Two Stupidities.

1) We discussed this issue back in 2018 (Janet Freeman: “In my editing experience, when you have two ‘the’s’ competing for the same space — ‘in the The New Yorker’ — style often calls for keeping the generic one and dropping the one in the title”; Articles and articles: “In cases when the name is used as an adjective, though, no cap: ‘the Times reporter So-and-So’”), but it still annoys me greatly, and the Times appears to be violating its own guidelines (if Articles and articles is correct), so I’m going to complain about it again: the Crime & Mystery column in this week’s NYT Book Review (or, to give the name in its full glory, The New York Times Book Review), we find “I felt like The New York Times reporter who shows up to interview Kick late in the novel.” There is no excuse for that capitalized The; here, the article is modifying “reporter.” If you insist on your stupid The, what you have to do is change the structure: “I felt like the reporter from The New York Times who shows up to interview Kick late in the novel.” Ah has spoken!

2) I have discovered that there is a Sartre short story called in English “Erostratus.” The description in Wikipedia begins: “A story about a misanthropic man who resolves to follow the path of Herostratus and make history by means of an evil deed—in this case, by killing six random people (one for each bullet in his revolver).” (As a side note, I find that kind of “existentialist” story idea supremely silly.) But if he’s following the path of Herostratus, why is he called Erostratus? Presumably because the French original is “Érostrate,” but that’s an artifact of the inconsistent French attitude towards rough breathings:

Érostrate ou Hérostrate (en grec ancien Ἡρόστρατος / Hêróstratos qui signifie littéralement Armée d’Héraᵃ) est l’incendiaire du temple d’Artémis à Éphèse, considéré par beaucoup comme l’une des Sept merveilles du monde du monde antique.
[…]
ᵃLe nom propre s’écrivant en grec avec un êta initial aspiré, il peut aussi être transcrit en français Hèrostratos comme l’écrit A. Bailly, ou Hèrostrate.

There is no such inconsistency in English; rough breathings are always rendered with h-, and the story has to be either “Érostrate” (if you choose to keep the fancy French form) or Herostratus, the only acceptable English equivalent. Shame on whichever translator made that indefensible decision!

Comments

  1. David Eddyshaw says

    Well, there’s always “Eureka!”

    (But then Harchimedes was from Syracuse, so I expect he talked funny anyway.)

  2. Very slightly relevant: when I get an email telling me it’s time to pay what I owe on my Home Depot credit card, it says “Your The Home Depot credit card payment is due soon.”

    I don’t imagine copy editors at the Home Depot put as much thought into their work as the ones at the The New Yorker.

  3. I’m going to be contrary and argue, with tongue partly but not entirely in cheek, that Sartre and the translator were the only ones who got it right. Since rough and smooth breathings are Byzantine inventions, they’re irrelevant here; we’re talking about a Greek of the 4th century B.C., who certainly spelled his name with an initial eta and no mediaeval diacritics. The only question is whether he pronounced that eta with an aspirate or not. I am not an expert on Greek dialects, and I will gladly yield to those who are, but when I was a student I was told that the process of psilosis (loss of the initial aspirate) was one of the characteristic features of Ionian Greek, the dialect spoken in the eastern Aegean islands and on the coast of Asia Minor, including, of course, Ephesos. So if the arsonist was a local miscreant, he presumably pronounced his name Erostratos, not Herostratos, regardless of the traditional spelling in our mediaeval manuscripts, which were presumably influenced by the etymology and the preservation of such aspirates in other dialects.

    (Of course, if he was a tourist from the Greek mainland, rather than an Ephesian, none of this will apply. But I don’t think we know any more about him than his name, do we?)

  4. Michael Hendry says

    I read ‘Erostratus’ in the New Directions collection The Wall (Intimacy) and Other Stories ~50 years ago in college. All I remember is the general idea, plus one detail, that Herostratus is remembered as he wished to be, but “the name of the man who built the temple”? The work-colleague who tells the anti-hero about Herostratus says “I don’t remember. . . . I don’t believe anybody knows his name.” (I just confirmed this in the New Directions paperback edition, translated by Lloyd Alexander, the very copy I read then and haven’t opened since.)

    Now, with Wikipedia (see under ‘Temple of Artemis’), it’s easy to find out whether that’s true, and not surprising to learn that it’s not. We know that the temple was funded by Croesus of Lydia, and designed by the Cretan architect Chersiphron and his son Metagenes. Whether Sartre knew this, and whether he cared, may be interesting questions to some, but I personally don’t care.

    By the way, it was right around the time I read ‘Erostratus’ that I first suspected the name of New Directions Press contained a pun. Given their fondness for publishing the likes of Henry Miller, I think they probably meant it to be read also as ‘Nude Erections Press’. And just now, this very minute, ~50 years later, it occurs to me to wonder whether ‘Press’ is also a pun, to be taken as a verb so as to make the phrase a complete sentence.

  5. Nude erections don’t press. They twitch and throb en plein air. Panted erections press.

    Anyone fond of publishing Henry Miller should know that, if only from reading his effusions.

  6. A certain club in San Francisco is always called “the El Rio”. There’s no good solution there.

  7. I’m going to be contrary and argue, with tongue partly but not entirely in cheek, that Sartre and the translator were the only ones who got it right.

    I don’t think so. Even under your assumptions, it doesn’t make sense to use a Latinized form of a standard Greek name but with a missing H- because of Ionian psilosis. We don’t talk about Omer, after all, unless we’re Kipling. Again I maintain it has to be Érostrate or Herostratus.

  8. Michael Hendry says

    Anyone who finds this interesting should also like the case of Sappho’s name. Everyone calls her that in Greek, Latin, and English, except . . . herself. She names herself in the Hymn to Aphrodite that was put first in her collected works, and in a few other fragments. And she calls herself Psappho (Ψάπφω) with a Psi, not Sappho (Σαπφώ) with a Sigma. (Note also the recessive Lesbian accent.) Or rather, to be quite clear, she has Aphrodite address her in the poem as Ψάπφʼ (Psapph’) with the second syllable elided before a vowel. Since it’s vocative for direct-address, the unelided form would in fact be Ψάπφοι (Psapphoi), as it is in a couple of other poems.

    I have asked classicists why we don’t call her Psappho in English and file her under P rather than S, and none has ever had a better reason than ‘it’s traditional’. Most of them (us) now call Maro ‘Vergil’ rather than the traditional ‘Virgil’, but few, if any, other than myself, will use ‘Psappho’. I like to think I’m just ahead of my time, and everyone will be saying ‘Psappho’ in another 50, 100, at most 150 years, while taking great care not to credit me.

  9. You’re right, of course, and I’ve wondered about that myself on occasion.

  10. I figured if any source discussed it, it would be German Wikipedia, and I wasn’t wrong (not that the discussion helps much).

  11. Michael Hendry says

    Maybe it does help. If Psi and Sigma are attempts to represent a sibilant not found in Greek, maybe we should call her Shappho?
    Hmmm. The letter Psi with it’s trident-like triple set of prongs is rather like the Hebrew Sin/Shin, which is roughly the same shape with the handle removed. Depending on where you put the dot, that can be a SH sound. Was the Psi in Psappho originally a Shin? Or was Psi selected as a Greek letter that is not Sigma, but does contain a sibilant (though the P is a distraction), and looks a lot like a Shin? Should I write this up for a journal?!? Probably not.

  12. January First-of-May says

    In Russian, Hera and her theophoric names end up with initial Г: Гера, Герострат, Геродот, Геракл, Гераклит, and so on.

    Presumably this implies a transmission through English or (more likely) German, as opposed to French or (modern or medieval) Greek, where the initial breathings would have been spelled out but not pronounced.
    I guess Latin is an option but at this point the question becomes which pronunciation of Latin…

    (Cf. the personal name Ираклий “Heraclius”, borrowed from medieval Greek with the corresponding pronunciation.)

     
    EDIT:
    a sibilant not found in Greek

    …is there an Anatolian etymology for her name? I don’t know anything about the research into this so for all I know it’s been actively studied, but I don’t think I’ve heard about anything like that before. Then again I don’t think I’ve heard of the “Psappho” form before either.

    (Of course AFAIK we have no idea what the pre-Greek language of Lesbos was like, if any, and it doesn’t necessarily have to have been Anatolian.)

  13. David Marjanović says

    If you insist on your stupid The

    I blame the “corporate identity” people who must’ve put “The” into the names of so many institutions in the US, e.g. The University of Iowa.

    (Narcissism can be done without protesting too much. Consider the Natural History Museum, which is the big natural-history museum in London, formerly called British Museum (Natural History).)

    Well, there’s always “Eureka!”

    Yeah, that’s odd. I’m used to Heureka! from German… with [ɔɪ̯] as in “hay”.

    (But then Harchimedes was from Syracuse, so I expect he talked funny anyway.)

    Hm. Were there any psilotic Dorians back then?

    “the El Rio”

    the La Brea tar pits

    Spanish itself did it for centuries: el alcalde and dozens more.

    Maybe it does help. If Psi and Sigma are attempts to represent a sibilant not found in Greek, maybe we should call her Shappho?

    A sigma is a shin on its side. We should be looking for a [ts], known to exist in Luwian and sometimes suspected to exist in Etruscan (if nothing else, Lemnos is close).

  14. “Your The Home Depot credit card payment is due soon.”
    This was probably thought over very carefully, but by a lawyer.

  15. El Rio should change its name to “El Alcalde”.

  16. January First-of-May says

    I don’t know anything about the research into this so for all I know it’s been actively studied

    Googling for “Psappho” brought me to an extensive discussion on Latin.SE [Latin.SE also covers Greek, apparently because there’s nothing else on SE that does] that mentions that 1) there’s a line in Alcaeus where the initial cannot be a cluster for metrical reasons, and 2) all manuscripts of that line apparently spell it “Ssappho” [apparently an alternate reading is that the extra S belongs to the preceding adjective, but supposedly it makes little sense there either], and links to several previous studies of the name in that light (including Zuntz 1951, quoted below).

    TL/DR of the discussion: 1) her name was most likely Shappho, and 2) she probably spelled it with a sampi, which later copyists took for a psi.
    Note that AFAICT the argument does not necessarily exclude a ts- initial, and that the specific psi-shaped form of the sampi is from Pamphylia, while areas closer to Lesbos use a more T-shaped form (in Unicode as Ͳ) that would hardly be taken for a psi. Also AFAIK Hittite š is now thought to be /s/, though I’m not sure what it became in other Anatolian languages.

    “No archaic inscriptions from Lesbos are as yet known”, writes Zuntz in 1951; is that still true?
    (Zuntz decides that the initial sibilant was [i.e. /sˤ/ or perhaps /t͡s/], and ignores the distribution of the sampi, which was apparently less well attested by 1951. Both Zuntz and the discussion suggest that the psi-shaped sign might have been a variant of 𐤑 tsade.)

  17. @David Marjanović: While the pleopleonastic “the La Brea tar pits” is the usual name for that place, the actual site uses doesn’t use it. They refer to themselves as by the all-Spanish moniker “Rancho La Brea.”

  18. David Marjanović says

    Pamphylian Greek with its spoken and written peculiarities.

  19. Roberto Batisti says

    The idea that Sappho’s name was ever spelt with sampi has been debunked by Shane Hawkins, whose Studies in the Language of Hipponax (2013) contain probably the most extensive treatment of sampi to date.

    I’m not sure I get “Harchimedes” — the name has no etymological aspirate. Is an aspirated spelling actually attested anywhere?

  20. From that Stack Exchange answer:

    And where did this non-Greek sibilant in Sappho’s name come from? Some scholars have proposed a Luwian cognate to Hittite šuppi- “ritually pure”, while Brown goes farther back, connecting it to Hattian (pre-Hittite) šḫap- “god”, as a shortened form of the Hittite name Šapalli “numinous”.

    I’m not sure I get “Harchimedes” — the name has no etymological aspirate. Is an aspirated spelling actually attested anywhere?

    It’s a (Cockney-based) joke.

  21. David Marjanović says

    Fun with the letter San.

    And where did this non-Greek sibilant in Sappho’s name come from? Some scholars have proposed a Luwian cognate to Hittite šuppi- “ritually pure”, while Brown goes farther back, connecting it to Hattian (pre-Hittite) šḫap- “god”, as a shortened form of the Hittite name Šapalli “numinous”.

    Very unconvincing, because it doesn’t even try to explain the aspiration. Given that it was the only sibilant fricative in the language, the Hittite š – so transcribed for ultimately Hebrew reasons – was probably exactly the same thing as a Greek sigma, and the same ought to hold for the rest of Anatolian plus Hattic.

  22. Contra hat’s claim that “Herostratus” is “the only acceptable English equivalent,” the google books corpus reveals “Herostratos” to be a respectable minority variant. Rejecting the standard convention of treating all such Greek proper names in English as Latinized (with -ος rendered as -us) may be vaguely eccentric or pretentious, but I don’t think it can be, in these latter days, called unacceptable.

  23. Quite right, quite right — in my indignation over the missing H-, I forgot about the perfectly valid -os alternative. Ψόγον έχω.

  24. David Eddyshaw says

    They are what the more traditional among us call Grotesque forms.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Grote

  25. the name has no etymological aspirate

    I think the point is that if you are a natural psilotic and you aren’t taking a sufficient dose of anti-psilotic drugs, you hypercorrect:

    The Inspector opened his notebook.

    “Your name is Halcock, is’t no?” he began.

    The butler corrected him.

    “H’alcock,” he said, reprovingly.

    “H, a, double-l?” suggested the Inspector.

    “There is no h’aitch in the name, young man. H’ay is the first letter, and there is h’only one h’ell.”

    “I beg your pardon,” said the Inspector.

    “Granted,” said Mr. Alcock.

  26. Rupert Psmith and Sappho Shtoltz aside, what lately about the “London collector” and editor Dirk Obbink?

  27. David Marjanović says

    Since his arrest in 2020 on suspicion of papyrus theft?

  28. Ιωάννογλου says

    Some scholars have proposed a Luwian cognate to Hittite šuppi- “ritually pure”, while Brown goes farther back, connecting it to Hattian (pre-Hittite) šḫap- “god”, as a shortened form of the Hittite name Šapalli “numinous”.

    When we consider the well-known traditions concerning Sappho’s sexuality and the expressions of same-sex desire in her verse, the name Ψαπφώ instantly reveals itself as an Indo-European *ps-n̥-bʰoi̯h₂- or *ps-n̥-bʰoi̯h₂-o- “whose cause of fear is the penis” or “fearing the penis”, remade into an oi-stem, the type so common in hypocoristic female names, words for women’s occupations, words for women with a colloquial flavour: δαλλώ ‘crippled woman, woman too old to carry out work (vel sim.)’; cf. δᾱλός ‘burning log, burnt-out torch, old man’; Μορφώ, a name of Aphrodite (‘the Shapely’), from μορφή ‘shape’; etc. The first member *ps-n̥- is the double zero-grade of the stem seen in Latin pēnis (< *pes-n-i-) and in Hittite pišna-, pišena- ‘man’ (< ‘having a penis’, *p(e)s-en-). The second member would be (a derivative of) the root bhei̯h₂- ‘in Furcht geraten’. The geminate -πφ- is doubtless expressive in origin, as is common in hypocoristics.

    Or perhaps Ψαπφώ was an oi-stem hypocoristic formed from a lost compound in -φοβος: a *ψαφόβος ‘fleeing the penis, phallophobe’ (a virtual *ps-n̥-bʰogʷ-o-), of the type αἱμοφόβος ‘afraid of blood’.

    In light of this unexpected linguistic evidence confirming Sappho’s homosexuality, we should be skeptical of this biographical entry in the Suda, which obliviously reports that Sappho married a certain Kerkylas of the island of Andros:

    ἐγαμήθη δὲ ἀνδρὶ Κερκύλᾳ πλουσιωτάτῳ, ὁρμωμένῳ ἀπὸ  ̓́Ανδρου

    Puerile minds have translated this as follows:

    She was married to a very wealthy man, Dick Allcock, who came out of the Isle of Man

    (Cf. κέρκος ‘tail, penis’; Ἄνδρος, the isle of Andros (cf. ἀνήρ ‘man’, genitive ἀνδρός).)

  29. PlasticPaddy says

    @Ioannoglou
    This is quite ingenious, but is it a joke? Are there other sexual epithets replacing (e.g., poets’ but perhaps also royalty or ordinary citizens’) names? Do you think some characters in the plays of Aristophanes have names based on epithets applied to real (probably unfortunate) individuals?

  30. Anton Bierl, the editor/translator of the latest bilingual Greek/German edition of Sappho (published by Reclam), writes that the name was standardised in Hellentistic times and that “[d]as Lallwort meint in der Babysprache liebkosend vielleicht ‘Schwester’ (Nagy)”. I find it hard to believe that a “Lallwort” should start with /ps/. Perhaps Nagy has more convincing arguments? So much commentary on Sappho seems to be speculation presented as fact (at one point Bierl gives a confident reconstruction of a poem from a rather banal fragment of two words.

    As for the stupidity of existentialism, I was reminded of this: “I do not wish to deny a certain measure of originality to this existentialist variant of Schopenhauer’s philosophy: its originality is proved by the fact that Schopenhauer could never have thought so poorly of his powers of self-entertainment (K. R. Popper, Conjectures and Refutations, p. 194).

  31. David Eddyshaw says

    @PP:

    is it a joke?

    I think the name Ιωάννογλου “Johnson” is a bit of a giveaway …

    the stupidity of existentialism

    I’m only surprised Popper didn’t publish this as his followup to The Poverty of Historicism.
    I suspect Popper was not altogether the right person to appreciate Existentialism.

  32. its originality is proved by the fact that Schopenhauer could never have thought so poorly of his powers of self-entertainment

    It’s a pity that so many people seem unable to read philosophy for the laffs. Of course there are plenty of lightbulb moments to be had, but they’re always grounded in common sense: “Q: How many Psychiatrists does it take to change a light bulb? A: Only one, but the bulb has got to really WANT to change.”

  33. is it a joke?

    It is by one regular commenter’s evil twin.

  34. Is it a joke?

    Jamais deux sans trois.

    All joking aside… Shane Hawkins (2013), linked to above in the comment by R. Bastisti, has a convenient summary of some previously proposed etymologies of Ψαπφώ in footnote 60 on p. 13, and he adds some interesting suggestions of his own:

    Previous explanations of the name include Baunack and Baunack 1886:56, who took it from a hypothetical *Ψαλλεφιλα ‘lover of the harp’, a derivation Zuntz calls, correctly I think, “at best a curiosity”; Prellwitz 1887:441 connected it to the name of an Attic deme, Ψαφις. Fick 1899:115 agreed with this and as support cited the name of the Arcadian town Ψωφις. However, neither of these words has a clear explanation and they by no means provide any real explanation for the name Sappho. Solmsen 1901:502 and still in 1922:131 took the name as a form of ψαφαρός, which normally indicates a friable or crumbling substance like sand (see LSJ⁹, s.v.). He imagined that Sappho was named for her dry, brittle skin or hair (“trockene, spröde Haut oder Haare”). More recently E. Brown 1991 put forward the idea that the name relates to the Hittite name Šapalli-, which in turn he thinks may be of Hattian origin (he compares the variously transliterated Hatt. (a)šḫap, šḫab, and šḫav- ‘god’). I find none of these options particularly convincing and briefly mention two ideas. The name may have something to do with the Hesychian gloss ψάφα˙ κνέφαςpsapha: darkness’. This would accord with the testimonium POxy 1800 fr. 1 (see also Max. Tyr. 18.7, schol. Luc. Imag. 18, Ov. Her. 15.31-6), which records that the poetess was ὄψιν φαιώδης ‘dark in complexion’. On the other hand, a recently published undated inscription from Assos, located on the coast of the Troad across from Lesbos, contains the name Δικαπφώ. This leads one to think that the name Σαπφώ may have been a hypocoristic, perhaps from mis- or re-analysis of a compound name.

    Also, in regard to the following comment on Stack Exchange:

    First and foremost, Ψαπφω is wrong, insofar as ψ indicates the sound /ps/ in Attic Greek. Hephaestion’s Handbook on Meters14.4 has the following example of the twelve-syllable Alcaic line (taken from Loeb 142 p404):

    ἰόπλοκ᾿ ἄγνα μελλιχόμειδε Σάπφοι
    ióplok’ ágna mellichómeide Sápphoi
    “violet-haired, holy, sweetly-smiling Sappho”

    The syllable right before Sappho’s name here has to be short, and if it were followed by a /ps/ sound, it would have become long “by position”.

    As Hawkins notes on page 13, Gauthier Liberman handily disposed of this metrical objection to Ψαπφω with a simple and convincing emendation: μελλιχόμειδε Σάπφοι “gently-smiling Sappho” to μελλιχόμειδες Ἄφροι “gently-smiling Aphro” (that is, Aphrodite; vocative sg. of what would be an Aeolic *μελλιχομείδης).

  35. Michael Hendry says

    Jokes in Philosophy? Easy to accept. What about Theology?

    A college friend, now a priest, says there is at least one joke, maybe two, in Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologica. The certain one has to do with the Argument from Authority or ipse dixit: this is true because my teacher or the author of this excellent book said so.

    Thomas writes “The Argument from Authority is the weakest argument, as Boethius says”, and then gives the exact citation, so you can check his authoritative source. Sorry, I can’t give you even an approximate citation for the Summa passage, or the Boethius. That just shows how well I have understood and internalized Thomas’ meaning.

  36. David Eddyshaw says

    I am here to help (and the joke has simply gone over my head, on account of my being a Calvinist; we famously eschew humour on religious grounds, believing that it is suitable only for Roman Catholics, and possibly Lutherans.)

    It’s from the Summa Theologica, I, 1, 8:

    Praeterea, si sit argumentativa, aut argumentatur ex auctoritate, aut ex ratione. Si ex auctoritate, non videtur hoc congruere eius dignitati, nam locus ab auctoritate est infirmissimus, secundum Boetium. Si etiam ex ratione, hoc non congruit eius fini, quia secundum Gregorium in homilia, fides non habet meritum, ubi humana ratio praebet experimentum. Ergo sacra doctrina non est argumentativa.

    “Further, if it is a matter of argument, the argument is either from authority or from reason. If it is from authority, it seems unbefitting its dignity, for the proof from authority is the weakest form of proof. But if it is from reason, this is unbefitting its end, because, according to Gregory (Hom. 26), “faith has no merit in those things of which human reason brings its own experience.” Therefore sacred doctrine is not a matter of argument.”

    In fact, T (pointedly?) doesn’t give an exact citation for the Boethius …
    (And the English version which I link to below omits the poor chap altogether, for some reason.)

    [T is actually setting this up as an “objection”, in his usual dialectic fashion; he doesn’t in fact hold this view himself. He goes on to say that although reason can’t help you arrive at your first principles, and that it is logically impossible to convince someone that your position is valid if they don’t accept any of your premises, nevertheless reason may be of value in demonstrating to someone who accepts some of your premises that others may follow from them, or at least not be inconsistent with them; and that it may be of some help in answering certain objections to faith.]

    https://isidore.co/aquinas/summa/FP/FP001.html#FPQ1A8THEP1

  37. Perhaps Nagy has more convincing arguments?

    The recent LH post on textual emendation (“Repertory of Conjectures”, 5 Oct. 2022) reminded me of this thread.

    Nagy’s 2016 paper, “A Poetics of Sisterly Affect in the Brothers Song and in Other Songs of Sappho”, is available in open access here. The discussion of the name of Sappho begins on page 489.

  38. Thanks, that’s an extremely interesting analysis (and pretty convincing, at least to me).

  39. To save someone else from having to click through (and in case the article gets taken offline), here’s the meat of the analysis (I’ve removed the footnote numbers and not bothered to add itals to proper nouns [because I am lazy]):

    My point of reference is the name Sappho, which I consider here in contexts where the naming apparently has nothing to do with the famous Sappho. For example, we find a name like Aurelia Sappho (Αὐρηλία Cαπφώ) coexisting with names like Aurelia Apphion (Αὐρηλία Ἀπφίον) and Aurelia Apphia (Αὐρηλία Ἀπφία). Such coexistence is most suggestive. As we know from the Greek lexicographical tradition, the noun apphion (ἀπφίον) is a neuter diminutive variant of the onomatopoetic form appha (ἄπφα), which means ‘sister’. Clearly, both appha (ἄπφα) and apphion (ἀπφίον) are onomatopoetic baby words, meaning something like ‘little girl’. Another derivative of appha (ἄπφα) is apphia (ἀπφία), which can be explained as a feminine adjective. So, we can see that the names Apphion (Ἀπφίον) and Apphia (Ἀπφία) are based on these baby words apphion (ἀπφίον) and apphia (ἀπφία) respectively. And such baby words can apply not only to sisters in particular but also to beloved little girls in general—or even to beloved women. For example, the words apphion (ἀπφίον) and apphia (ἀπφία) are both explained by lexicographers as hypokorismata ‘terms of endearment’ (ὑποκορίϲματα) referring to a ‘young mistress of the household’ (νέαϲ δεϲποίνηϲ). Another traditional way of defining the diminutive apphion (ἀπφίον) is to say that it is a hypokorisma ‘term of endearment’ (ὑποκόριϲμα) for a girl or woman who is an object of sexual desire (ἐρωμένηϲ). Lastly, the word appho (ἀπφώ), morphologically symmetrical with the name Sappho (Cαπφώ), is explained by lexicographers as another word for ‘sister’. Here I return to such variations as Aurelia Apphion (Αὐρηλία Ἀπφίον) and Aurelia Sappho (Αὐρηλία Cαπφώ): these names are as symmetrical with each other as are the nouns apphion (ἀπφίον) and appho (ἀπφώ), both of which could mean ‘sister’.

    What is still missing in this set of linguistic evidence is a common noun shaped *sappho (*ϲαπφώ), which would mean ‘sister’. (When I say common noun here, I mean a noun that is not a name, as opposed to a proper noun, which is a name.) In the case of a proper noun like Apphion (Ἀπφίον), however, we know for sure that it is based on the neuter diminutive common noun apphion (ἀπφίον), meaning ‘little sister’ or ‘little girl’. So, I am ready to argue that the proper noun Sappho (Cαπφώ) was likewise based on a similar common noun *sappho (*ϲαπφώ), so far unattested, which would be a variant of the attested common noun appho (ἀπφώ), meaning ‘sister’.

    But the question remains: why is the form Sappho (Cαπφώ) attested only as a proper noun? My answer is that the form Sappho (Cαπφώ) survived phonologically as a proper noun only because it was a functional variant of another proper noun, Psappho (Ψαπφώ), which is attested as a variant form of Sappho (Cαπφώ) in the textual tradition of Sappho. If Sappho (Cαπφώ) had not been a functional variant of Psappho (Ψαπφώ), it would have become Appho (*Ἀπφώ) at an early stage in the history of the Greek language when word-initial s- (as in *s-appho) became h- (as in *h-appho), which in turn became simply a glottal stop (as in -appho) by way of ‘psilosis’. I propose, then, that the form Psappho was in fact a playfully affectionate phonetic variant of the form Sappho. The variation of Psappho / Sappho (Ψαπφώ / Cαπφώ) is comparable to such variations as psitta / sitta (ψίττα / ϲίττα), which are onomatopoetic calls. We read in the Onomasticon of Pollux (9.122.3, 9.127.1) that psitta Maliades psitta Rhoiai psitta Meliai (ψίττα Μαλιάδεϲ ψίττα Ῥοιαί ψίττα Μελίαι) is a game played by parthenoi ‘girls’ as distinct from gynaikes ‘women’. According to Pollux, the Maliades and Rhoiai and Meliai are nymphs, and girls call out their names, punctuated by the intervening calls of psitta, in footraces that they run, urging each other to speed ahead. Also, in Theocritus 8.69, a herdsman calls out sitta (ϲίττα) to his herd, and the scholia (5.3b) explain that sitta (ϲίττα) as well as a variant form psitta (ψίττα) is a sound made by a herdsman when he calls out to his herd.

    The point is, just as the variant form psitta (ψίττα) prevents, by analogy, a phonological change in the variant form sitta (ϲίττα), which would otherwise be expected to change from sitta (ϲίττα) to *hitta (*ἵττα) to *itta (*ἴττα), so also the variant Psappho (Ψαπφώ) prevents, again by analogy, a phonological change in the variant Sappho (Cαπφώ), which would otherwise be expected to change from *sappho (*ϲαπφώ) to *happho (*ἁπφώ) to appho (ἀπφώ) in the case of common nouns—but not in the case of hypocoristic names where the alternation of Psappho / Sappho (Ψαπφώ / Cαπφώ) is maintained.

    I conclude, then, that the name Sappho, like the names Apphion and Apphia, was originally an onomatopoetic baby word derived from terms of endearment addressed to a sister.

  40. languagehat: “We don’t talk about Omer, after all, unless we’re Kipling.”

    We do in Bulgarian — it’s Омир. Took me a while to realize that Homer Simpson was named after Омир.

  41. David Marjanović says

    Obligatory reminder of Graßmann’s law: at some point before Mycenean times, but after *s > h, of any two aspirates in a Greek word the first was deaspirated. That’s what makes Harchimedes outright impossible; it’s what produced such lovely paradigms as *thrikh- > hair” > thrix nom. sg., trikhos gen. sg.; and it means that *happh- would have deaspirated but *hitta would not.

  42. V says
    April 27, 2025 at 2:04 pm
    languagehat: “We don’t talk about Omer, after all, unless we’re Kipling.”

    i cannot believe i missed the opportunity to say: “today is the 14th day of the Омир, qabalistically qorresponding to מַלְכוּת שֶׁבִּגְבוּרָה, majesty within might.”

    but now i have, and i hope to be forgiven for lateness, at least by the latitudinarians among us.

  43. David Eddyshaw says

    I am the opposite of a Latitudinarian, but as our Great Poet enjoins us:

    Then gently scan your brother man,
    Still gentler sister woman;
    Tho’ they may gang a kennin wrang,
    To step aside is human.

    (The Bard goes on to warn in stark but moving terms against the Fundamental Attribution Error.)
    The force of these profound words was brought home to me just the other day, when I very nearly forgot to commemorate Talk Like a Pirate Day.

  44. Which inspired me to look up “arr” in the OED, and indeed they have an entry (first published 2020):

    In humorous representations of the speech of pirates: expressing approval, triumph, warning, etc.
    This usage is often associated with the English actor Robert Newton (1905–56) and his portrayal of the pirate Long John Silver in the 1950 Walt Disney film adaptation of Robert Louis Stevenson’s Treasure Island (see, e.g., quot. 1983), but the term has not been found in the script.

    1966 [Caption to cartoon showing a swordfish dressed as a pirate, addressing a smaller swordfish] Arrr..Jim lad!
    Daily Mail 5 August 3/1

    1983 For the last thirty years, Robert Newton in a three-cornered hat.., his mouth half-smiling and half-sneering as he deliciously growls ‘Arrrrh, me’arties’, has been everybody’s idea of Long John Silver.
    P. Nodelman in D. Street, Children’s Novels & Movies 67

    1995 ‘Arrrr! Victory!’ Max leaped out from behind the hedge. He swung his plastic cutlass through the air and laughed.
    D. L. Seidman, Tale of Cutter’s Treasure 11

    2012 A pirate on stilts yelling ‘arr’ and bearing a hook instead of a left hand greeted visitors as they walked through the festival gates.
    Jerusalem Post (Nexis) 12 April 10

    As for “but the term has not been found in the script,” what, is it beneath the dignity of OEDfolk to actually watch a movie?

  45. “what, is it beneath the dignity of OEDfolk to actually watch a movie?” — This entry documents the *written* word “arr” (with various numbers of r’s). They’re pointing out that the scriptwriters cannot be credited with that word, nor for Robert Newton’s spoken “arr”s, which eventually made their way into the written language.

    Similarly, at doh, they explain that while it’s now strongly associated with Homer Simpson, it did not come from the scriptwriters (who “simply specify annoyed grunt”) but from Dan Castellaneta.

    Lights, camera, lexicon: film-based coinages in the OED: OEDfolk watching movies check them against scripts to determine when actors should be credited for ad-libs, e.g. “This chick is toast” by Bill Murray, or “bada-bing!” by James Caan in The Godfather. “Up to eleven” from Spinal Tap is also “transcribed from film”.

  46. Fair points all, and I apologize to OEDfolk.

  47. If the “transcribed from film” note regarding the _Spinal Tap_ quote means it wasn’t in the script, I suppose that could be interesting, but since the actor who uttered it is also credited as a co-writer of the script it perhaps matters less than it might in a context where that wasn’t the case?

    The idea of the “script” seems odd, though. The movie itself is the definitive artwork. If it deviates from a rough draft, who cares? Surely what one should want is a transcript of the movie-as-finalized-and-released rather than an original script which was in part superseded during the filming/editing process?

    What individuals are and aren’t credited as screenwriters for a major-studio Hollywood movie is FWIW determined by the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGA_screenwriting_credit_system, which may not in all cases match up perfectly with other theories of proper attribution that might be preferred by lexicographers etc.

  48. Spinal Tap was famously mostly improvised; Christopher Guest plays Nigel, who has the amplifiers that go to 11, so he’s the author.

    The OED cares, and I care, about crediting the creator who put those words in that order. In practice they can’t really get it more precise than ad-lib vs. screenwriter(s), since scripts get rewritten a lot and script doctors may even be contractually forbidden to take public credit, but in my opinion that’s beyond the scope of the OED; citing the screen-credited scriptwriter is the best they can do, just as books are cited as by the official author regardless of any editorial wrangling behind the scenes.

    The OED has some quotations transcribed from The Empire Strikes Back cited to the screen-credited writers L. Brackett & L. Kasdan, even though probably hardly any of Leigh Brackett’s first-draft dialogue survived to the screen.

    (I wonder if there are quotations in the OED from books by celebrities that were actually ghostwritten?)

  49. Of course there are situations where we have reasonably good grounds to know that “real” authorship deviated from officially-ascribed authorship. One good example (because it has been the subject of much obsessive attention) is the corpus of songs attributed jointly to Lennon and McCartney where everyone knows that in the latter years of their professional partnership most individual songs were written by one or the other and in many-to-most instances there is a strong consensus as to by which.* Whether an OED-like publication should want to get into the weeds on that sort of thing is another question, because once you get away from saying the official attribution is good enough you are on a slippery slope to unattainable perfectionism and will no doubt open yourself up to criticism for not consistently achieving your own lofty ambition.

    *Others of course are more “mostly by one but with a bit of input from the other” and sometimes the details of that are underspecified or subsequent memories conflict. Or there’s a plausible-sounding anecdote that someone who isn’t credited at all contributed one memorable line of the lyrics.

  50. David Marjanović says

    script doctors may even be contractually forbidden to take public credit, but in my opinion that’s beyond the scope of the OED

    Compare the phenomenon of publishers retracting scientific papers and the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature emphatically declaring that this has no effect on whether a name is published.

  51. David Marjanović says

    Me 3 years ago…

    I blame the “corporate identity” people who must’ve put “The” into the names of so many institutions in the US, e.g. The University of Iowa.

    There are older examples, though, like The Journal of Geology.

    (…actually
    the journal of GEOLOGY
    on its title page, italics and all-caps in the original.)

  52. Lennon/McCartney is an excellent example. That’s the attribution in the OED for several quotations, including some that could arguably be separated, such as:

    half
    1965 Suddenly, I’m not half the man I used to be, There’s a shadow hanging over me, Oh yesterday came suddenly.
    J. Lennon & P. McCartney, Yesterday (transcribed from song, perf. ‘The Beatles’) in Help (album)

    But there are two exceptions, where the official credit is Lennon/McCartney but they attribute it to only one of them:

    pataphysical
    1969 Joan was quizzical studied pataphysical Science in the home Late night all alone with a test-tube.
    P. McCartney, Maxwell’s Silver Hammer (transcribed from song, perf. ‘The Beatles’) in ‘The Beatles’, Abbey Road

    (indeed everybody else vehemently disclaimed that song, wouldn’t you?) and

    suicidal
    1968 Feel so suicidal, Even hate my rock and roll.
    J. Lennon, Yer Blues (transcribed from song, perf. ‘The Beatles’) in The Beatles

    (Wikipedia gives references where both John and Paul say this was entirely John’s.) So in at least some cases they’re willing to go that far into the weeds.

  53. Extending the “pataphysical” quote all the way through “test-tube” (more than necessary for context) but then truncating it by omitting the “oh, oh, oh, oh” seems perverse.

  54. Can’t argue with that!

  55. Ah has spoken!

    Grandpa Friedman was fond of “I have spoken” (in his normal voice, not Dogpatch). I just found it in COHA on pp. 222 and 227 in The Great Indian Chief of the West; or, The Life and Adventures of Black Hawk, by Benjamin Drake, dated by COHA to 1848 though my link is to a later edition. There it’s used by the chief Keokuk to conclude speeches; the other Indigenous speakers use “I am done.”

    In two uses in “Ahsahgunushk Numahtahseng; or The Reed Shaken by the Wind” (1851), by Henry William Herbert, it seems to have more of the sense of “I’ve made up my mind. Don’t argue.”

    “She shall not! She shall not! while there is strength in the arm, and blood in the veins, and hatred in the heart of the Bald-Eagle, she shall not be the wife of the lying priest. My heart is very hard, my will is very strong. I have spoken.”

  56. On “Maxwell’s Silver Hammer”: it seems to me that if John contributed one word to that grotesquely charming song, it was “pataphysical”.

  57. I think “grotesquely charming” is a perfect description. One can’t respect it, but one can’t get it out of one’s head either.

  58. “Maxwell’s Silver Hammer” is best listened to in a noisy location, where you can hear the tune and instrumentation but can’t make out any of the lyrics.

  59. “’pataphysical”.

  60. Jerry Friedman: you might guess that from John’s interest in nonsense poetry, but no, this one was 100% Paul, who said he heard Ubu Cocu on BBC radio and it got him interested in Jarry.

  61. Thanks, ktschwarz, that’s interesting.

    Thanks, Y, for pointing out the apostrophe and making it as hard to see as possible. According to Wikipedia, Andrew Hugill says in ‘Pataphysics: A Useless Guide (MIT Press, 2012) that derived words such as “pataphysical” shouldn’t start with an apostrophe, but this seems to be the wrong place for a dogma, or at least for just one dogma.

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