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Thoughts: Privacy and the Journalist: Some Special Problem Areas in "Ethics In Media Communications"

I think the easiest to decide concerning these "special problem areas" is the first one listed. I think 'contagious diseases and disabilities' should only be told if it's actually relevant to the story. If the story could have also easily happened to another person without such disease or disability, then there's no need to identify those problems. Otherwise, a reported mind as well list the extent of extroversion contributing to one's communication, eye color and other facts that may be true but aren't necessary for any individual they write about. If there is relevance, then permission to be identified in a story should be obtained.

Identifying the sexual orientation of someone in a news story is currently a topic that can strike sparks. Generally, reporters would not go around saying, "Jane Smith, who is a heterosexual..." and therefore I do not think it's necessary to proclaim any other sexual orientations. I would feel obliged to say something only if it is relevant (after all, I wouldn't be making a story about "John Smith, is now attending his 1275th class..."). If somehow the story is made clearer by telling the audience that someone was of a certain sexual orientation, then I would do so. Otherwise, I do not feel it necessary to call anyone anything. Being "straight", "gay", "bisexual", "asexual" or whatever is not a crime so I also do not see a reason to reveal names in the reverse situation (of when a story is related to sexual orientation). It is not upcon to me to purposefully perpetuate or eliminate a stigma; my primary concerns are to be fair to any human being.

Sex crimes is by far the topic that troubles me the most. To be honest, if I were a rape victim I highly doubt I would want my name to be published. My friends and family--those in my social networks--could get hold of such news and they would forever treat me differently. Obviously, my life would be altered too but I am not sure if I want so many people changing their treatment of me if I had been raped. Since I tend to think that most rape victims would feel similarly negatively about making their names publicized, I am leaning towards not having these names published. However, I also understand that this kind of silence has also been lending itself to making rape victims feel shame, and that it is not fair when in other crimes the accused are also identified with the accusers. And so my conclusion has to take into consideration both sides. I think that as a reporter, my duty would be to properly inform the reader. As such I should include as much information as I can about what actually happened: what time and where did this crime occur, perhaps a little background history, etc. I would hope that I can do enough research and write it accurately so that readers can see and decide for themselves if what happened was truly out of the victim's hands or not.

I was surprised about reading the "Juvenile Offenders" section, partly because I am not all the clear on the laws concerning juvenile offenses. I recognize that the "youth" of today have been forced to "grow up" much faster than the "age of innocence" once held in generations before. If 9-year-old fashion models have no problem releasing their names (probably as part of their publicity stint) then why not young criminals? Granted, I think that youths under the age of 13 are still incredibly impressionable but also can hold onto incredibly strong convictions (whether it is a modeling career or an act of vengeance). However, I think after the age of 13 kids start maturing and learn from their past mistakes to discern what was wrong and what was right. Anyone who can go through that decision process can be tried after convicting a crime, since that is the basis of putting adults on trial (though not everyone fits the bill exactly as an 'adult' or 'child'). I don't see a reason why names should be withheld. "Children" are no longer under the age of 16. "Young adults" have been expected to make such decisions, so it's pointless to keep regarding them with rules that should no longer apply.

Using children for sources is a danger zones. If adults can be easily mislead by how a person phrases a question, I expect children to be even more gullible. Even asking yes-no questions may not avoid problems. (By 'children', I still am going with those under the age of 13.) If they were the only witnesses of something, then I suggest asking them questions in such a way that they do not feel threatened. Perhaps they could initially be exposed to an interrogation by having a neutral guardian or friend accompany them in front of a non-intimidating setting and panel. Once they get used to the idea of truthfully answering questions, then the person accompanying them should leave and then 2 or 3 people can stay to ask this child questions. I hope that in this way harming the child and getting incorrect information are both minimized.
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My Thoughts on this week's class discussion

If I were offered a chance to report on the Taliban, I would decline for the same reason I would not embed with American troops (even with question of safety aside). My gut instinct is that my sense of objectivity would be compromised if I were to be involved with the parties directly involved in this war. If I wanted to report, I feel that the most neutral way is to go with a third party. However, it would be naive of me to think that an objective armed force that can take me around to see what American and Iraqi troops are doing truly exists. As such, I would not go in the first place because I think skewed information is worse than less information {that is not to say 'no information', for if that were the case then I would feel obliged to provide information}.

In the case that I were to interview Bin Ladin, I would warn him that as a citizen I will comply to answering questions posed by my government in the name of safety and concern for my country. What is shown to me is theirs to control; what I observe can be retold.

Journalists do have a job in showing events as they unfold. It doesn't lie on them to to manipulate information or to call the shots in withholding history from public eyes. However, they should be held accountable for polluting with an onslaught of imagery that has no balance or background. For example, there have been more pictures shown in the US of dead American soldiers than Iraqi soldiers. I assume one of these consequences is perpetuating the thought that they're dangerous and need to stopped at all costs, and even to "bring the troops home". It has been proven that adolescents who were exposed to violence from television and games displayed more aggressive behavior themselves. Journalists should be aware of these kinds of reactions. I am not saying that they shouldn't cover any violence, but graphic material such as war photos shouldn't be released relentlessly if only one side of pictures are being shown.

As for the question of using the gun given when American troops are about to shoot a place where I am, I face a really difficult decision. I do not value on life over another based on patriotism; I will not shoot an American soldier or any other soldier. In a life and death situation, I'm not sure what I would really do. I would try to protect myself but at the same time I would not want to hurt anyone; this hesitation could end badly for me.
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Decision Making and Truth Seeking.


In regards to this passage I read on page 22 of Chapter 02 in Information Ethics:  A Profession Seeks the Truth:
This Enlightenment view of truth undergirds the journalistic ideal of objectivity. Objectivity has its intellectual roots in the previous three hundred years. While objectivity has many definitions, it may be considered, most simply, a mechanism that allows journalists to divorce fact from opinion. Journalists view objectivity as refusing to allow individual bias to influence what they report or how they cover it. It it a journalism in which all facts and people are regarded as equal and equally worthy of coverage. Culture, an individual sense of mission, and and individual and organizational feelings and views do not belong in objective news accounts. An Enlightenment view of truth allowed objectivity to be considered an attainable ideal.
(underline is my own)

It is true that journalists should regard all people as well as fact equally. I think it is wonderful that in covering these stories, people from all over the world are able to learn news that can effect them. However, it appears to me that most of the global major new stories are conducted in English. I think similar cases would be how scientific research papers are written in English, and how most schools around the world encourage learning the English language. In a sense, I think this is part of the "cultural" umbrella. If things were taught in another language, I know that there would be a slightly different variety in topics of focus. For example, family prosperity might be more emphasized than self-made millionaires, just because the English language itself lacks words for certain ideas but has a wide vocabulary for others. Although culture does affect our perception of things (and therefore our objectivity), I think it is important to acknowledge just how much we are effected by it.

I met a pleasant agreement when I read --further into the chapter in "Defining and Constructing the News"--cultural values and professional norms are noted: "Those values and norms, often at odds with an Enlightenment concept of truth, lend themselves to a pragmatic version of the news, provided you remember who's doing the writing and story selection." This is in line with the postmodern philosophy that "context is literally everything". Examples the chapter gives that I hadn't even realized before included how "routine coverage of elections in Britain or Israel is conveyed in horse-race metaphors even though both countries employ a parliamentary system where governing coalitions are common and who wins the horse race not nearly so important." This is a concrete example of my first reaction in reading the Enlightenment view on objectivity.

Separating yourself from biases is difficult, but the least you can do is recognize and admit them.


Also, I'd like to note that I think most people would agree with philosopher William David Ross (1930) in this ethical theories as defined by these proposed six types of duties:
1. Those duties that rest on previous acts of my own: duties of fidelity, based on my implicit or explicit promise, and duties of reparation, arising from a previous wrongful act.
2. Those duties of gratitude that rest on previous acts of others.
3. Those duties of justice that arise from the necessity to ensure the equitable and meritorious distribution of pleasure or happiness.
4. Those duties of beneficence that rest on the fact that there are others in the world whose lot we can better.
5. Those duties of self-improvement that rest on the fact that we can improve our own condition.
6. One negative duty: the duty of not injuring others.
I know I've tended follow these ethical guidelines in my life decisions.
The ethical news values of accuracy, tenacity, dignity, reciprocity, sufficiency, equity, community and diversity are all worthwhile pursuits.
 
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Publishing news that offends...

Someone in class said that as a police member, "you have a duty to do (in regards to enforcing our country's laws)". As a journalist, don't you also have a duty to report what's happening?

Some people may be offended by certain news, however. A small scale article on sex in an elevator in a college newspaper wouldn't be dropping the jaws of readers. In fact, the story might pique the interest of the majority of that paper's regular audience. However, if the offense taken to a certain news story would cause riots, then I would take a moment to consider withholding news that would cause harm from the attention.

Perhaps I speak this after what happened in Kashmir, in particular, after the sensationalization of a pastor's declaration of Koran burning. Now we know that this guy's actions were denounced, as the Globe pointed out in a follow up article. However, the shootings and violence done in Kashmir has already happened.

These cases do not happen all the time, but they do happen; the world is increasingly gaining access to news all across the globe. This means that as an editor I would want to be cautious about the message I am sending out to the public eyes. On another note, I wonder if editors and publishers in Europe would have as much discomfort in having these names publicly announced?


Stories and articles as linked:
From BBC: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-so…
From Boston Globe: http://www.boston.com/news/nation/… and http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/…
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Documentaries

Class Dismissed - How TV Frames the Working Class
Duration: 62 min
ISBN: 1-932869-03-4
Date Produced: 2005
Director: Loretta Alper
Producer & Writer: Loretta Alper & Pepi Leistyna
link


Consuming Kids - The Commercialization of Childhood
Duration: 52 min
ISBN: 1-932869-28-X
Date Produced: 2008
Writer & Director: Adriana Barbaro & Jeremy Earp
Producer: Adriana Barbaro
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(no subject)

dun like livejournal much; sorry
me sticking with xanga

but that doesn't mean i won't read my sweeties ^-^
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