Fig. 2

Mean soil temperature (a), volumetric soil water content (b) and CO2 emission rates (c) in the monocrop and diversified cropping systems under rainfed and irrigated conditions. Means and standard errors are shown. D1: Diversification 1 (rainfed almond trees intercropped with Capparis spinosa); D2: Diversification 2 (rainfed almond trees intercropped with Thymus hyemalis); D3: Diversification 3 (irrigated mandarin trees intercropped with crop rotations of Hordeum vulgare/Vicia sativa and Vicia faba). Within each farming system, different lower cases indicate significant differences between the diversifications and the monocrop (control) systems at p < 0.05