THE IDAEAN SYNDROME by Angelo Papi
This paper explores a cluster of interconnected hypotheses about the personal name Gyges — both t... more This paper explores a cluster of interconnected hypotheses about the personal name Gyges — both the Lydian king and the mythological Hundred-hander — and the morpheme -ka- in Anatolian onomastics. Building on the Lydian compound *kuka-, attested in the numismatic legend kukalim, the author proposes that *ku- may carry the meaning "god/daimon" and *-ka- that of "offspring," so that Gyges' name could be understood as "offspring of god/goddess." If this reading holds, it would suggest a deliberate ideology of divine descent running through the early Mermnad dynasty, possibly reflected in Plato's treatment of the Gyges myth.
The paper then traces *-ka- as a nominal element across a range of Anatolian place names and personal names, drawing on evidence from Hittite, Luwian, Lycian, Lydian, and Carian, while remaining attentive to the limits of the available data.
A further section considers the Hittite deity Ḫašamili — associated with invisibility, the underworld, and the protection of kings — as a possible Anatolian counterpart to the mythological Gyges, suggesting that the two figures may draw on a shared religious and narrative tradition.
The paper closes by revisiting the Hittite kinship terms neka-, nekna-, and kaina- in light of the proposed value of *-ka-, offering tentative new segmentations that may clarify their morphological structure.
This third article in the series continues to explore the theme of the "Idaean syndrome" through ... more This third article in the series continues to explore the theme of the "Idaean syndrome" through an in-depth examination of Οσογωλλις, the epiclesis of Zeus at Mylasa. It advances the hypothesis that the latter can be identified with the Greek Agathos daimon. Further sections aim to demonstrate that *-go-/*-ko-, which appears in the Carian epithet, frequently occurs in Anatolian onomastics as an equivalent of the Greek "daimon". Furthermore, its derivative *-kot- is proposed to mean "the one/the place having a daimon", which suggests a reconsideration of the etymology of "Daktylos", the name given to the mythical dwellers of Mount Ida. The document concludes with a discussion of the kōtarchēs of Didyma and the Lydian astrko-/asturko-, which are understood as "daimon of the royal seat".
This document explores the concept of sovereignty through the Idaean paradigm, examines the term ... more This document explores the concept of sovereignty through the Idaean paradigm, examines the term "tyrannos" from a new perspective, and proposes a new etymology for it. This proposal is supported by the Hittite funerary ritual and its symbolic framework, and has significant implications, such as the possibility of reinterpreting Lydian royal names like Alyattes or understanding the Lydian astrko-/asturko- as "daimon of the royal seat". Additionally, it considers the roles of Tottēs and Onnēs, two Kabiroi who may help clarify the role played by smiths from Ida.
This article deals with the following topics:
- the epithet Smintheus/Sminthios applied to Apollo... more This article deals with the following topics:
- the epithet Smintheus/Sminthios applied to Apollo
- the possible relationship between this epithet and the bird name "kymindis"
- Hypnos, Apollo and the Lycian miñti
- Apollo and the goēs.
Some of the topics dealt with in this paper:
- the Homeric bird kymindis and other Anatolian term... more Some of the topics dealt with in this paper:
- the Homeric bird kymindis and other Anatolian terms
- The rider-god Kakasbos and Thebes
- Euboea (Chalkis) and Lycia
- A proposal for the etymology of "Lesbos".
LAGBE AND LESBOS by Angelo Papi
The following topics are dealt with in this article:
- Lagbe in Lycia
- The Euboean/Boeotian pres... more The following topics are dealt with in this article:
- Lagbe in Lycia
- The Euboean/Boeotian presence in Lycia
- An interpretation of the toponym "Lagbe"
- Artemis Lagbene
-The twelve Lycian gods
KAKASBOS by Angelo Papi
In this article I deal with the Anatolian names formed with -sba/e or the like and hypothesise th... more In this article I deal with the Anatolian names formed with -sba/e or the like and hypothesise that this onomastic element refers to Thebes and is added to other attested PNNs as an ethnic in the form of a possessive adjective.
As an example case, I propose the Lycian PN "Tedisbēs" and suggest that this analysis can also be applied to the Lycian theonym "Kakasbos".
This collection of remarks is meant to contribute to the discussion on the Cilician "house of Mop... more This collection of remarks is meant to contribute to the discussion on the Cilician "house of Mopsus" and its faithful servant Azatiwata. The identity of this governor, who fashions himself like a king, though, has been a puzzle since he first stepped into known history in 1946, with the discovery of the bilingual inscription of Karatepe. Building the city of Azatiwataya, named after himself, he made it clear he was dependent on the reigning house only nominally. Unfortunately, we don't have other data to check this supposition about a man whose historical profile is bound to a city dated "between the end of the eighth and the very beginning of the seventh centuries" (Mazzoni 2008 [1]). As Azatiwata's role in Iron Age Anatolian history is crucial and lingers at the crossroads of many disciplinary fields, I will just note down some questions and advance tentative answers while reading some contributions on the subject.
KARATEPE by Angelo Papi
Younger (2009) 1 has discussed in detail the controversial Baal KR, which is attested both in CIN... more Younger (2009) 1 has discussed in detail the controversial Baal KR, which is attested both in CINEKOY § § 16-17 and Cebelireis Dagi (5B). 2 Tekoǧlu and Lemaire (2000 999-1000) preferred to leave KR untranslated and added the following: "A la fin de la 1.16 et au début de la 1.17, on reconnaît le syntagme BʿL KR, déjà attesté dans l'inscription de Cebelireis Dagi (5B), et peut-être sur un vase en pierre dit provenir de Sidon et aujourd'hui perdu. On interprète généralement ce syntagme comme signifiant «Baal de la fournaise», mais en s'appuyant essentiellement sur l'iconographie du vase de Sidon où la lecture BʿL KR est mal assurée par les dessins et les reproductions. En fait, KR pourrait aussi bien être un toponyme et il est préférable de ne pas le traduire." Bordreuil (2010 229) has taken up the above-mentioned dossier again and expressed doubts about Younger's interpretation: "Sans être à même d'écarter totalement une telle possibilité, on notera qu'il paraît difficile d'identifier purement et simplement le dieu éblaïte Kurra, celui de l 'inscription de Çinekôy et de celle de Karatepe avec BʿL KR du vase de Sidon. La notation purement consonantique de ce syntagme constitue de plus un facteur d'incertitude." He then drew on the SD BKR sequence in Cebelireis Dagi l.2A to assert the existence of a city from which the epithet of Baal would be derived: "On peut ainsi considérer cette ville, non encore identifiée ni localisée, comme le siège du BʿL KR de la 1.5B." Therefore he proposes the following translation for Cebelireis Dagi 5B: "Et de plus, il (Mitas) y (BN) a fait demeurer Baʿal Kurra (BʿL KR) et Mitas a prononcé une grande malédiction" (231). Schmitz (2018 123) has altered the picture considerably interpreting KR as "Caria" in both line 2A and line 5B of the Cebelireis Dagi inscription: "If Phoenician kr is the toponym 'Caria', then the morphology of the name kr requires discussion." My suggestion is based on a very common epiclesis of Zeus in Boiotia, namely karaios or keraios: "Boiotians called the god Karaios or Keraios without discrimination, and […] the actual sound is neither [a] nor [e], but a less determinate [ə], so that not only 'Karaios' and 'Keraios' are to be considered as equivalents, but also 'Akraios'." (Schachter 1986 97). This identification certainly requires further explanation, which will hopefully be provided in the next article.
Bossert's suggestion about KRNTRYS in KARATEPE should be reconsidered in the light of a new under... more Bossert's suggestion about KRNTRYS in KARATEPE should be reconsidered in the light of a new understanding of HLuwian usanuwami-.
LOKRIANS IN LYKAONIA by Angelo Papi
In a series of essays entitled "Thebes in Cilicia," I have explored the possibility that Bryklike... more In a series of essays entitled "Thebes in Cilicia," I have explored the possibility that Bryklike, a district in Cilicia, refers to a Lydian/Mysian presence in the region, which can be reconstructed, at least linguistically, with the help of another Cilician toponym, Rygmanoi (KON 519, § 1134). Both the-li-and the-mn-suffix have a clear Lydian footprint, which I have tried to link to the Bregmeni in the region of Pergamon, as reported by Pliny (NH 5.126). In the same area, a toponym such as Britton provided a clue to another Lydian suffix, namely -ẽt, which is probably part of its morphology, so that the Lydian Baretta (KON 118, § 137) can also be cited as an example, together with the Mysian toponym Ῥέκιτα (TIB XII 968-969), as previously suggested. The aim of the present study is to show that this assumption can be extended by drawing on Lykaonian toponyms such as Barata (KON 115, § 133) or Bareta (TIB IV 143) or perhaps Perta (KON 486, § 1048), 4 which could open a broader perspective on a region adjacent to Cilicia. Looking at both toponyms, the Lydian Britton and the Mysian Ῥέκιτα, the former can be parsed as *brek/brik-+-ẽt, thus reducing the initial linguistic distance. Furthermore, if we consider the possible influence of the Aeolic dialect on the latter, we can easily assume that an initial glide was lost while it was retained in Britton. We know that in Lesbos βρ could stand for /wr/ and that the reduction of /-kt-/ to /-tt-/ is attested in northeastern Lydia. Admittedly, the step from a virtual form *brett-to the Lykaonian GNN is short. One result, hopefully achieved in Thebes in Cilicia, was to prove that Bryklike and Ketis could be synonyms, for both refer to a Mysian ethnos, the Keteians, probably of Greek origin, to be interpreted as "those of Kētō." Relying on the Hesychian gloss in which the Theban brinkos means kētodes, I have tried to prove that Bryklike in Cilicia is the remnant of a Lydian/Mysian presence that extended from Ketis proper in Rough Cilicia northwards to Lykaonia and eastwards to Plain Cilicia.
SARPEDON by Angelo Papi
This paper is an attempt to revive the hypothesis advanced by Robert R. Stieglitz on the Phoenici... more This paper is an attempt to revive the hypothesis advanced by Robert R. Stieglitz on the Phoenician origin of Sarpedon, who was son of the "Saraptian girl".
THEBES IN CILICIA by Angelo Papi
Some toponyms or personal names in Cilicia that may have an equivalent in Boiotia, Euboea and Lok... more Some toponyms or personal names in Cilicia that may have an equivalent in Boiotia, Euboea and Lokris.
Some suggestions about Awarikus, Appuasu and other Cilician matters.
Some tentative suggestions on Kētō, Kētis, Kati, and Bryklikē, probably garbled by errors and ina... more Some tentative suggestions on Kētō, Kētis, Kati, and Bryklikē, probably garbled by errors and inaccuracies, but hopefully open to further development.
In this paper I advance a more punctual hypothesis about the etymology of Bryklikē.
In this article I try to add more details about the etymology of Bryklikē and speculate about the... more In this article I try to add more details about the etymology of Bryklikē and speculate about the possible cooperation between Euboeans, Boeotians and Lokrians to explain the Greek origin of the district Kētis.
The first part of a work in progress about possible relations between Cilicia and Boeotia. Sugges... more The first part of a work in progress about possible relations between Cilicia and Boeotia. Suggestions and criticism are welcome!
ISAURIA by Angelo Papi
LE RADICI ANATOLICHE DELLA TRADIZIONE ACERRANA
DI SAN CUONO E CUONELLO
FILMAGOGIA by Angelo Papi
Filmagogia. Nuovi orizzonti dei saperi. Utet Università, 2015
Loretta Guerrini Verga e Angelo Papi hanno, da alcuni anni, dato vita al Progetto Filmagogia , un... more Loretta Guerrini Verga e Angelo Papi hanno, da alcuni anni, dato vita al Progetto Filmagogia , un’esperienza di ricerca sul film come ambiente educativo. Convinti del potere motivante delle immagini in movimento, gli autori si adoperano affinché queste siano adottate come compagne di viaggio in ogni percorso di studi. Oltre a vari convegni, Filmagogia ha promosso la collaborazione tra studiosi e studenti di diversa estrazione, interessati a confrontare e integrare saperi finora non comunicanti. In questo esperimento d’interdisciplinarità a favore del film nelle scuole e nelle università, gli autori sono stati aiutati dalla loro comune formazione, maturata a contatto con Paul Lier, fondatore – insieme a L. Hjelmslev e V. Brøndal – del Circolo Linguistico di Copenaghen.
https://www.utetuniversita.it/catalogo/arte-e-spettacolo/filmagogia-3546
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THE IDAEAN SYNDROME by Angelo Papi
The paper then traces *-ka- as a nominal element across a range of Anatolian place names and personal names, drawing on evidence from Hittite, Luwian, Lycian, Lydian, and Carian, while remaining attentive to the limits of the available data.
A further section considers the Hittite deity Ḫašamili — associated with invisibility, the underworld, and the protection of kings — as a possible Anatolian counterpart to the mythological Gyges, suggesting that the two figures may draw on a shared religious and narrative tradition.
The paper closes by revisiting the Hittite kinship terms neka-, nekna-, and kaina- in light of the proposed value of *-ka-, offering tentative new segmentations that may clarify their morphological structure.
- the epithet Smintheus/Sminthios applied to Apollo
- the possible relationship between this epithet and the bird name "kymindis"
- Hypnos, Apollo and the Lycian miñti
- Apollo and the goēs.
- the Homeric bird kymindis and other Anatolian terms
- The rider-god Kakasbos and Thebes
- Euboea (Chalkis) and Lycia
- A proposal for the etymology of "Lesbos".
LAGBE AND LESBOS by Angelo Papi
- Lagbe in Lycia
- The Euboean/Boeotian presence in Lycia
- An interpretation of the toponym "Lagbe"
- Artemis Lagbene
-The twelve Lycian gods
KAKASBOS by Angelo Papi
As an example case, I propose the Lycian PN "Tedisbēs" and suggest that this analysis can also be applied to the Lycian theonym "Kakasbos".
KARATEPE by Angelo Papi
LOKRIANS IN LYKAONIA by Angelo Papi
SARPEDON by Angelo Papi
THEBES IN CILICIA by Angelo Papi
ISAURIA by Angelo Papi
FILMAGOGIA by Angelo Papi
https://www.utetuniversita.it/catalogo/arte-e-spettacolo/filmagogia-3546