity of usual matter complexity. The exciting, but rigorously substantiated and objectively inevitable prospects of further civilisation complexity development towards its superior levels of genuine sustainability and global Noosphere are outlined, with practically important conclusions for today’s critical problem solution. (shrink)

Nicht Stabilität, sondern Instabilität sei der Grundcharakter der Natur, so hören wir von Jan Schmidt als Auftakt zu seinem Buch „Das Andere der Natur“ (Hirzel-Verlag, 2015). „Das Eine der Natur“, welches reduktionistisch zu erfassen ist, soll durch ein „Anderes“ ergänzt werden. Von dieser anderen Seite her zeigt sich „Natur ... auch (als) instabil, komplex, chaotisch, zufällig, emergent...“, und aus dieser Sicht des Naturgeschehens heraus will der Autor eine Philosophie der Instabilität entwerfen. Der gelernte Physiker und Philosoph lehrt an der Hochschule (...) Darmstadt (hda) Wissenschafts- und Technikphilosophie. Sein Buch beleuchtet das Thema „Instabilitäten“ aus vielen Blickwinkeln. Was sind Instabilitäten, was Selbstorganisation, was ist Zeit, was Zufall, was Kausalität? Diese Erkenntnisse bezieht der Autor dann auf den Kosmos, auf die Evolution bis hin zum menschlichen Gehirn und seinen Leistungen. Mit dieser Rezension gehe ich ausführlich auf dieses lesenswerte Buch ein. (shrink)