Questioning Reality: Symbolism in The Matrix
Two men stand within a white void. There is no time or place, only a pair of padded armchairs and a vintage television set hailing the brand name, "Deep Image". As I watch the scene with close scrutiny, I lose awareness of myself. Concentrated on this movie scene, the world around me dissolves. Then, I'm hit with a line of dialogue that moves me from my trance: "How do you define real? If you're talking about what you can feel, smell, taste, and see...then 'real' is simply electrical signals interpreted by your brain." (The Matrix) Suddenly, I realize that I'm actually watching pixels that create the image of a Hollywood movie, which represents people in a simulated world, played by actors in a computer-generated environment. Deeper still, the story told in The Matrix is rich in symbolism, so that each character and setting represents someone or something in reality. Through symbols and archetypes, the filmmakers successfully link the digital world of “the Matrix” to the "real" world outside the television screen. Thus, in order to connect with the allegory of The Matrix, the viewer must consider the question, "What is real?"
In the aforementioned scene, the man who holds the remote is called Morpheus. He shares a name with the god of dreams of Greek mythology, which is no coincidence, because it is he who wakes the protagonist from his "sleep". (Clark) Throughout The Matrix, there are many references to dreaming and awakening. From the very first shot of Thomas Anderson slumbering as projections from a monitor flicker across his face, one can predict this character's awakening in his technological surroundings. "You ever have that feeling when you're not sure if you're awake or still dreaming?" he drones. (The Matrix) Again and again, Anderson is lead into surreal situations, only to wake up the next morning and find himself still trapped in a software company desk job. When the agents apprehend him silenced to be bugged with an insectoid machine, it is thought to be a nightmare. He wakes up to the voice of Morpheus calling from another plane of existence. "You have the look of a man who accepts what he sees, because he's expecting to wake up..." Morpheus foreshadows, "Ironically, this is not far from the truth. " To prepare Neo/Anderson for defragmentation, he poses a conundrum: "Have you ever had a dream[...] you were so sure was real? What if you were unable to wake from that dream, Neo? How would you know the difference between the dream world and the real world?" (The Matrix) Clearly, these scenes reflect the rising action of the hero's induction into the real world, where he awakens in primordial ooze of a post-apocalyptic wasteland. Once awakened, Neo is re-introduced to life in the 21st century as simulated world called "The Matrix". With a touch of the dial, Morpheus exposes the only reality Neo knows as a "dream world," in comparison to the crumbling ruins that make up "the desert of the real." (The Matrix) This scene is an alludes to French Philosopher, Jean Bauldrillard's definition of simulation:
"Today, abstraction is no longer that of the map, the double, the mirror, or the concept. Simulation is no longer that of a territory, a referential being or a substance. It is the generation by models of a real without origin or reality: a hyperreal. The territory no longer precedes the map, nor does it survive it. It is nevertheless the map that precedes the territory-the precession of simulacra- that engenders the territory. It is the real, not the map, whose vestiges persist here and there in the deserts that are no longer those of the Empire, but ours: The desert of the real itself." (Bauldrillard)
By including this reference, the writers of The Matrix establish the meaning of this oppressive virtual reality as a product of the procession of simulacrum, described in Bauldrillard's essay, "Simulacra and Simulations". Like Bauldrillard's idea of looking at the map of the empire as it once was instead of the real territory where the empire has fallen, Neo has been living in a computer-generated construct of the year 1999 while the real world is long-gone. Moreover, it's ironic that in the beginning of the film, Neo uses a hollowed-out copy (simulation) of Bauldrillard's book as a hiding place for contraband software. The significant aspect of simulacrum to The Matrix is the notion that people believe in a facade made up of copies of outdated images (i.e. the American dream) in place of the real world, in which humans are enslaved by machines. All of the artificially intelligent machines in the movie are shaped like insects -- efficient, instinctive, and devoid of emotion. It is easy to say The Matrix is about man versus technology, since the humans are actually at war with the machines. However, I interpret the dominating machines as a metaphor for the domination of rigid thinking in society, where less compassion and more methods of mass conditioning (marketing) are prevailing qualities. The Agents in The Matrix represent the controlling mechanical thinkers at the top of the corporate ladder. Similarly, they prosper on the energy of the unconscious masses, while projecting a false sense of security. At the climax of the film, Agent Smith is the spokesman for the enslavement of mankind as he marvels at the sight of simulated skyscrapers, "Billions and billions of people, just...living out their lives...oblivious. [...] I believe, that as a species, human beings define their reality through misery and suffering." (The Matrix)
At first, Neo is overwhelmed by this information, sickened by this visage, and refuses to believe it. The hero's disillusion is symbolic of the early stages of enlightenment -- eventually, Neo is taught how to bend all the rules of reality, thereby becoming the savior of mankind. The name Neo, meaning "new”, and Anderson ("andros" is Greek for “man”) signifies him as "the new son of man" – yet another clue to the character's messianic ascension. (Clark) On second viewing of The Matrix, it shouldn't be a surprise that the computer hacker refers to Neo as, "My own personal Jesus Christ," only later to be executed and then resurrected. I see a closer comparison to Neo and the Gnostic Christ than the Christ of the New Testament. In Gnostic myth, there are a number of salivic figures who seek to bring mankind to spiritual freedom. (Hoeller) These "Messengers of Light" of Gnostic Christianity come to dispel ignorance of the spiritual reality perpetuated by "the false creator and his Archons" , akin to the mission of the awakened humans aboard the Nebuchadnezzar -- the name of the ship is even an explicit biblical reference to a Babylonian dictator. (Clark) Another obvious allusion to the Bible is that the last human city is called Zion, a metaphor for a distant yet sought-after goal or "promised land", which is appropriate since it is never visited in the movie. Also, no symbolic Christ-figure is complete without a Judas to betray him, whom in this case is Cypher. Just as Judas shares a drink with Jesus before turning him in, Cypher offers up his cup to Neo, and later turns traitor over a fancy dinner with Agent Smith. (Clark) It's important to note that Cypher wants to return to the Matrix to enjoy sensory gratification, even requesting, "I wanna be rich...you know, somebody important." (The Matrix) Clearly, Cypher's character represents willful ignorance for the sake of greed. Furthermore, he is manipulative, malicious, and happy to make a deal with an enemy for a reward -- an epic villain to balance Neo's epic heroism.
Meanwhile, Going farther with the thread of the Christian story, is an underlying story unfolding. The Matrix is the world that's been "pulled over our eyes". It may be subtle, but this leads me to a connection with the occult -- along with mass media, this is another web of symbols that may refer to another method of control, not only the corporate technology, and religious institutions. Another definiton of a "matrix" is "a rectangular array of quantities or expressions set out by rows and columns; treated as a single element and manipulated according to rules" ("Matrix") Notice that there are a number of images throughout the movie of triangles, pyramids, and columns. Let's go back to the white room and the television set, and its pyramid-shaped emblem. Let this pass as a coincidental image, but it is seen and acknowledged nonetheless. Then, consider that Morpheus distinctly shapes his hands into a triangle at the beginning of this scene, as he introduces "the construct". This hand gesture is associated with Freemasonry. An editor from the The International Masonic Research Society refers to Freemasonry as "a beautiful system of morality, veiled in allegory and illustrated by symbols." (Mcleod) Besides Morpheus' hand signal and the pyramid on the television, there is another masonic symbol in the white room, because the red armchairs are decked with lions' heads. It is difficult to ignore the possible significance of even these symbols, considering that the filmmakers of The Matrix are clearly careful in what is included on-screen at all times -- controlling the color scheme through exclusion of blue objects in the Matrix and green objects in the real world. Then, it is no accident that the lion is a masonic symbol of the sun, and there are repeated references to the sun throughout the movie: first, Morpheus reveals that the humans destroyed the sun as an attempt to destroy the machines. Later, there are sun wheels on computer monitors, a sun-shaped clock on the wall before the Oracle is introduced, and the word "Sol" is seen multiple times in the background during the climactic showdown between Neo and Agent Smith. Furthermore, checkered floors -- a well-recognized characteristic in Masonic rituals -- are seen in the staircases. Perhaps these seemingly subtle references to secret societies redefine the Matrix as a hidden matrix of power, a web of symbology that saturates the world, unquestioned by the sleeping masses.
Another, more overt, theme in the Matrix is the use of reflections. Having established the layers of complex imagery used in the film, I uphold that the mirror has multiple meanings. First, mirror images are associated with magic and trickery, which refers to the illusory nature of perception. Morpheus emphasizes the brain's powers to make whatever it sees reality, responding,"Your mind makes it real." (The matrix) When the agents escort Neo Anderson from a building made of reflective glass, the whole process is seen through a mirror, begging the viewer to ask, "is this really happening?" Later, the hero is reflected in a double-image when he is faced with his two choices -- to see the truth or remain in the dream world. Once Neo decides to be awakened, he sees his mirror reflection go from fragmented to whole as he becomes "the One". Then, upon meeting the other potential saviors, he watches his reflection on a spoon warp as he realizes the truth, "There is no spoon," meaning that without perception there is no reality. (Clark)
In sum, the Matrix is a reflection of the image-saturated reality in which we all operate. The filmmakers use references to consciousness (waking, dreaming, and perception) along with pervasive symbols in Western culture (computers and Christianity) to address the question, "what is real?" If our experiences are defined by the books we read, the movies we watch, and the institutions we hold responsible for the functions of society, then reality is only a complex program of symbols. If the material world is limited to sensory interpretations, which vary from person to person, and the spiritual world is unmeasurable, what is the foundation of reality? When one considers that is is now common in the post-postmodern 21st century to interact exclusively through the internet -- a digital simulation of society at large -- it more important than ever to ask "how do you define real?" Through an illusionary medium, The Matrix holds a mirror to society and its reliance on self-delusion, ultimately causing viewer to question reality.
Works Cited:
Baudrillard, Jean. Simulacra and Simulations. Translated by Sheila Faria Glaser.
Michigan: University of Michigan Press. 1994.
Clark, Frank. “Baudrillard, Christ, & Reality: Reading The Matrix As A Postmodernist Statement”. EnglishScholar. May 2001. Web. 09 July 2010. <http://englishscholar.com/matrix/matrix.htm>.
Hoeller, A. Stephan. “The Gnostic World View: A Brief Summary of Gnosticism”. The Gnosis Archive. February 2009. Web. 09 July 2010. <http://www.gnosis.org/gnintro.htm>
The Matrix. Dir. Andy Wachowski and Lana Wachowski. Perf. Keanu Reeves, Laurence Fishburne. Warner Bros., 1999.
McLeod, Wallace. “Masonic Symbols: Their Use And Abuse”. A Page About Freemasonry. 14 January 2010. Web. 10 July 2010. <http://web.mit.edu/dryfoo/masonry/essays/symbols-and-use.html>